Metabolic energy expenditure and the regulation of movement economy

Psychonomic Bulletin and Review

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 173-196

  Sparrow, W A ^b   Newell, K M ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000876228     PISSN: 10699384     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/BF03212943     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. ADAMS, J. A. (1968). Response feedback and learning. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 486-504.
2. ADAMS, J. A. (1971). A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 3, 111-149.
3. ADAMS, J. A. (1977). Feedback theory of how joint receptors regulate the timing and positioning of a limb. Psychological Review, 84, 504-523.
4. ALESHINSKY, S. Y. (1986). An energy "sources" and "fractions" approach to the mechanical energy expenditure problem: II. Movement of the multi-link model. Journal of Biomechanics, 19, 295-300.
5. ANDERSON, T. (1996). Biomechanics and running economy. Sports Medicine, 22, 76-89.
6. ASAMI, T., TOGARI, H., KIKUCHI, T., ADACHI, N., YAMAMOTO, K., KITAGAWA, K., & SANO, Y. (1976). Energy efficiency of ball kicking. In P. V. Komi (Ed.), Biomechanics (Vol. 13, pp. 135-139). Baltimore: University Park Press.
7. BANNISTER, R. G., CUNNINGHAM, D. J. C., & DOUGLAS, C. G. (1954). The carbon dioxide stimulus to breathing in severe exercise. Journal of Physiology, 125, 90-117.
8. BECHBACHE, R. R., CHOW, H. H. K., DUFFIN, J., & ORSINI, E. C. (1979). The effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, exercise and anxiety on the pattern of breathing in man. Journal of Physiology, 293, 285-300.
9. BECHBACHE, R. R., & DUFFIN, J. (1977). The entrainment of breathing frequency by exercise rhythm. Journal of Physiology, 272, 553-561.
10. BEEK, P. J., PEPER, C. E., & VAN WIERINGEN, P. C. W. (1992). Frequency locking, frequency modulation, and bifurcations in dynamic movement systems. In G. E. Stelmach & J. Requin (Eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior II (pp. 599- 622) Amsterdam: Elsevier.
11. BERNSTEIN, N, A. (1967). The coordination and regulation of movements. London: Pergamon.
12. BOBBERT, A. C. (1960). Energy expenditure in level and grade walking. Journal of Applied Physiology, 15, 1015-1021.
13. BORG, G. A. V. (1973). Perceived exertion: A note on history and methods. Medicine & Science in Sport, 5, 90-93.
14. BRAMBLE, D. M., & CARRIER, D. R. (1983). Running and breathing in mammals. Science, 219, 251-256.
15. BRANCAZIO, P. J. (1981). Physics of basketball. American Journal of Physics, 49, 356-365.
16. BRENER, J. (1986). Operant reinforcement, feedback and the efficiency of learned motor control. In G. H. Coles, E. Donchin, & S. W. Porges (Eds.), Psychophysiology: Systems, processes and applications (pp. 309-327). New York: Guilford.
17. BRENER, J. (1987). Behavioral energetics: Some effects of uncertainty on the mobilization and distribution of energy. Psychophysiology, 24, 499-512.
18. BRENER, J., & MITCHELL, S. (1989). Changes in energy expenditure and work during response acquisition in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 15, 166-175.
19. BRENER, J., PHILLIPS, K., & SHERWOOD, A. (1983). Energy expenditure during response-dependent and response-independent food delivery in rats. Psychophysiology, 20, 384-392.
20. CARLTON, L. G. (1979). Control processes in the production of discrete aiming responses. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 5, 115-124.
21. CAVANAGH, P. R., & KRAM, R. (1985a). The efficiency of human movement - a statement of the problem. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 17, 304-308.
22. CAVANAGH, P. R., & KRAM, R. (1985b). Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 17, 326-331.
23. CAVANAGH, P. R., & WILLIAMS, K. R. (1982). The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 14, 30-35.
24. CHERNIGOVSKIY, V. N. (1967). Interoceptors. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
25. CHOW, C. J., & JACOBSON, D. H. (1971). Studies of human locomotion via optimal programming. Mathematical Biosciences, 10, 239-306.
26. COLEMAN, W. M. (1921). The psychological significance of bodily rhythms. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 1, 213-220.
27. DE CAMP, J. E. (1920). Relative distance as a factor in the white rat's selection of a path. Psychobiology, 2, 245-253.
28. DEVRIES, H. A., & HOUSH, T. J. (1994). Physiology of exercise for physical education, athletics and exercise science (5th ed.). Dubuque, IA: Brown & Benchmark.
29. DIEDRICH, F. J., & WARREN, W.H., JR. (1995). Why change gaits? Dynamics of the walk-run transition. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance, 21, 183-202.
30. DURAND, M., GEOFFROI, V., VARRAY, A., & PREFAULT, C. (1994). Study of the energy correlates in the learning of a complex self-paced cyclical skill. Human Movement Science, 13, 785-799.
31. FALLS, H. B., & HUMPHREY, L. D. (1976). Energy cost of walking and running in young women. Medicine & Science in Sports, 8, 9-13.
32. FITTS, P. M., & POSNER, M. I. (1967). Human performance. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
33. FLASH, T. (1990). The organization of human arm trajectory control. In J. M. Winters & S. L-Y. Woo (Eds.), Multiple muscle systems: Biomechanics and movement organization (pp. 283-301). New York: Springer-Verlag.
34. FREEMAN, G. L. (1948). The energetics of human behavior. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
35. GIBSON, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
36. GIBSON, J. J. (1958). Visually controlled locomotion and visual orientation in animals. British Journal of Psychology, 49, 182-194.
37. GOLDSTEIN, D. S., ROSS, R. S., & BRADY, J. V. (1977). Biofeedback heart rate training during exercise. Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 2, 107-126.
38. GUTHRIE, E. R. (1935). The psychology of learning. New York: Harper.
39. HAKEN, H. (1991). Synergetics of movement coordination: Reaction to Bullock and Grossberg. Human Movement Science, 10, 113-115.
40. HAKEN, H, KELSO, J. A. S., & BUNZ, H. (1985). A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements. Biological Cybernetics, 51, 347-356.
41. HILL, A. V. (1922). The maximum work and mechanical efficiency of human muscles and their most economical speed. Journal of Physiology, 56, 19-41.
42. HOGAN, N., & FLASH, T. (1987). Moving gracefully: Quantitative theories of motor coordination. Trends in Neurosciences, 10, 170-174.
43. HOLT, K. G., JENG, S. F., RATCLIFFE, R., & HAMILL, J. (1995). Energetic cost and stability during human walking at the preferred stride frequency. Journal of Motor Behavior, 27, 164-178.
44. HONZIK, C. H. (1936). The sensory basis of maze learning in rats. Comparative Psychology Monographs, 13 (Whole No.64).
45. HOYT, D. F., & TAYLOR, C. R. (1981). Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses. Nature, 292, 239-240.
46. HRELJAC, A. (1993). Preferred and energetically optimal gait transition speeds in human locomotion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25, 1158-1162.
47. HULL, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century.
48. HUNTER, W. S. (1930). A further consideration of the sensory control of the maze habit in the white rat. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 38, 3-19.
49. INMAN, V. T., RALSTON, H. J., & TODD, F. (1981). Human walking. Baltimore: Wilkins.
50. KAY, J. D. S., PETERSEN, E. S., & VEJBY-CHRISTENSEN, H. (1975). Breathing in man during steady-state exercise on the bicycle at two pedalling frequencies, and during treadmill walking. Journal of Physiology, 251, 645-656.
51. KEELE, S. W. (1968). Movement control in skilled motor performance. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 387-403.
52. KEELE, S. W. (1981). Behavioral analysis of motor control. In V. B. Brooks (Ed.), Handbook of physiology: Section 1. Vol. 2: Motor control (pp. 1391-1413). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
53. KEELE, S. W., & POSNER, M. I. (1968). Processing of visual feedback in rapid movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 155-158.
54. KELSO, J. A. S. (1990). Phase transitions: Foundations of behavior. In H. Haken & M. Stadler (Eds.), Synergetics of cognition (pp. 249-268). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
55. KIRBY, R. L., NUGENT, S. T., MARLOW, R. W., MACLEOD, D. A., & MARBLE, A. E. (1989). Coupling of cardiac and locomotor rhythms. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66, 323-329.
56. KREBS, J. R. (1978). Optimal foraging: Decision rules for predators. In J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioral ecology: An evolutionary approach (pp. 23-63). Oxford: Blackwell.
57. KUGLER, P. N., KELSO, J. A. S., & TURVEY, M. T. (1980). On the concept of coordinative structures as dissipative structures: 1. Theoretical lines of convergence. In G. E. Stelmach & J. Requin (Eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior (pp. 3-47). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
58. KUGLER, P. N., KELSO, J. A.S., & TURVEY, M. T. (1982). On the control and coordination of naturally developing systems. In J. A. S. Kelso & J. E. Clark (Eds.), The development of movement control and coordination (pp. 5-78). New York: Wiley.
59. KUGLER, P. N., & SHAW, R. E. (1990). Symmetry and symmetry-breaking in thermodynamic and epistemic engines: A coupling of first and second laws. In H. Haker & M. Stadler (Eds.), Synergetics of cognition (pp. 296-331). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
60. KUGLER, P. N., & TURVEY, M. T. (1987). Information, natural law, and the self-assembly of rhythmic movement. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
61. Kuo, Z. Y. (1922). The nature of unsuccessful acts and their order of elimination in animal learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2, 1-27.
62. LASHLEY, K. S., & BALL, J. (1929). Spinal conduction and kinaesthetic sensitivity in the maze habit. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 9, 71-106.
63. LASHLEY, K. S., & MCCARTHY, D. A. (1926). The survival of the maze habit after cerebellar injuries. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 6, 423-434.
64. LEE, D. N. (1978). The function of vision. In H. Pick & E. Salzmann (Eds.), Modes of perceiving and processing information (pp. 159-170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
65. LEE, D. N. (1980). Visuo-motor coordination in space time. In G. E. Stelmach & J. Requin (Eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior (pp. 281-295). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
66. LIN, D. C. (1980). Optimal movement patterns of the lower extremity in running. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
67. LO, C. R., & JOHNSTON, D. W. (1984a). Cardiovascular feedback control during dynamic exercise. Psychophysiology, 21, 199-206.
68. LO, C. R., & JOHNSTON, D. W. (1984b). The effect of the cardiovascular response to exercise using feedback of the product of interbeat interval and pulse transit time. Psychosomatic Medicine, 46, 115-125.
69. MAHLER, D. A., SHUHART, C. R, BREW, E., & STUKEL, T. A. (1991). Ventilatory responses and entrainment of breathing during rowing. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 23, 186-192.
70. MARGARIA, R. (1976). Biomechanics and energetics of muscular exercise. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press.
71. MARGARIA, R., CERRETELLI, P., AGHEMO, P., & SASSI, G. (1963). Energy cost of running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 18, 367-370.
72. MCCULLOCH, T. L. (1934). Performance preferential of the white rat in force-resisting and spatial dimensions. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 18, 85-111.
73. NELSON, W. L. (1983). Physical principles for economies of skilled movements. Biological Cybernetics, 46, 135-147.
74. NEWELL, K. M. (1985). Coordination, control and skill. In D. Goodman, I. Franks, & R. Wilberg (Eds.), Differing perspectives in motor control (pp. 295-317). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
75. NEWELL, K. M. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. In M. G. Wade & H. T. A. Whiting (Eds.), Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control (pp. 341-360). Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.
76. NORDEEN-SNYDER, K. (1977). The effect of bicycle seat height variation upon oxygen consumption and lower limb kinematics. Medicine & Science in Sports, 9, 113-117.
77. NOTTERMAN, J. M., & MINTZ, D. E. (1965). Dynamics of response. New York: Wiley.
78. PATTERSON, W. M. (1916). The rhythm of prose. New York: Columbia University Press.
79. PERSKI, A., & ENGEL, B. T. (1980). The role of behavioral conditioning in the cardiovascular response to exercise. Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 5, 91-104.
80. POOLE, P. M., & ROSS, B. (1983). The energy cost of sheep shearing. Search, 14, 3-4.
81. POULTON, E. C. (1957). On prediction in skilled movements. Psychological Bulletin, 54, 467-478.
82. RAZRAN, G. (1961). The observable unconscious and the inferable conscious in current Soviet psychophysiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic conditioning, and the orienting reflex. Psychological Review, 68, 81-147.
83. ROBB, M. D. (1972). The dynamics of motor-skill acquisition. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
84. ROSENBAUM, D. A., LOUKOPOULOS, L. D., MEULENBROEK, R. G. J., VAUGHAN, J., & ENGELBRECHT, S. E. (1995). Planning reaches by evaluating stored postures. Psychological Review, 102, 28-67.
85. SALVENDY, G. (1972). Physiological and psychological aspects of paced and unpaced performance. Acta Physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 42, 257-275.
86. SALVENDY, G., & PILITSIS, J. (1974). Improvements in physiological performance as a function of practice. International Journal of Production Research, 12, 519-531.
87. SAMS, C. F., & TOLMAN, E. C. (1929). Time discrimination in white rats. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 5, 255-263.
88. SCHMIDT, R. A. (1982). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
89. SEASHORE, R. H. (1926). Studies in motor rhythm. Psychological Monographs, 36, 142-189.
90. SHAPIRO, D. C. (1977). A preliminary attempt to determine the duration of a motor program. In D. M. Landers & R. W. Christina (Eds.), Psychology of motor behavior and sport (Vol. 1, pp. 17-24). Urbana, IL: Human Kinetics.
91. SHAPIRO, D. C., ZERNICKE, R. F., GREGOR, R. J., & DIESTEL, J. D. (1981). Evidence for generalized motor programs using gait pattern analysis. Journal of Motor Behavior, 13, 33-47.
92. SHERRINGTON, C. S. (1947). The iniegrative action of the nervous system. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Original work published 1906)
93. SHERWOOD, A., ALLEN, M. T., OBRIST, P. A., & LANGER, A. W. (1986). Evaluation of beta-adrenergic influences in cardiovascular and metabolic adjustments to physical and psychological stress. Psychophysiology, 23, 89-104.
94. SINGER, R. N. (1968). Motor learning and human performance. London: Collier-Macmillan.
95. SOLOMON, R. L. (1948). The influence of work on behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 45, 1-40.
96. SPARROW, W. A. (1983). The efficiency of skilled performance. Journal of Motor Behavior, 15, 237-261.
97. SPARROW, W. A. (1992). Measuring changes in coordination and control. In J. J. Summers (Ed.), Approaches to the study of motor control and learning (pp. 147-162). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
98. SPARROW, W. A. & HUGHES, K. (1997, April). Minimum principles in human learning: The effects of practice and non-preferred work rates on metabolic energy expenditure and perceived exertion. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Experimental Psychology Conference, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
99. SPARROW, W. A., & IRIZARRY-LOPEZ, V. M. (1987). Mechanical efficiency and metabolic cost as measures of learning a novel gross motor task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 19, 240-264.
100. SPARROW W. A., & NEWELL, K. M. (1994). Energy expenditure and motor performance relationships in humans learning a motor task. Psychophysiology, 31, 338-346.
101. SPARROW, W. A., SHINKFIELD, A. J., CHOW, S., & BEGG, R. K. (1996). Characteristics of gait in stepping over obstacles. Human Movement Science, 15, 605-622.
102. STEINACKER, J. M., BOTH, M., & WHIPP, B. J. (1993). Pulmonary mechanics and entrainment of respiration and stroke rate during rowing. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 14 (Suppl. 1), S15-S19.
103. SUMMERS, J. J. (1977). The relationship between the sequencing and timing components of a skill. Journal of Motor Behavior, 9, 49-59.
104. THOMPSON, M. E. (1944). An experimental investigation of the gradient of reinforcement in maze learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34, 390-403.
105. TOLMAN, E. C. (1932). Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Century.
106. TSAI, L. S. (1932). The laws of minimum effort and maximum satisfaction in animal behaviour. Monograph of the National Institute of Psychology [Peiping, China], No. 1. [Abstracted in Psychological Abstracts (1932), 6, No. 4329]
107. TSAI, L. S. (1932). The laws of minimum effort and maximum satisfaction in animal behaviour. Monograph of the National Institute of Psychology [Peiping, China], No. 1. [Abstracted in Psychological Abstracts (1932), 6, No. 4329]
108. TURNER, J. R., & CARROLL, D. (1985). Heart rate and oxygen consumption during mental arithmetic, a video game, and graded exercise: Further evidence of metabolically-exaggerated cardiac adjustments? Psychophysiology, 21, 261-267.
109. TURVEY, M. T. (1977). Preliminaries to a theory of action with reference to vision. In R. Shaw & J. Bransford (Eds.), Perceiving, acting, and knowing (pp. 211-265). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
110. TURVEY, M. T. (1990). Coordination. American Psychologist, 45, 938-953.
111. TURVEY, M. T., & FITZPATRICK, P. (1993). Commentary: Development of perception-action systems and general principles of pattern formation. Child Development, 64, 1175-1190.
112. UNO, Y., KAWATO, M., & SUZUKI, R. (1989). Formation and control of optimal trajectory in human multijoint arm movement. Biological Cybernetics, 61, 89-101.
113. WANN, J. (1987). Trends in refinement and optimization of fine-motor trajectories: Observations from an analysis of the handwriting of primary school children. Journal of Motor Behavior, 19, 13-37.
114. WARREN, W. H. (1984). Perceiving affordances: Visual guidance of stair climbing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 10, 683-703.
115. WATERS, R. H. (1937). The principle of least effort in learning. Journal of General Psychology, 16, 3-20.
116. WATSON, J. B. (1907). Kinaesthetic and organic sensations: Their role in the reactions of the white rate to the maze. Psychological Review Monograph Supplements. 8 (2, Whole No. 33).
117. WHIPP, B. J., & WASSERMAN, K. (1969). Efficiency of muscular work. Journal of Applied Physiology, 26, 644-648.
118. WINTER, D. A. (1979). A new definition of mechanical work done in human movement. Journal of Applied Physiology, 46, 79-83.
119. WOODWORTH, R. S. (1899). The accuracy of voluntary movement. Psychological Review, 3 (Suppl. 2. Whole No. 13).
120. WYNDHAM, C. H., MORRISON, J. F, WILLIAMS, C. G., STRYDOM, N. B., VON RAHDEN, M. J. E., HOLDSWORTH, L. D., VAN GRANN, C. H., & VAN RENSBURG, A. J. (1966). Inter- and intra-individual differences in energy expenditure and mechanical efficiency. Ergonomics, 9, 17-29.
121. YOSHIOKA, J. G. (1929). Weber's law in the discrimination of maze distance by the white rat. University of California Publications in Psychology, 4, 155-184.
122. ZELAZNIK, H. N., HAWKINS, B., & KISSELBURGH, L. (1983). Rapid visual feedback processing in single-aiming movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 15, 217-236.
123. ZIPF, G. K. (1949). Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.