The European union in the eyes of others: Towards filling a gap in the literature

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 249-270

  Lucarelli, Sonia ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b Forum on the Problems of Peace and War   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85045164819     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2007025     Document Type: Article

References (75)

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4. cf. K.E. Smith, 'The European Union: A Distinctive Actor in International Relations' (2003) IX/2 The Brown Journal of World Affairs, pp. 103-113.
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17. Björkdahl borrows the term from J.T. Checkel, 'Norms, Institutions and National Identity in Contemporary Europe' (1999) 43/1 International Studies Quarterly, pp. 83-114.
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20. An early well-known criticism is H. Bull, 'Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?' (1982) 21 Journal of Common Market Studies, pp. 149-170.
21. S. Stavridis, 'Why the "Militarising" of the European Union is Strengthening the Concept of a "Civilian Power Europe"', Robert Schuman Centre Working Paper, No. 2001/17, European University Institute, Florence, 2001
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26. See also: F. Charillon, 'The EU as a Security Regime' (2005) 10/4 EFA Rev., pp. 517-533, 2005
27. J. Mitzen, 'Anchoring Europe's Civilizing Identity: Habits, Capabilities and Ontological Security' (2006) 13/2 Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 270-285.
28. K. Smith, 'The Limits of Proactive Cosmopolitanism: The EU and Burma, Cuba and Zimbabwe' in O. Elgström and M. Smith (eds), The European Union's Roles in International Politics: Concepts and Analysis (Routledge, London and New York, 2006), pp. 155-171
29. S. Scheipers and D. Sicurelli, 'Normative Power Europe: a Credible Utopia?' (2007) 45/2 Journal of Common Market Studies (2007), pp. 435-457
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32. T. Diez, 'Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering "Normative Power Europe"' (2005) 33/3 Millennium, pp. 613-636
33. For a realist criticism of the notion of normative power Europe (and EU distinctiveness at large), see A. Hyde-Price, '"Normative" Power Europe: A Realist Critique' (2006) 13/2 Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 217-234.
34. For example, S. Panebianco, 'Promoting Human Rights and Democracy in European Union Relations with Russia and China' in Lucarelli and Manners, note 19 above.
35. For example, K.E. Smith, 'The Limits of Proactive Cosmopolitanism: The EU and Burma, Cuba and Zimbabwe' in Elgström and Smith, note 19 above.
36. Particularly focused on the legitimacy concerns raised by the development of an ESDP for the civilian power Europe: W. Wagner, 'The Democratic Control of Military Power Europe' (2006) 13/2 Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 200-216.
37. S. Sjursen, 'What Kind of Power? European Foreign Policy in Perspective' (2006) 13/2 Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 169-181.
38. A. Watson, The Evolution of the International Society (Routledge, London, 1992).
39. On the US manifest destiny theory see: A. Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC, New York, 1995)
40. cf. H.R. Nau, At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2002).
41. S. Lucarelli, 'Interpreted Values: A Normative Reading of EU Role Articulation and Performance' in Elgström and Smith, note 19 above, pp. 47-65
42. S. Lucarelli and I. Manners, 'Conclusion' in Lucarelli and Manners, note 19 above, pp. 201-215.
43. The problem is advanced in the special issue of the Journal of European Public Policy (13/2), dedicated to the topic. See in particular: Sjursen, note 25 above, pp. 169-181
44. and F. Bicchi, 'Our Size Fits All: Normative Power Europe and the Mediterranean' (2006) 13/2 Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 286-303.
45. cf. K. Holsti, 'National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy' (1970) 14 International Studies Quarterly, pp. 233-309
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48. A. Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1999), pp. 227-228.
49. Elgström and Smith, note 19 above. Also F. Cerutti, 'A Political Identity of the Europeans?' (2003) 72/1 Thesis Eleven, pp. 26-45.
50. W. Bloom, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990).
51. cf. B. Rumelili, 'Constructing Identity in Relating to Difference: Understanding the EU's Mode of Differentiation' (2004) 30/1 Review of International Studies, pp. 27-47
52. I. Neumann 'Self and Other in International Relations' (1996) 2/2 European Journal of International Relations, pp. 139-174.
53. See . N. Chaban and M. Holland, 'The EU through the Eyes of the Asia-Pacific: Public Perceptions and Media Representations', NCRE Research Series, No. 4, National Centre for Research on Europe, University of Canterbury, 2005.
54. The three settings being: the United Nations Forum on Forestry's fourth session in Geneva in May 2004; the 13th Conference on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Bangkok, October 2004; the World Trade Organization (Member State permanent representations in Geneva). See Elgström, note 2 above. A joint analysis of these two research projects is contained in N. Chaban, O. Elgström and M. Holland, 'The European Union As Others See It' (2006) 11/2 EFA Rev., pp. 245-262.
55. J. Men, 'Chinese Perceptions of the European Union: A Review of Leading Chinese Journals' (2006) 12/6 European Law Journal, pp. 788-806.
56. K. Lisbonne-de Vergeron, Contemporary Indian Views of Europe (Chatham House, London, 2006)
57. M. Tsuruoka, 'How External Perspectives of the European Union are Shaped: Endogenous and Exogenous Sources', paper prepared for the 20th World Congress of the International Political Science Association (IPSA), Fukuoka, Japan, 9-13 July 2006, 'EU-Asia Relations and Security Matters' (RC03 on European Unification), available online at
58. M. Ortega (ed.), 'Global Views on the European Union', ', Chaillot Paper, No. 72, EU Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 2004, available online at .
59. D. Shambaugh, E. Sandschneider, and Z. Hong (eds.), China-Europe Relations: Perceptions, Policies and Prospects (Routledge, London, 2007).
60. cf. reports contained in S. Lucarelli (ed.), 'The External Image of the European Union', Working Paper Series GARNET, 2007, : M. Andretta and N. Doerr, 'Report on Trade Unions, Social Movements and NGOs: European And Non-European Perspectives'; S. Bayoumi, 'Country Report on Egypt'; C. Carta, 'Report on: The Commission's Diplomats and the EU International Image'; N. Chaban and M. Kauffmann, 'Country Report on Japan', O. Croci and L. Tossutti, 'Country Report on Canada'; L. Fioramonti, 'Country Report on India', L. Fioramonti, 'Country Report on South Africa', A. Poletti, 'Country Report on Brazil'; A. Poletti, R. Peruzzi and S. Zhang 'Country Report on China'; K. Stats 'Country Report on Australia'.
61. cf. L. Fioramonti and S. Lucarelli, 'The EU Viewed by the Others: Drawing some Conclusions' in Lucarelli (ed.), note 42 above.
62. Latinobarometro, 1995-2004, as analysed by M. Lagos (ed.), La Unión Europea y su posicionamiento entre las potencias mundiales, Focus Eurolatino-Latinobarometro, Chile, 2005. Latinobarometro 1995-2004 is available online at , accessed 26 January 2007.
63. Bertelsmann Stiftung, World Powers in the 21st Century. The Results of a Representative Survey in Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (2006), available on-line at , accessed 26 January 2007.
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66. This is John Ruggie's demanding definition which is not simply limited to coordination in international organizations but to the acceptance and implementation of shared principles. J.G. Ruggie, 'Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution' in J.G. Ruggie (ed.), Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York, Columbia University Press, 1993). According to James Caporaso, multilateralism is an organizing principle distinguished from other forms by three properties: indivisibility as the scope (both geographic and functional) over which costs and benefits are spread; generalized principles of conduct; and diffuse reciprocity
67. J. Caporaso 'International Relations Theory and Multilateralism: The Search for Foundations' (1992) 46/3 International Organization.
68. D. Shambaugh, 'China Eyes Europe's Role in the World: Real Convergence or Cognitive Dissonance?' in Shambaugh et al., note 41 above, p. 32.
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71. See .
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73. Source: .
74. E. Gad, The EU and the Middle East: Past Experiences and Future Horizons (Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo, 2001) (source in Arabic).
75. C. Carta, 'Report on: The Commission's Diplomats and the EU International Image' in Lucarelli, note 42 above.