Neonatal immunization: Rationale, current state, and future prospects

Frontiers in Immunology

Volumn 9, Issue APR, 2018, Pages

  Whittaker, Elizabeth ^a   Goldblatt, David ^b   McIntyre, Peter ^c   Levy, Ofer ^d,e  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c SYDNEY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Neonatal; Novel adjuvants; Protection; Trained immunity; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

BCG VACCINE; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B VACCINE; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; PERTUSSIS VACCINE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; BCG VACCINATION; CLINICAL STUDY; DRUG SAFETY; HAEMOPHILUS INFECTION; HEPATITIS B; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; IN VITRO STUDY; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; NEWBORN; NEWBORN CARE; NEWBORN PERIOD; ONTOGENY; PERTUSSIS; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; POLIOMYELITIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY; TH1 CELL; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 85045021198     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16643224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00532     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Clemens J, Holmgren J, Kaufmann SHE, Mantovani A. Ten years of the global alliance for vaccines and immunization: challenges and progress. Nat Immunol (2010) 11:1069-72. doi:10.1038/ni1210-1069
2. Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Chu Y, Perin J, Zhu J, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the sustainable development goals. Lancet (2016) 388:3027-35. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31593-8
3. Marchant A, Sadarangani M, Garand M, Dauby N, Verhasselt V, Pereira L, et al. Maternal immunisation: collaborating with mother nature. Lancet Infect Dis (2017) 17:e197-208. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30229-3
4. Kollmann TR, Crabtree J, Rein-Weston A, Blimkie D, Thommai F, Wang XY, et al. Neonatal innate TLR-mediated responses are distinct from those of adults. J Immunol (2009) 183:7150-60. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901481
5. Levy O, Goriely S, Kollmann TR. Immune response to vaccine adjuvants during the first year of life. Vaccine (2013) 31:2500-5. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.016
6. Kollmann TR, Levy O, Montgomery RR, Goriely S. Innate immune function by toll-like receptors: distinct responses in newborns and the elderly. Immunity (2012) 37:771-83. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.10.014
7. Miller JE, Hammond GC, Strunk T, Moore HC, Leonard H, Carter KW, et al. Association of gestational age and growth measures at birth with infection-related admissions to hospital throughout childhood: a population-based, data-linkage study from Western Australia. Lancet Infect Dis (2016) 16:952-61. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00150-X
8. Aaby P, Kollmann TR, Benn CS. Nonspecific effects of neonatal and infant vaccination: public-health, immunological and conceptual challenges. Nat Immunol (2014) 15:895-9. doi:10.1038/ni.2961
9. Dowling DJ, Levy O. Ontogeny of early life immunity. Trends Immunol (2014) 35:299-310. doi:10.1016/j.it.2014.04.007
10. Kollmann TR, Kampmann B, Mazmanian SK, Marchant A, Levy O. Protecting the newborn and young infant from infectious diseases: lessons from immune ontogeny. Immunity (2017) 46:350-63. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.009
11. Pettengill MA, van Haren SD, Levy O. Soluble mediators regulating immunity in early life. Front Immunol (2014) 5:457. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00457
12. Namdar A, Koleva P, Shahbaz S, Strom S, Gerdts V, Elahi S. CD71(+) erythroid suppressor cells impair adaptive immunity against Bordetella pertussis. Sci Rep (2017) 7:7728. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07938-7
13. Mohr E, Siegrist C-A. Vaccination in early life: standing up to the challenges. Curr Opin Immunol (2016) 41:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2016.04.004
14. Vekemans J, Amedei A, Ota MO, D'Elios MM, Goetghebuer T, Ismaili J, et al. Neonatal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination induces adult-like IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol (2001) 31:1531-5. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200105)31:5<1531:AID-IMMU1531>3.0.CO;2-1
15. Shann F. Substantial benefits from finding the most effective BCG strain. Lancet Respir Med (2016) 4:e35. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30108-4
16. Saadatian-Elahi M, Aaby P, Shann F, Netea MG, Levy O, Louis J, et al. Heterologous vaccine effects. Vaccine (2016) 34:3923-30. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.020
17. Morra ME, Kien ND, Elmaraezy A, Abdelaziz OAM, Elsayed AL, Halhouli O, et al. Early vaccination protects against childhood leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep (2017) 7:15986. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16067-0
18. Rousseau MC, Zein EM, Conus F, Legault L, Parent ME. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination in infancy and risk of childhood diabetes. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol (2016) 30:141-8. doi:10.1111/ppe.12263
19. Thøstesen LM, Kjaergaard J, Pihl GT, Birk NM, Nissen TN, Aaby P, et al. Neonatal BCG vaccination and atopic dermatitis before 13 months of age: a randomized clinical trial. Allergy (2018) 73:498-504. doi:10.1111/all.13314
20. Plotkin SA, Gilbert PB. Nomenclature for immune correlates of protection after vaccination. Clin Infect Dis (2012) 54:1615-7. doi:10.1093/cid/cis238
21. Hatherill M, Tait D, Mcshane H. Clinical testing of tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Microbiol Spectr (2016) 4:1-18. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0015-2016
22. Favorov M, Ali M, Tursunbayeva A, Aitmagambetova I, Kilgore P, Ismailov S, et al. Comparative tuberculosis (TB) prevention effectiveness in children of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines from different sources, Kazakhstan. PLoS One (2012) 7:e32567. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032567
23. Kleinnijenhuis J, Oosting M, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, van Crevel R. Innate immune recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol (2011) 2011:405310. doi:10.1155/2011/405310
24. Wynn JL, Scumpia PO, Winfield RD, Delano MJ, Kelly-Scumpia K, Barker T, et al. Defective innate immunity predisposes murine neonates to poor sepsis outcome but is reversed by TLR agonists. Blood (2008) 112:1750-8. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-01-130500
25. Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Latz E, Mills KHG, Natoli G, Stunnenberg HG, et al. Trained immunity: a program of innate immune memory in health and disease. Science (2016) 352:aaf1098. doi:10.1126/science.aaf1098
26. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE). WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record. (Vol. 21). (2014). p. 221-36. Available from: http://www.who.int/wer/2014/wer8921.pdf?ua=1, http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/en/
27. Levy O, Netea MG. Innate immune memory: implications for development of pediatric immunomodulatory agents and adjuvanted vaccines. Pediatr Res (2014) 75:184-8. doi:10.1038/pr.2013.214
28. Committee on Infectious Diseases, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Elimination of perinatal hepatitis B: providing the first vaccine dose within 24 hours of birth. Pediatrics (2017) 140:e20171870. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1870
29. van Montfoort N, van der Aa E, van den Bosch A, Brouwers H, Vanwolleghem T, Janssen HLA, et al. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen activates myeloid dendritic cells via a soluble CD14-dependent mechanism. J Virol (2016) 90:6187-99. doi:10.1128/JVI.02903-15
30. Gelinas L, Abu-Raya B, Ruck C, Cai B, Kollmann TR. Hepatitis B virus vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity correlates with humoral immune response following primary vaccination during infancy. Immunohorizons (2017) 1:42-52. doi:10.4049/immunohorizons.1700015
31. Yan K, Cai W, Cao F, Sun H, Chen S, Xu R, et al. Genetic effects have a dominant role on poor responses to infant vaccination to hepatitis B virus. J Hum Genet (2013) 58:293-7. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.18
32. Ryckman KK, Morken N-H, White MJ, Velez DR, Menon R, Fortunato SJ, et al. Maternal and fetal genetic associations of PTGER3 and PON1 with preterm birth. PLoS One (2010) 5:e9040. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009040
33. World Health Organization. Polio vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2016-recommendations. Vaccine (2017) 35:1197-9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.017
34. Mateen FJ, Shinohara RT, Sutter RW. Oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines in the newborn: a review. Vaccine (2013) 31:2517-24. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.020
35. Lund N, Andersen A, Hansen ASK, Jepsen FS, Barbosa A, Biering-Sørensen S, et al. The effect of oral polio vaccine at birth on infant mortality: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis (2015) 61:1504-11. doi:10.1093/cid/civ617
36. Fish EN, Flanagan KL, Furman D, Klein SL, Kollmann TR, Jeppesen DL, et al. Changing oral vaccine to inactivated polio vaccine might increase mortality. Lancet (2016) 387:1054-5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00661-9
37. Halsey N, Galazka A. The efficacy of DPT and oral poliomyelitis immunization schedules initiated from birth to 12 weeks of age. Bull World Health Organ (1985) 63:1151-69
38. Provenzano RW, Wetterlow LH, Sullivan CL. Immunization and antibody response in the newborn infant. I. Pertussis inoculation within twenty-four hours of birth. N Engl J Med (1965) 273:959-65. doi:10.1056/NEJM196510282731804
39. Baraff LJ, Leake RD, Burstyn DG, Payne T, Cody CL, Manclark CR, et al. Immunologic response to early and routine DTP immunization in infants. Pediatrics (1984) 73:37-42
40. Belloni C, Silvestri AD, Tinelli C, Avanzini MA, Marconi M, Strano F, et al. Immunogenicity of a three-component acellular pertussis vaccine administered at birth. Pediatrics (2003) 111:1042-5. doi:10.1542/peds.111.5.1042
41. Knuf M, Schmitt H-J, Wolter J, Schuerman L, Jacquet J-M, Kieninger D, et al. Neonatal vaccination with an acellular pertussis vaccine accelerates the acquisition of pertussis antibodies in infants. J Pediatr (2008) 152:655-60, 660.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.09.034
42. Halasa NB, O'Shea A, Shi JR, LaFleur BJ, Edwards KM. Poor immune responses to a birth dose of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine. J Pediatr (2008) 153:327-32. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.03.011
43. Wood N, McIntyre P, Marshall H, Roberton D. Acellular pertussis vaccine at birth and one month induces antibody responses by two months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J (2010) 29:209-15. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181bc98d5
44. Wood N, Marshall H, White OJ, Holt PG, McIntyre P. Antibody and cell-mediated immunity to pertussis 4 years after monovalent acellular pertussis vaccine at birth. Pediatr Infect Dis J (2014) 33:511-7. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000246
45. Knuf M, Schmitt H-J, Jacquet J-M, Collard A, Kieninger D, Meyer CU, et al. Booster vaccination after neonatal priming with acellular pertussis vaccine. J Pediatr (2010) 156:675-8. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.019
46. Maertens K, Tran TMP, Hens N, Van Damme P, Leuridan E. Effect of prepregnancy pertussis vaccination in young infants. J Infect Dis (2017) 215:1855-61. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix176
47. Englund JA, Anderson EL, Reed GF, Decker MD, Edwards KM, Pichichero ME, et al. The effect of maternal antibody on the serologic response and the incidence of adverse reactions after primary immunization with acellular and whole-cell pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Pediatrics (1995) 96:580-4
48. Gu X-X, Plotkin SA, Edwards KM, Sette A, Mills KHG, Levy O, et al. Waning immunity and microbial vaccines-workshop of the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases. Clin Vaccine Immunol (2017) 24:1-15. doi:10.1128/CVI.00034-17
49. Latz E, Franko J, Golenbock DT, Schreiber JR. Haemophilus influenzae type b-outer membrane protein complex glycoconjugate vaccine induces cytokine production by engaging human toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and requires the presence of TLR2 for optimal immunogenicity. J Immunol (2004) 172:2431-8. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2431
50. Kurikka S, Käyhty H, Peltola H, Saarinen L, Eskola J, Mäkelä PH. Neonatal immunization: response to Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics (1995) 95:815-22
51. Lieberman JM, Greenberg DP, Wong VK, Partridge S, Chang SJ, Chiu CY, et al. Effect of neonatal immunization with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids on antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. J Pediatr (1995) 126:198-205. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70545-7
52. McVERNON J, HOWARD AJ, SLACK MPE, Ramsay ME. Long-term impact of vaccination on Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) carriage in the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect (2004) 132:765-7. doi:10.1017/s0950268804002122
53. Adegbola RA, Mulholland EK, Secka O, Jaffar S, Greenwood BM. Vaccination with a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine reduces oropharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae type b among Gambian children. J Infect Dis (1998) 177:1758-61. doi:10.1086/517440
54. Gkentzi D, Slack MPE, Ladhani SN. The burden of nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae in children and potential for prevention. Curr Opin Infect Dis (2012) 25:266-72. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32835310a4
55. MacNeil JR, Cohn AC, Farley M, Mair R, Baumbach J, Bennett N, et al. Current epidemiology and trends in invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease-United States, 1989-2008. Clin Infect Dis (2011) 53:1230-6. doi:10.1093/cid/cir735
56. Pomat WS, van den Biggelaar AHJ, Phuanukoonnon S, Francis J, Jacoby P, Siba PM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of neonatal pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Papua New Guinean children: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One (2013) 8:e56698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056698
57. Scott JAG, Ojal J, Ashton L, Muhoro A, Burbidge P, Goldblatt D. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given shortly after birth stimulates effective antibody concentrations and primes immunological memory for sustained infant protection. Clin Infect Dis (2011) 53:663-70. doi:10.1093/cid/cir444
58. Aho C, Michael A, Yoannes M, Greenhill A, Jacoby P, Reeder J, et al. Limited impact of neonatal or early infant schedules of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Papua New Guinean children: a randomized controlled trial. Vaccine Rep (2016) 6:36-43. doi:10.1016/j.vacrep.2016.08.002
59. van den Biggelaar AHJ, Pomat W, Bosco A, Phuanukoonnon S, Devitt CJ, Nadal-Sims MA, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination at birth in a high-risk setting: no evidence for neonatal T-cell tolerance. Vaccine (2011) 29:5414-20. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.065
60. Loxton AG, Knaul JK, Grode L, Gutschmidt A, Meller C, Eisele B, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine VPM1002 in HIV-unexposed newborn infants in South Africa. Clin Vaccine Immunol (2017) 24:e439-416. doi:10.1128/CVI.00439-16
61. Kativhu CL, Libraty DHA. Model to explain how the Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine drives interleukin-12 production in neonates. PLoS One (2016) 11:e0162148. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162148
62. Dowling DJ, Scott EA, Scheid A, Bergelson I, Joshi S, Pietrasanta C, et al. Toll-like receptor 8 agonist nanoparticles mimic immunomodulating effects of the live BCG vaccine and enhance neonatal innate and adaptive immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2017) 140:1339-50. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.985
63. Dowling DJ, Van Haren SD, Scheid A, Bergelson I, Kim D, Mancuso CJ, et al. TLR7/8 adjuvant overcomes newborn hyporesponsiveness to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at birth. JCI Insight (2017) 2:e91020. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.91020
64. Levine MM. "IDEAL" vaccines for resource poor settings. Vaccine (2011) 29(Suppl 4):D116-25. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.090
65. Neutra MR, Kozlowski PA. Mucosal vaccines: the promise and the challenge. Nat Rev Immunol (2006) 6:148-58. doi:10.1038/nri1777
66. Wright PF, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Hoen AG, Boesch AW, Ackerman ME, et al. Vaccine-induced mucosal immunity to poliovirus: analysis of cohorts from an open-label, randomised controlled trial in Latin American infants. Lancet Infect Dis (2016) 16:1377-84. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30169-4
67. Sindhu KNC, Cunliffe N, Peak M, Turner M, Darby A, Grassly N, et al. Impact of maternal antibodies and infant gut microbiota on the immunogenicity of rotavirus vaccines in African, Indian and European infants: protocol for a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open (2017) 7:e016577. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016577
68. Ali A, Kazi AM, Cortese MM, Fleming JA, Moon S, Parashar UD, et al. Impact of withholding breastfeeding at the time of vaccination on the immunogenicity of oral rotavirus vaccine-a randomized trial. PLoS One (2015) 10:e0127622. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127622
69. Lanata CF, Fischer-Walker CL, Olascoaga AC, Torres CX, Aryee MJ, Black RE, et al. Global causes of diarrheal disease mortality in children <5 years of age: a systematic review. PLoS One (2013) 8:e72788. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072788
70. Lamberti LM, Ashraf S, Walker CLF, Black RE. A systematic review of the effect of rotavirus vaccination on diarrhea outcomes among children younger than 5 years. Pediatr Infect Dis J (2016) 35:992-8. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001232
71. Bennett A, Bar-Zeev N, Cunliffe NA. Measuring indirect effects of rotavirus vaccine in low income countries. Vaccine (2016) 34:4351-3. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.001
72. Mathew A, Rao PSS, Sowmyanarayanan TV, Kang G. Severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis in an Indian population: report from a 3 year surveillance study. Vaccine (2014) 32(Suppl 1):A45-8. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.038
73. Simonsen L, Viboud C, Elixhauser A, Taylor RJ, Kapikian AZ. More on RotaShield and intussusception: the role of age at the time of vaccination. J Infect Dis (2005) 192(Suppl 1):S36-43. doi:10.1086/431512
74. Bines JE, Danchin M, Jackson P, Handley A, Watts E, Lee KJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of RV3-BB human neonatal rotavirus vaccine administered at birth or in infancy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis (2015) 15:1389-97. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00227-3
75. Chen M-Y, Kirkwood CD, Bines J, Cowley D, Pavlic D, Lee KJ, et al. Rotavirus specific maternal antibodies and immune response to RV3-BB neonatal rotavirus vaccine in New Zealand. Hum Vaccin Immunother (2017) 13:1126-35. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1274474
76. Belshe RB, Edwards KM, Vesikari T, Black SV, Walker RE, Hultquist M, et al. Live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine in infants and young children. N Engl J Med (2007) 356:685-96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065368
77. Chu HY, Englund JA. Maternal immunization. Clin Infect Dis (2014) 59:560-8. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu327
78. van der Lubbe JEM, Vreugdenhil J, Damman S, Vaneman J, Klap J, Goudsmit J, et al. Maternal antibodies protect offspring from severe influenza infection and do not lead to detectable interference with subsequent offspring immunization. Virol J (2017) 14:123. doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0787-4
79. Shi T, McAllister DA, O'Brien KL, Simões EAF, Madhi SA, Gessner BD, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet (2017) 390:946-58. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30938-8
80. Ruckwardt TJ, Morabito KM, Graham BS. Determinants of early life immune responses to RSV infection. Curr Opin Virol (2016) 16:151-7. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.003
81. Walsh EE, Falsey AR. Humoral and mucosal immunity in protection from natural respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults. J Infect Dis (2004) 190:373-8. doi:10.1086/421524
82. Graham BS. Vaccine development for respiratory syncytial virus. Curr Opin Virol (2017) 23:107-12. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.012
83. Yang K, Varga SM. Mucosal vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus. Curr Opin Virol (2014) 6:78-84. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2014.03.009
84. Gerretsen HE, Sande CJ. Development of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines for infants. J Infect (2017) 74(Suppl 1):S143-6. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30205-0
85. Green CA, Scarselli E, Sande CJ, Thompson AJ, de Lara CM, Taylor KS, et al. Chimpanzee adenovirus-and MVA-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccine is safe and immunogenic in adults. Sci Transl Med (2015) 7:ra126-300. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5745
86. Amenyogbe N, Levy O, Kollmann TR. Systems vaccinology: a promise for the young and the poor. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2015) 370:20140340-20140340. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0340
87. Chung AW, Kumar MP, Arnold KB, Yu WH, Schoen MK, Dunphy LJ, et al. Dissecting polyclonal vaccine-induced humoral immunity against HIV using systems serology. Cell (2015) 163:988-98. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.027
88. Sanchez-Schmitz G, Levy O. Development of newborn and infant vaccines. Sci Transl Med (2011) 3:s27-90. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001880
89. Sanchez-Schmitz G, Stevens C, Baecher-Allan C, Levy O. A novel human neonatal tissue construct (NTC) models age-specific immune responses to bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Abstracts from the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Immunologists (Boston) Journal of Immunology. Vol. 188. Boston (2012); p. 166.27
90. Oh D-Y, Dowling DJ, Ahmed S, Choi H, Brightman S, Bergelson I, et al. Adjuvant-induced human monocyte secretome profiles reveal adjuvant-and age-specific protein signatures. Mol Cell Proteomics (2016) 15:1877-94. doi:10.1074/mcp.M115.055541
91. Bonhoeffer J, Kohl K, Chen R, Duclos P, Heijbel H, Heininger U, et al. The brighton collaboration: addressing the need for standardized case definitions of adverse events following immunization (AEFI). Vaccine (2002) 21:298-302. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00449-8
92. Vergnano S, Buttery J, Cailes B, Chandrasekaran R, Chiappini E, Clark E, et al. Neonatal infections: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunisation safety data. Vaccine (2016) 34:6038-46. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.046
93. PrabhuDas M, Adkins B, Gans H, King C, Levy O, Ramilo O, et al. Challenges in infant immunity: implications for responses to infection and vaccines. Nat Immunol (2011) 12:189-94. doi:10.1038/ni0311-189
94. Dauby N, Goetghebuer T, Kollmann TR, Levy J, Marchant A. Uninfected but not unaffected: chronic maternal infections during pregnancy, fetal immunity, and susceptibility to postnatal infections. Lancet Infect Dis (2012) 12:330-40. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70341-3