The gender gap in early career transitions in the life sciences

Research Policy

Volumn 47, Issue 6, 2018, Pages 1007-1017

  Lerchenmueller, Marc J ^a   Sorenson, Olav ^a  

^a YALE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

Differential returns; Gender gap; National Institutes of Health; Productivity paradox; Science careers

Indexed keywords

ENGINEERING;

DIFFERENTIAL RETURNS; GENDER GAP; NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH; PRODUCTIVITY PARADOX; SCIENCE CAREERS;

PRODUCTIVITY;

EID: 85045448851     PISSN: 00487333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2018.02.009     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Azoulay, Pierre, Graff Zivin, Joshua S., Manso, Gustavo, Incentives and creativity: evidence from the academic life sciences. RAND J. Econ. 42:3 (2011), 527–554.
2. Berryman, Sue E., Who Will Do Science? Minority and Female Attainment of Science and Mathematics Degrees. 1983, Rockefeller Foundation, New York.
3. Brooks, Chris, Fenton, Evelyn M., Walker, James T., Gender and the evaluation of research. Res. Policy 43:6 (2014), 990–1001.
4. Coding News, Gender Detection. Tech. Rep. 2015, Coding News (accessed 11.07.17) http://codingnews.info/post/gender-detection.html.
5. Cole, Jonathan R., Zuckerman, Harriet, The productivity puzzle: persistence and change in patterns of publication of men and women scientists. Adv. Motiv. Achiev. 2 (1984), 217–258.
6. Craig, Lyn, Mullan, Killian, How mothers and fathers share childcare. Am. Sociol. Rev. 76:6 (2011), 834–861.
7. Etzkowitz, Henry, Kemelgor, Carol, Uzzi, Brian, Athena Unbound: The Advancement of Women in Science and Technology. 2000, Cambridge University Press, New York.
8. Filardo, Giovanni, da Graca, Briget, Sass, Danielle M., Pollock, Benjamin D., Smith, Emma B., Ashley-Marie Martinez, Melissa, Trends and comparison of female first authorship in high impact medical journals: observational study (1994–2014). BMJ, 352, 2016, 10.1136/bmj.i847.
9. Garrison, Howard H., Deschamps, Anne M., NIH research funding and early career physician scientists: continuing challenges in the 21st century. FASEB J. 28:3 (2014), 1049–1058.
10. Goldin, Claudia, Rouse, Cecilia, Orchestrating inpartiality: the impact of ‘blind’ auditions on female musicians. Am. Econ. Rev. 90 (2000), 715–741.
11. Greenberg, Jerald, Allocator-recipient similarity and the equitable division of rewards. Soc. Psychol. 41:4 (1978), 337–341.
12. Hill, Catherine, Corbett, Christianne, St. Rose, Andresse, Why so few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Tech. Rep. 2010, American Association of University Women, Washington, DC (accessed 11.07.17) https://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/Why-So-Few-Women-in-Science-Technology-Engineering-and-Mathematics.pdf.
13. Jacob, Brian A., Lefgren, Lars, The impact of NIH postdoctoral training grants on scientific productivity. Res. Policy 40:6 (2011), 864–874.
14. Jagsi, Reshma, Guancial, Elizabeth A., Worobey, Cynthia Cooper, Henault, Lori E., Chang, Yuchiao, Starr, Rebecca, Tarbell, Nancy J., Hylek, Elaine M., The “gender gap” in authorship of academic medical literature – a 35-year perspective. N. Engl. J. Med. 355:3 (2006), 281–287.
15. Jena, Anupam B., Khullar, Dhruv, Ho, Oliver, Olenski, Andrew R., Blumenthal, Daniel M., Sex differences in academic rank in US medical schools in 2014. JAMA 314:11 (2015), 1149–1158.
16. Joshi, Aparna, By whom and when is women's expertise recognized? The interactive effects of gender and education in science and engineering teams. Adm. Sci. Q. 59:2 (2014), 202–239.
17. Kalbfleisch, John D., Prentice, Ross L., The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data. 2nd edition, 2002, Wiley, New York.
18. King, Molly M., Bergstrom, Carl T., Correll, Shelley J., Jacquet, Jennifer, West, Jevin D., Men Set Their Own Cites High: Gender and Self-Citation Across Fields and Over Time. 2016 (accessed 11.07.17 arXiv:1607.00376.
19. Larivière, Vincent, Ni, Chaoqun, Gingras, Yves, Cronin, Blaise, Sugimoto, Cassidy R., Global gender disparities in science. Nature 504 (2013), 211–213.
20. Lautenberger, Diana M., Dandar, Valerie M., Raezer, Claudia L., Sloane, Rae Anne, The State of Women in Academic Medicine: The Pipeline and Pathways to Leadership. Tech. Rep. 2014, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC (accessed 11.07.17) https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/The%20State%20of%20Women%20in%20Academic%20Medicine%202013-2014%20FINAL.pdf.
21. Leahey, Erin, Gender differences in productivity – research specialization as a missing link. Gender Soc. 20:6 (2006), 754–780.
22. Leahey, Erin, Not by productivity alone: how visibility and specialization contribute to academic earnings. Am. Sociol. Rev. 72:4 (2007), 533–561.
23. Leahey, Erin, Keith, Bruce, Crockett, Jason, Specialization and promotion in an academic discipline. Res. Soc. Stratif. Mob. 28:2 (2010), 135–155.
24. Legewie, Joscha, DePrete, Thomas A., Pathways to science and engineering bachelor's degrees for men and women. Sociol. Sci. 1 (2014), 41–48.
25. Lerchenmüller, C., Lerchenmueller, M.J., Sorenson, O., Long-term analysis of sex differences in prestigious authorships in cardiovascular research supported by the National Institutes of Health. Circulation 137 (2018), 880–882, 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032325.
26. Lerchenmueller, Marc J., Gender Designation via Genderize API With Unlimited Request. 2016 https://figshare.com/articles/Genderize_unlimited_API_request/4563814.
27. Lerchenmueller, Marc J., Sorenson, Olav, Author disambiguation in PubMed: evidence on the precision and recall of Authority among NIH-funded scientists. PLOS ONE, 11(7), 2016, e0158731.
28. Li, Danielle, Expertise versus bias in evaluation: evidence from the NIH. Am. Econ. J.: Appl. Econ. 2:9 (2017), 60–92.
29. Long, J. Scott, Measures of sex-differences in scientific productivity. Soc. Forces 71:1 (1992), 159–178.
30. Long, J. Scott, Allison, Paul D., McGinnis, Robert, Rank advancement in academic careers: sex differences and the effects of productivity. Am. Sociol. Rev. 58:5 (1993), 703–722.
31. Lutter, Mark, Schröder, Martin, Who becomes a tenured professor, and why? Panel data evidence from German sociology, 1980–2013. Res. Policy 45 (2016), 999–1013.
32. Mantovani, Richard, Look, Mary V., Wuerker, Emily, The Career Achievements of National Research Service Award Postdoctoral Trainees and Fellows: 1975–2004. Tech. Rep. 2006, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
33. Merton, Robert K., The Matthew effect in science. Science 159:3810 (1968), 56–63.
34. Morgan, Stephen L., Gelbgiser, Dafna, Weeden, Kim A., Feeding the pipeline: gender, occupational plans, and college major selection. Soc. Sci. Res. 42:4 (2013), 989–1005.
35. Moss-Racusin, Corinne A., Dovidio, John F., Brescoll, Victoria L., Graham, Mark J., Handelsman, Jo, Science faculty's subtle gender biases favor male students. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109:41 (2012), 16474–16479.
36. National Postdoctoral Association, (NPA), Postdoctoral Scholars, Gender, and the Academic Career Pipeline. Tech. Rep. 2011, National Postdoctoral Association, Rockville, MD (accessed 11.07.17) http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nationalpostdoc.org/resource/resmgr/Docs/postdoc-gender-fact-sheet-20.pdf.
37. NIH, A History of New and Early Stage Investigator Policies and Data. Tech. Rep. 2011, National Institutes of Health (accessed 11.07.17) https://grants.nih.gov/policy/new_investigators/history.htm.
38. NIH, National Institutes of Health Budget. Tech. Rep. 2016, National Institutes of Health (accessed 11.07.17) http://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/budget-in-brief/nih/index.html.
39. NIH, NIH Family-Friendly Initiatives. Tech. Rep. 2016, National Institutes of Health (accessed 11.07.17) https://grants.nih.gov/grants/family_friendly.htm.
40. NSF, Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2015. Special Report NSF 15-311. Tech. Rep.., 2015, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Arlington, VA (accessed 11.07.17) https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2017/nsf17310/.
41. Pohlhaus, Jennifer Reineke, Jiang, Hong, Wagner, Robin M., Schaffer, Walter T., Pinn, Vivian W., Sex differences in application, success, and funding rates for NIH extramural programs. Acad. Med. 86:6 (2011), 759–767.
42. Preston, Anne E., Leaving Science: Occupational Exit from Scientific Careers. 2004, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY.
43. Sarsons, Heather, Recognition for group work: gender differences in academia. Am. Econ. Rev.: Papers Proc. 107:5 (2017), 141–145.
44. Shen, Helen, Inequality quantified: mind the gender gap. Nature 495:7439 (2013), 22–24.
45. Stack, Steven, Gender and scholarly productivity: 1970–2000. Sociol. Forum 35:3 (2002), 285–296.
46. Steinpreis, Rhea E., Anders, Katie A., Ritzke, Dawn, The impact of gender on the review of the curricula vitae of job applicants and tenure candidates: a national empirical study. Sex Roles 41:7 (1999), 509–528.
47. Wais, K., genderizeR: Gender Prediction Based on First Names. Tech. Rep. 2015, Github (accessed 11.07.17) https://github.com/kalimu/genderizeR.
48. West, Jevin D., Jacquet, Jennifer, King, Molly M., Correll, Shelley J., Bergstrom, Carl T., The role of gender in scholarly authorship. PLOS ONE, 8(7), 2013, e66212.
49. Williams, Wendy M., Ceci, Stephen J., National hiring experiments reveal 2:1 faculty preference for women on STEM tenure track. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112:17 (2015), 5360–5365.
50. Wuchty, Stefan, Jones, Benjamin F., Uzzi, Brian, The increasing dominance of teams in production of knowledge. Science 316:5827 (2007), 1036–1039.
51. Xie, Yu, Shauman, Kimberlee, Sex differences in research productivity: New evidence about an old puzzle. Am. Sociol. Rev. 63:6 (1998), 847–870.
52. Xie, Yu, Shauman, Kimberlee, Women in Science: Career Processes and Outcomes. 2003, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.