A century later: Woodworth's (1899) two-component model of goal-directed aiming

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 127, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 342-357

  Elliott, Digby ^a   Chua, Romeo ^a,c   Helsen, Werner F ^b  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATION; ATTENTION; BIOMECHANICS; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; ORIENTATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REVIEW;

ACCELERATION; ATTENTION; BIOMECHANICS; FEEDBACK; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ORIENTATION; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE;

EID: 85047681932     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.342     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Abrams, R. A. (1992). Coordination of eye and hand for aimed limb movements. In L. Proteau & D. Elliott (Eds.), Vision and motor control (pp. 129-152). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
2. Abrams, R. A., Meyer, D. E., & Kornblum, S. (1989). Speed and accuracy of saccadic eye movements: Characteristics of impulse variability in the oculomotor system. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 529-543.
3. Abrams, R. A., Meyer, D. E., & Kornblum, S. (1990). Eye-hand coordination: Oculomotor control in rapid aimed limb movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 248-267.
4. Abrams, R. A., & Pratt, J. (1993). Rapid aimed limb movements: Differential effects of practice on component submovements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 25, 288-298.
5. Aglioti, S., Goodale, M. A., & DeSouza, J. F. X. (1995). Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand. Current Biology, 5, 679-685.
6. Annett, J., Golby, C. W., & Kay, H. (1958). The measurement of elements in an assembly task - The information output of the human motor system. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 1-11.
7. Bard, C., Hay, L., & Fleury, M. (1985). Role of peripheral vision in the directional control of rapid aiming movements. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39, 151-161.
8. Barrett, N. C., & Glencross, D. J. (1989). Response amendments during manual aiming movements to double-step targets. Acta Psychologica, 70, 205-217.
9. Beaubaton, D., & Hay, L. (1986). Contribution of visual information to feedforward and feedback processes in rapid pointing movements. Human Movement Science, 5, 19-34.
10. Beggs, W. D. A., & Howarth, C. I. (1970). Movement control in a repetitive task. Nature, 225, 752-753.
11. Beggs, W. D. A., & Howarth, C. I. (1972). The accuracy of aiming at a target: Some further evidence for a theory of intermittent control. Acta Psychologica, 36, 171-177.
12. Biguer, B., Jeannerod, M., & Prablanc, C. (1982). The coordination of eye, head, and arm movements during reaching at a single visual target. Experimental Brain Research, 46, 301-304.
13. Binsted, G., Chua, R., Helsen, W., & Elliott, D. (2000). Eye-hand coordination in goal-directed aiming. Manuscript submitted for publication.
14. Binsted, G., & Elliott, D. (1998). The Muller-Lyer illusion as a perturbation to the saccadic system. Human Movement Science, 18, 103-117.
15. Binsted, G., & Elliott, D. (1999). Ocular perturbations and retinal/extraretinal information: The coordination of saccadic and manual movements. Experimental Brain Research, 127, 193-206.
16. Bizzi, E., Kalil, R. E., & Tagliasco, V. (1971, July 30). Eye-head coordination in monkeys: Evidence for centrally patterned organization. Science, 173, 452-454.
17. Boulinguez, P., & Nougier, V. (1999). Control of goal-directed movements: The contribution of orienting of visual attention and motor preparation. Acta Psychologica, 103, 21-45.
18. Brebner, J. (1968). Continuing and reversing the direction of responding movements: Some exceptions to the so-called "psychological refractory period." Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78, 120-127.
19. Buck, L. (1976). Boundary distance effects on overshooting. Journal of Motor Behavior, 8, 35-41.
20. Carey, D. P. (2000). Eye-hand coordination: Eye to hand or hand to eye? Current Biology, 10, R416-R419.
21. Carlton, L. G. (1979). Control processes in the production of discrete aiming responses. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 5, 115-124.
22. Carlton, L. G. (1981a). Processing visual feedback information in movement control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 1019-1030.
23. Carlton, L. G. (1981b). Visual information: The control of aiming movements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 33(A), 87-93.
24. Carlton, L. G. (1992). Visual processing time and the control of movement. In L. Proteau & D. Elliott (Eds.), Vision and motor control (pp. 3-31). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
25. Carlton, L. G. (1994). The effects of temporal-precision and time-minimization constraints on the spatial and temporal accuracy of aimed hand movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 26, 43-50.
26. Carnahan, H., & Marteniuk, R. G. (1991). The temporal organization of hand, eye, and head movements during reaching and pointing. Journal of Motor Behavior, 23, 109-119.
27. Carnahan, H., & Marteniuk, R. G. (1994). Hand, eye and head coordination while pointing at perturbed targets. Journal of Motor Behavior, 26, 135-146.
28. Carpenter, R. H. S. (1988). Movement of the eyes. London: Pion.
29. Carson, R. G., Chua, R., Elliott, D., & Goodman, D. (1990). The contribution of vision to asymmetries in manual aiming. Neuropsychologia, 28, 1215-1220.
30. Carson, R. G., Goodman, D., Chua, R., & Elliott, D. (1993). Asymmetries in the regulation of visually guided aiming. Journal of Motor Behavior, 25, 21-32.
31. Chua, R., & Elliott, D. (1993). Visual regulation of manual aiming. Human Movement Science, 12, 365-401.
32. Crossman, E. R. F. W., & Goodeve, P. J. (1983). Feedback control of hand movement and Fitts' law. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 35(A), 251-278.
33. Desmurget, M., Epstein, C. M., Turner, R. S., Prablanc, C., Alexander, G. E., & Grafton, S. T. (1999). Role of the posterior parietal cortex in updating reaching movements to a visual target. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 563-567.
34. Elliott, D. (1988). The influence of visual target and limb information on manual aiming. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 42, 57-68.
35. Elliott, D., & Allard, F. (1985). The utilization of visual feedback information during rapid pointing movements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 37(A), 407-425.
36. Elliott, D., Binsted, G., & Heath, M. (1999). The control of goal-directed limb movements: Correcting errors in the trajectory. Human Movement Science, 18, 121-136.
37. Elliott, D., & Carson, R. G. (2000). Moving into the new millennium: Some perspectives on the brain in action. Brain and Cognition, 42, 153-156.
38. Elliott, D., Carson, R. G., Goodman, D., & Chua, R. (1991). Discrete vs. continuous visual control of manual aiming. Human Movement Science, 10, 393-418.
39. Elliott, D., & Chua, R. (1996). Manual asymmetries in goal-directed movement. In D. Elliott & E. A. Roy (Eds.), Manual asymmetries in motor performance (pp. 143-158). Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
40. Elliott, D., Chua, R., Pollock, B. J., & Lyons, J. (1995). Optimizing the use of vision in manual aiming: The role of practice. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 48(A), 72-83.
41. Elliott, D., Heath, M., Binsted, G., Ricker, K. L., Roy, E. A., & Chua, R. (1999). Goal-directed aiming: Correcting a force specification error with the right and left hand. Journal of Motor Behavior, 31, 309-324.
42. Elliott, D., & Jaeger, M. (1988). Practice and the visual control of manual aiming movements. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 14, 279-291.
43. Elliott, D., Lyons, J., Chua, R., Goodman, D., & Carson, R. G. (1995). The influence of target perturbation on manual aiming asymmetries in right-handers. Cortex, 31, 685-697.
44. Elliott, D., Lyons, J., & Dyson, K. (1997). Rescaling an acquired discrete aiming movement: Specific or general motor learning? Human Movement Science, 16, 81-96.
45. Elliott, D., & Madalena, J. (1987). The influence of premovement visual information on manual aiming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39(A), 541-559.
46. Elliott, D., Ricker, K., & Lyons, J. (1998). The control of sequential goal-directed movement: Learning to use feedback or central planning? Motor Control, 2, 61-80.
47. Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 381-391.
48. Fitts, P. M., & Peterson, J. R. (1964). Information capacity of discrete motor responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 103-112.
49. Ghez, C., Gordon, J., Ghilardi, M. F., & Sainburg, R. (1995). Contributions of vision and proprioception to accuracy in limb movements. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 549-564). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
50. Guiard, Y. (1993). On Fitts' and Hooke's laws: Simple harmonic movement in upper-limb cyclical aiming. Acta Psychologica, 82, 139-159.
51. Heath, M., Hodges, N. J., Chua, R., & Elliott, D. (1998). On-line control of rapid aiming movements: Effects of target characteristics on manual aiming. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52, 163-173.
52. Helsen, W. F., Elliott, D., Starkes, J. L., & Ricker, K. (1998). Temporal and spatial coupling of point of gaze and hand movements in aiming. Journal of Motor Behavior, 30, 249-259.
53. Helsen, W. F., Starkes, J. L., & Buekers, M. J. (1997). Effects of target eccentricity on temporal costs of point of gaze and the hand in aiming. Motor Control, 1, 161-177.
54. Helsen, W. F., Starkes, J. L., Elliott, D., & Ricker, K. (2000). Coupling of eye, finger, elbow and shoulder movements during manual aiming. Journal of Motor Behavior, 32, 241-248.
55. Henderson, S. E. (1977). Role of feedback in the development and maintenance of a complex skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 224-233.
56. Howarth, C. E., Beggs, W. D. A., & Bowden, J. M. (1971). The relationship between speed and accuracy of movements aimed at a target. Acta Psychologica, 35, 207-218.
57. Jagacinski, R. J., Repperger, D. W., Moran, M. S., Ward, S. L., & Glass, D. (1980). Fitts' law and the microstructure of rapid discrete movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 6, 309-320.
58. Keele, S. W. (1968). Movement control in skilled motor performance. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 387-403.
59. Keele, S. W. (1981). Behavioral analysis of movement. In V. B. Brooks (Ed.), Handbook of physiology: Section 1: The nervous system: Vol. 2. Motor control, Part 2 (pp. 1391-1414). Washington, DC: American Physiological Society.
60. Keele, S. W., & Posner, M. I. (1968). Processing of visual feedback in rapid movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 155-158.
61. Khan, M. A., Coull, J., Chua, R., Lyons, J., & Elliott, D. (2000). The use of visual feedback for on-line and feed forward control: Kinematic evidence. Manuscript submitted for publication.
62. Khan, M. A., & Franks, I. M. (2000). The effect of practice on component submovements is dependent on the availability of visual feedback. Journal of Motor Behavior, 32, 227-240.
63. Khan, M. A., Franks, I. M., & Goodman, D. (1998). The effect of practice on the control of rapid aiming movements: Evidence for an interdependency between programming and feedback processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51(A), 425-444.
64. Langolf, G. D., Chaffin, D. B., & Foulke, J. A. (1976). An investigation of Fitts' law using a wide range of movement amplitudes. Journal of Motor Behavior, 8, 113-128.
65. MacKenzie, C. L., Marteniuk, R. G., Dugas, C., Liske, D., & Eickmeier, B. (1987). Three dimensional movement trajectory in a Fitts' task: Implications for control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39(A), 629-647.
66. Meyer, D. E., Abrams, R. A., Kornblum, S., Wright, C. E., & Smith, J. E. K. (1988). Optimality in human motor performance: Ideal control of rapid aimed movements. Psychological Review, 95, 340-370.
67. Meyer, D. E., Smith, J. E. K., Kornblum, S., Abrams, R. A., & Wright, C. E. (1990). Speed-accuracy trade-offs in aimed movements: Toward a theory of rapid voluntary action. In M. Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and performance (Vol. 13, pp. 173-226). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
68. Meyer, D. E., Smith, J. E. K., & Wright, C. E. (1982). Models for the speed and accuracy of aimed movements. Psychological Review, 89, 449-482.
69. Milner, A. D., & Goodale, M. A. (1995). The visual brain in action. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
70. Paulignan, Y., MacKenzie, C. L., Marteniuk, R. G., & Jeannerod, M. (1991). Selective perturbations of visual input during prehension movements: I. The effects of changing object position. Experimental Brain Research, 83, 502-512.
71. Pélisson, D., Prablanc, C., Goodale, M. A., & Jeannerod, M. (1986). Visual control of reaching movements without vision of the limb: II. Evidence of fast unconscious processes correcting the trajectory of the hand to the final position of a double-step stimulus. Experimental Brain Research, 62, 303-313.
72. Pew, R. W. (1966). Acquisition of hierarchical control over the temporal organization of a skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 764-771.
73. Plamondon, R. (1995a). A kinematic theory of rapid human movements: I. Movement representation and generation. Biological Cybernetics, 72, 295-307.
74. Plamondon, R. (1995b). A kinematic theory of rapid human movements: II. Movement time and control. Biological Cybernetics, 72, 309-320.
75. Plamondon, R., & Alimi, A. M. (1997). Speed/accuracy trade-offs in target-directed movements. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 279-349.
76. Prablanc, C., Echallier, J. E., Jeannerod, M., & Komilis, E. (1979). Optimal response to eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target: II. Static and dynamic visual cues in the control of hand movement. Biological Cybernetics, 35, 183-187.
77. Prablanc, C., Echallier, J. F., Komilis, E., & Jeannerod, M. (1979). Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target: I. Spatio-temporal characteristics of eye and hand movements and their relationships when varying the amount of visual information. Biological Cybernetics, 35, 113-124.
78. Pratt, J., & Abrams, R. A. (1996). Practice and component submovements: The role of programming and feedback in rapid aimed limb movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 28, 149-156.
79. Proteau, L. (1992). On the specificity of learning and the role of visual information for movement control. In L. Proteau & D. Elliott (Eds.), Vision and motor control (pp. 67-103). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
80. Proteau, L., Marteniuk, R. G., Girouard, Y., & Dugas, C. (1987). On the type of information used to control and learn an aiming movement after moderate and extensive training. Human Movement Science, 6, 181-199.
81. Proteau, L., Marteniuk, R. G., & Lévesque, L. (1992). A sensorimotor basis for motor learning: Evidence indicating specificity of practice. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44(A), 557-575.
82. Proteau, L., & Masson, G. (1997). Visual perception modifies goal-directed movement control: Supporting evidence from a visual perturbation paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50(A), 726-741.
83. Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1981). Sequential reactions. In D. H. Holding (Ed.), Human skill (pp. 147-170). London: Wiley.
84. Schmidt, R. A. (1976). Control processes in motor skills. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 4, 229-261.
85. Schmidt, R. A., & McCabe, J. F. (1976). Motor program utilization over extended practice. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 2, 239-247.
86. Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H. N., & Frank, J. S. (1978). Sources of inaccuracy in rapid movement. In G. E. Stelmach (Ed.), Information processing in motor control and learning (pp. 183-203). New York: Academic Press.
87. Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H. N., Hawkins, B., Frank, J. S., & Quinn, J. T. (1979). Motor output variability: A theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. Psychological Review, 86, 415-451.
88. Smith, W. M., & Bowen, K. F. (1980). The effects of delayed and displaced visual feedback on motor control. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12, 91-101.
89. Soechting, J. F. (1984). Effect of target size on spatial and temporal characteristics of a pointing movement. Experimental Brain Research, 54, 121-132.
90. Sparrow, W. A., & Newell, K. M. (1998). Metabolic energy expenditure and the regulation of movement economy. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 173-196.
91. Stubbs, D. F. (1976). What the eye tells the hand. Journal of Motor Behavior, 8, 43-48.
92. van Donkelaar, P., & Franks, I. M. (1991). The effects of changing movement velocity and complexity on response preparation: Evidence from latency, kinematic and EMG measures. Experimental Brain Research, 83, 618-632.
93. Vercher, J. L., Magenes, G., Prablanc, C., & Gauthier, G. M. (1994). Eye-head-hand coordination in pointing at visual targets: Spatial and temporal analysis. Experimental Brain Research, 99, 507-523.
94. Vince, M. A. (1948). Corrective movements in a pursuit task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 85-103.
95. Walker, N., Philbin, D., Worden, A., & Smelcer, J. B. (1997). A program of parsing mouse movements into component submovements. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 29, 456-460.
96. Wallace, S. A., & Newell, K. M. (1983). Visual control of discrete aiming movements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35(A), 311-321.
97. Woodworth, R. S. (1899). The accuracy of voluntary movement. Psychological Review, 3, (3, Suppl. 13), 1-119.
98. Worringham, C. J. (1991). Variability effects on the internal structure of rapid aiming movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 23, 75-85.
99. Zelaznik, H. N., Hawkins, B., & Kisselburgh, L. (1983). Rapid visual feedback processing in single-aiming movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 15, 217-236.