A comprehensive meta-analysis on Problematic Facebook Use

Computers in Human Behavior

Volumn 83, Issue , 2018, Pages 262-277

  Marino, Claudia ^a,b   Gini, Gianluca ^a   Vieno, Alessio ^a   Spada, Marcantonio M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b LONDON SOUTH BANK UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Internet addiction; Meta analysis; Motives; Personality; Problematic Facebook use; Self esteem

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION;

FACEBOOK; INTERNET ADDICTION; META ANALYSIS; MOTIVES; PERSONALITY; SELF ESTEEM;

SOCIAL NETWORKING (ONLINE);

EID: 85042179946     PISSN: 07475632     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.009     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Alhabash, S., Chiang, Y., Huang, K., MAM & U&G in Taiwan: Differences in the uses and gratifications of Facebook as a function of motivational reactivity. Computers in Human Behavior 35 (2014), 423–430.
2. American Psychological Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed., 2013, American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA.
3. Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Vinitzky, G., Social network use and personality. Computers in Human Behavior 26 (2010), 1289–1295.
4. Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Wainapel, G., Fox, S., On the Internet no one knows I'm an introvert: Extroversion, neuroticism, and Internet interaction. CyberPsychology and Behavior 5 (2002), 125–128.
5. Andreassen, C.S., Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports 2 (2015), 175–184.
6. Andreassen, C.S., Griffiths, M.D., Gjertsen, S.R., Krossbakken, E., Kvam, S., Pallesen, S., The relationships between behavioral addictions and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2:2 (2013), 90–99.
7. Andreassen, C.S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G.S., Pallesen, S., Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological Reports 110 (2012), 501–517.
8. Assunção, R.S., Matos, P.M., The generalized problematic internet use scale 2: Validation and test of the model to Facebook use. Journal of Adolescence 54 (2017), 51–59.
9. Baker, D.A., Algorta, G.P., The relationship between online social networking and depression: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 19:11 (2016), 638–648.
10. Balci, Ş., Gölcü, A., Facebook addiction among university students in Turkey: “Selcuk university example”. Journal of Turkish Studies 34 (2013), 255–278.
11. Baturay, M.H., Toker, S., Self-esteem shapes the impact of GPA and general health on Facebook addiction: A mediation analysis. Social Science Computer Review, 2016, 1–21.
12. Bee, H.L., Lifespan development. 1994, Harper Collins College Publishers, New York.
13. Begg, C.B., Mazumdar, M., Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 50 (1994), 1088–1101.
14. Beranuy, M., Chamarro, A., Graner, C., Carbonell, X., Validación de dos escalas breves para evaluar la adicción a Internet y el abuso de móvil. Psicothema 21 (2009), 480–485.
15. Beyens, I., Frison, E., Eggermont, S., “I don't want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Computers in Human Behavior 64 (2016), 1–8.
16. Bischof-Kastner, C., Kuntsche, E., Wolstein, J., Identifying problematic internet Users: Development and validation of the internet motive questionnaire for adolescents (IMQ-A). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(10), 2014, 230.
17. Blachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., Pantic, I., Internet use, Facebook intrusion, and depression: Results of a cross-sectional study. European Psychiatry 30 (2015), 681–684.
18. Bodroža, B., Jovanović, T., Validation of the new scale for measuring behaviors of Facebook users: Psycho-social aspects of Facebook use (PSAFU). Computers in Human Behavior 54 (2016), 425–435.
19. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J., Rothstein, H.R., Meta-regression. Introduction to meta-analysis. 2009, 187–203.
20. Boyce, P., Parker, G., Development of a scale to measure interpersonal sensitivity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 23:3 (1989), 341–351.
21. Bozoglan, B., Demirer, V., Sahin, I., Loneliness, self-esteem, and life satisfaction as predictors of internet addiction: A cross-sectional study among Turkish university students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 54:4 (2013), 313–319.
22. Brechwald, W.A., Prinstein, M.J., Beyond homophily: A decade of advances in understanding peer influence processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence 21:1 (2011), 166–179.
23. Brown, R.I.F., A theoretical model of the behavioural addictions–applied to offending. Addicted to Crime, 1997, 13–65.
24. Buss, D.M., Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology 42:1 (1991), 459–491.
25. Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., Personality and positive orientation in Internet and Facebook addiction. An empirical report from Poland. Computers in Human Behavior 59 (2016), 230–236.
26. Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., Pantic, I., Association between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior 55 (2016), 701–705.
27. Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., Senol-Durak, E., Durak, M., Sherstyuk, L., The role of personality traits in Facebook and internet addictions: A study on Polish, Turkish, and Ukrainian samples. Computers in Human Behavior 68 (2017), 269–275.
28. Caci, B., Cardaci, M., Scrima, F., Tabacchi, M.E., The dimensions of Facebook addiction as measured by Facebook Addiction Italian Questionnaire and their relationships with individual differences. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 20:4 (2017), 251–258.
29. Çam, E., Isbulan, O., A new addiction for teacher candidates: Social networks. TOJET - Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 11(3), 2012.
30. Canale, N., Rubaltelli, E., Vieno, A., Pittarello, A., Billieux, J., Impulsivity influences betting under stress in laboratory gambling. Scientific Report, 7, 2017, 10668.
31. Canale, N., Vieno, A., Griffiths, M., Rubaltelli, E., Santinello, M., How do impulsivity traits influence problem gambling through gambling motives? The role of perceived gambling risk/benefits. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 29:3 (2015), 813–823.
32. Caplan, S.E., Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research 30:6 (2003), 625–648.
33. Caplan, S.E., A social skill account of problematic Internet use. Journal of Communication 55:4 (2005), 721–736.
34. Caplan, S.E., Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use. CyberPsychology and Behavior 10:2 (2006), 234–242.
35. Caplan, S.E., Theory and measurement of generalized problematic internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior 26 (2010), 1089–1097.
36. Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., Borgogni, L., Perugini, M., The big five questionnaire: A new questionnaire for the measurement of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences 15 (1993), 281–288.
37. Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., Livi, S., Mapping personality dimensions in the big five model. European Journal of Applied Psychology 44 (1994), 9–16.
38. Carbonell, X., Panova, T., A critical consideration of social networking sites’ addiction potential. Addiction Research and Theory 25:1 (2017), 48–57.
39. Card, N.A., Applied meta-analysis for social science research. 2012, Guilford Press, New York.
40. Chabrol, H., Laconi, S., Delfour, M., Moreau, A., Contributions of psychopathological and interpersonal variables to problematic Facebook use in adolescents and young adults. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 6(1), 2017.
41. Chou, C., Condron, L., Belland, J.C., A review of the research on Internet addiction. Educational Psychology Review 17 (2005), 363–388.
42. Cohen, J., A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 112 (1992), 155–159.
43. Colley, A., Maltby, J., Impact of the Internet on our lives: Male and female personal perspectives. Computers in Human Behavior 24:5 (2008), 2005–2013.
44. Cox, W.M., Klinger, E., A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97:2 (1988), 168–180.
45. Dantlgraber, M., Wetzel, E., Schützenberger, P., Stieger, S., Reips, U.D., Simple construct evaluation with latent class analysis: An investigation of Facebook addiction and the development of a short form of the Facebook Addiction Test (F-AT). Behavior Research Methods 48:3 (2016), 869–879.
46. De Cock, R., Vangeel, J., Klein, A., Minotte, P., Rosas, O., Meerkerk, G.J., Compulsive use of social networking sites in Belgium: Prevalence, profile, and the role of attitude toward work and school. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 17:3 (2014), 166–171.
47. Delfour, M., Moreau, A., Laconi, S., Goutaudier, N., Chabrol, H., Utilisation problématique de Facebook à l'adolescence et au jeune âge adulte. Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 63:4 (2015), 244–249.
48. Denti, L., Barbopoulos, I., Nılsson, I., Holmberg, L., Thulın, M., Wendeblad, M., et al. Sweden's largest Facebook study, 2012, Gothenburg Research Institute School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg.
49. Dhaha, I.S.Y., Predictors of Facebook addiction among youth: A structural equation modeling (SEM). Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 2:4 (2013), 186–195.
50. Duval, S., Tweedie, R., Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56 (2000), 455–463.
51. Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M., Minder, C., Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal 315 (1997), 629–634.
52. Elphinston, R.A., Noller, P., Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14 (2011), 631–635.
53. Eraslan-Capan, B., Interpersonal sensitivity and problematic Facebook use in Turkish university students. The Anthropologist 21:3 (2015), 395–403.
54. Fenichel, M.G., Facebook addiction disorder (FAD). 2009 Accessed 19.07.17 http://www.fenichel.com/facebook.shtml.
55. Field, A.P., Gillett, R., How to do a meta-analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 63 (2010), 665–694.
56. Fisher, B.W., Gardella, J.H., Teurbe-Tolon, A.R., Peer cybervictimization among adolescents and the associated internalizing and externalizing problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 45:9 (2016), 1727–1743.
57. Floros, G., Siomos, K., The relationship between optimal parenting, Internet addiction and motives for social networking in adolescence. Psychiatry Research 209:3 (2013), 529–534.
58. Gerson, J., Plagnol, A.C., Corr, P.J., Subjective well-being and social media use: Do personality traits moderate the impact of social comparison on Facebook?. Computers in Human Behavior 63 (2016), 813–822.
59. Giannakos, M.N., Chorianopoulos, K., Giotopoulos, K., Vlamos, P., Using Facebook out of habit. Behaviour and Information Technology 32:6 (2013), 594–602.
60. Gonzales, A.L., Hancock, J.T., Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14:1–2 (2011), 79–83.
61. Grant, J.E., Potenza, M.N., Weinstein, A., Gorelick, D.A., Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 36:5 (2010), 233–241.
62. Griffiths, M.D., The role of context in online gaming excess and addiction: Some case study evidence. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 8:1 (2010), 119–125.
63. Griffiths, M.D., Kuss, D.J., Demetrovics, Z., Social networking addiction: An overview of preliminary findings. Rosenberg, K.P., Feder, L.C., (eds.) Behavioral addictions: Criteria, evidence, and treatment, 2014, Academic Press, London, UK, 119–141.
64. Hedges, L.V., Olkin, I., Statistical methods for meta-analysis. 1985, Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
65. Hedges, L.V., Vevea, J.L., Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods 3 (1998), 486–504.
66. Hemphill, J.F., Interpreting the magnitudes of correlation coefficients. American Psychologist 58 (2003), 78–79.
67. Higgins, J., Thompson, S.G., Deeks, J.J., Altman, D.G., Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal 327 (2003), 557–560.
68. Hong, F.Y., Chiu, S.L., Factors influencing Facebook usage and Facebook addictive tendency in university students: The role of online psychological privacy and Facebook usage motivation. Stress and Health 32:2 (2016), 117–127.
69. Hong, F.Y., Huang, D.H., Lin, H.Y., Chiu, S.L., Analysis of the psychological traits, Facebook usage, and Facebook addiction model of Taiwanese university students. Telematics and Informatics 31 (2014), 597–606.
70. Hormes, J.M., Kearns, B., Timko, C.A., Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits. Addiction 109:12 (2014), 2079–2088.
71. Huang, C., Self-concept and academic achievement: A meta-analysis of longitudinal relations. Journal of School Psychology 49 (2011), 505–528.
72. Hughes, D.J., Rowe, M., Batey, M., Lee, A., A tale of two sites: Twitter vs. Facebook and the personality predictors of social media usage. Computers in Human Behavior 28:2 (2012), 561–569.
73. Jafarkarimi, H., Sim, A.T.H., Saadatdoost, R., Hee, J.M., Facebook addiction among Malaysian students. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(6), 2016, 465.
74. Joinson, A.N., Looking at, looking up or keeping up with people?: motives and use of facebook. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 2008, April, ACM, Florence, Italy, 1027–1036.
75. Junco, R., The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education 58:1 (2012), 162–171.
76. Kardefelt-Winther, D., A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior 31 (2014), 351–354.
77. Katz, E., Blumler, J.G., Gurevitch, M., Uses and gratifications research. Public Opinion Quarterly 37:4 (1973), 509–523.
78. Khumsri, J., Yingyeun, R., Mereerat, M., Hanprathet, N., Phanasathit, M., Prevalence of Facebook addiction and related Factors among Thai high school students. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand= Chotmaihet thangphaet 98 (2015), S51–S60.
79. Kimpton, M., Campbell, M., Weigin, E.L., Orel, A., Wozencroft, K., Whiteford, C., The relation of gender, behavior, and intimacy development on level of Facebook addiction in emerging adults. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning 6:2 (2016), 56–67.
80. Kittinger, R., Correia, C.J., Irons, J.G., Relationship between Facebook use and problematic Internet use among college students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 15:6 (2012), 324–327.
81. Kline, R.B., Beyond significance testing. 2004, APA, Washington, DC.
82. Kloos, A., Weller, R.A., Chan, R., Weller, E.B., Gender differences in adolescent substance abuse. Current Psychiatry Reports 11:2 (2009), 120–126.
83. Koc, M., Gulyagci, S., Facebook addiction among Turkish college students: The role of psychological health, demographic, and usage characteristics. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 16 (2013), 279–284.
84. Kowalski, R.M., Giumetti, G.W., Schroeder, A.N., Lattanner, M.R., Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin 140 (2014), 1073–1137.
85. Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., Crawford, A., Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues 58:1 (2002), 49–74.
86. Kuss, D., Griffiths, M., Online social networking and addiction – a review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8 (2011), 3528–3552.
87. Kuss, D., Griffiths, M., Karila, L., Billieux, J., Internet addiction: A systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Current Pharmaceutical Design 20 (2014), 4026–4052.
88. Lee, E.B., Too much information: Heavy smartphone and Facebook utilization by African American young adults. Journal of Black Studies 46:1 (2015), 44–61.
89. Lee, Y.K., Chang, C.T., Lin, Y., Cheng, Z.H., The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior 31 (2014), 373–383.
90. Lee, Z.W., Cheung, C.M., Thadani, D.R., An investigation into the problematic use of Facebook. System science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii international conference on, 2012, January, IEEE, 1768–1776.
91. Lee, Y.L., Verma, R.K., Yadav, H., Barua, A., Health impacts of Facebook usage and mobile texting among undergraduate dental students: it's time to understand the difference between usage and an excessive use. European Journal of Dental Education 20:4 (2015), 218–228.
92. Lipsey, M.W., Wilson, D.B., Practical meta-analysis. 2001, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
93. Malik, S., Khan, M., Impact of facebook addiction on narcissistic behavior and self-esteem among students. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 65:3 (2015), 260–263.
94. Marino, C., Finos, L., Vieno, A., Lenzi, M., Spada, M.M., Objective Facebook behaviour: Differences between problematic and non-problematic users. Computers in Human Behavior 73 (2017), 541–546.
95. Marino, C., Gini, G., Vieno, A., Spada, M.M., The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 226 (2018), 274–281.
96. Marino, C., Vieno, A., Altoè, G., Spada, M.M., Factorial validity of the problematic Facebook use scale for adolescents and young adults. Journal of Behavioral addictions 6:1 (2017), 5–10.
97. Marino, C., Vieno, A., Moss, A.C., Caselli, G., Nikčević, A.V., Spada, M.M., Personality, motives and metacognitions as predictors of problematic Facebook Use in university students. Personality and Individual Differences 101 (2016), 70–77.
98. Marino, C., Vieno, A., Pastore, M., Albery, I.P., Spada, M.M., The relative contribution of personality, social identity and social norms to problematic Facebook use in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors 63 (2016), 51–56.
99. Marshall, T.C., Lefringhausen, K., Ferenczi, N., The Big Five, self-esteem, and narcissism as predictors of the topics people write about in Facebook status updates. Personality and Individual Differences 85 (2015), 35–40.
100. Masur, P.K., Reinecke, L., Ziegele, M., Quiring, O., The interplay of intrinsic need satisfaction and Facebook specific motives in explaining addictive behavior on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior 39 (2014), 376–386.
101. Mazzardis, S., Vieno, A., Kuntsche, E., Santinello, M., Italian validation of the drinking motives questionnaire revised short form (DMQ-R SF). Addictive Behaviors 35:10 (2010), 905–908.
102. McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T. Jr., del Pilar, G.H., Rolland, J.P., Parker, W.D., Cross-cultural assessment of the five-factor model: The revised NEO personality inventory. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 29:1 (1998), 171–188.
103. McKenna, K.Y., Green, A.S., Gleason, M.E., Relationship formation on the Internet: What's the big attraction?. Journal of Social Issues 58:1 (2002), 9–31.
104. Monacis, L., de Palo, V., Griffiths, M.D., Sinatra, M., Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen social media addiction scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6:2 (2017), 178–186.
105. Moreau, A., Laconi, S., Delfour, M., Chabrol, H., Psychopathological profiles of adolescent and young adult problematic Facebook users. Computers in Human Behavior 44 (2015), 64–69.
106. Muench, F., Hayes, M., Kuerbis, A., Shao, S., The independent relationship between trouble controlling Facebook use, time spent on the site and distress. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4:3 (2015), 163–169.
107. Olufadi, Y., Social networking time use scale (SONTUS): A new instrument for measuring the time spent on the social networking sites. Telematics and Informatics 33 (2016), 452–471.
108. Orosz, G., Tóth-Király, I., Bőthe, B., Four facets of Facebook intensity—the development of the multidimensional Facebook intensity scale. Personality and Individual Differences 100 (2016), 95–104.
109. Orosz, G., Vallerand, R.J., Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Paskuj, B., On the correlates of passion for screen-based behaviors: The case of impulsivity and the problematic and non-problematic Facebook use and TV series watching. Personality and Individual Differences 101 (2016), 167–176.
110. Papacharissi, Z., Mendelson, A., Toward a new(er) sociability: Uses, gratifications and social capital on Facebook. Papathanassopoulos, S., (eds.) Media perspectives for the 21st century, 2011, Routledge, Oxon, UK, 212–230.
111. Pontes, H.M., Kuss, D.J., Griffiths, M.D., Clinical psychology of internet addiction: A review of its conceptualization, prevalence, neuronal processes, and implications for treatment. Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics 4 (2015), 11–23.
112. Przepiorka, A., Blachnio, A., Time perspective in internet and Facebook addiction. Computers in Human Behavior 60 (2016), 13–18.
113. R Core Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2013 [Computer software manual]. Vienna, Austria. Available from: http://www.R-project.org.
114. Raacke, J., Bonds-Raacke, J., MySpace and Facebook: Applying the uses and gratifications theory to exploring friend-networking sites. CyberPsychology and Behavior 11:2 (2008), 169–174.
115. Rice, F.P., Human development: A life-span approach. 1995, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
116. Roberts, B.W., Mroczek, D., Personality trait change in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science 17:1 (2008), 31–35.
117. Rosenthal, R., Meta-analytic procedures for social research. 1991, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
118. Rosen, L.D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L.M., Cheever, N.A., Is Facebook creating “iDisorders”? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior 29:3 (2013), 1243–1254.
119. Rose, A., Rudolph, K.D., A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin 132 (2006), 98–131.
120. Ross, C., Orr, E.S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J.M., Simmering, M.G., Orr, R.R., Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior 25 (2009), 578–586.
121. Rudolph, K.D., Gender differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stress during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health 30 (2002), 3–13.
122. Ryan, T., Chester, A., Reece, J., Xenos, S., The uses and abuses of Facebook: A review of Facebook addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 3 (2014), 133–148.
123. Ryan, T., Reece, J., Chester, A., Xenos, S., Who gets hooked on Facebook? An exploratory typology of problematic Facebook users. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10, 2016.
124. Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S.A., Çapan, B.E., Social competence and psychological vulnerability as predictors of Facebook addiction. Studia Psychologica, 56, 2014, 301.
125. Satici, S.A., Uysal, R., Well-being and problematic Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior 49 (2015), 185–190.
126. Sharifah, S.S., Omar, S.Z., Bolong, J., Osman, M.N., Facebook addiction among female university students. Revista De Administratie Publica Si Politici Sociale, 3(7), 2011, 95.
127. Shaw, A.M., Timpano, K.R., Tran, T.B., Joormann, J., Correlates of Facebook usage patterns: The relationship between passive Facebook use, social anxiety symptoms, and brooding. Computers in Human Behavior 48 (2015), 575–580.
128. Sheldon, P., Student favorite: Facebook and motives for its use. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal 23:2 (2008), 39–53.
129. Sheldon, P., “I'll poke you. You'll poke me!” Self-disclosure, social attraction, predictability and trust as important predictors of Facebook relationships. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 3(2), 2009.
130. Sheldon, K.M., Abad, N., Hinsch, C., A two-process view of Facebook use and relatedness need-satisfaction: Disconnection drives use, and connection rewards it. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100:4 (2011), 766–775.
131. Sigerson, L., Li, A.Y., Cheung, M.W.L., Cheng, C., Examining common information technology addictions and their relationships with non-technology-related addictions. Computers in Human Behavior 75 (2017), 520–526.
132. Steinfield, C., Ellison, N.B., Lampe, C., Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 29:6 (2008), 434–445.
133. Sterne, J.A.C., Gavaghan, D., Egger, M., Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: Power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 53 (2000), 1119–1129.
134. Sugarman, L., Life-span development: Frameworks, accounts and strategies. 2004, Routledge.
135. Tang, J.H., Chen, M.C., Yang, C.Y., Chung, T.Y., Lee, Y.A., Personality traits, interpersonal relationships, online social support, and Facebook addiction. Telematics and Informatics 33:1 (2016), 102–108.
136. Thompson, B., 'statistical’, ‘practical’, and ‘clinical’: How many kinds of significance do counselors need to consider. Journal of Counseling and Development 80 (2002), 64–71.
137. Turel, O., He, Q., Xue, G., Xiao, L., Bechara, A., Examination of neural systems sub-serving Facebook “addiction”. Psychological Reports 115:3 (2014), 675–695.
138. Uysal, R., Satici, S.A., Akin, A., Mediating effect of Facebook addiction on the relationship between subjective vitality and subjective happiness. Psychological Reports 113 (2013), 948–953.
139. Valkenburg, P.M., Schouten, A.P., Peter, J., Adolescents’ identity experiments on the internet. New Media & Society 7:3 (2005), 383–402.
140. Viechtbauer, W., Conducting meta-analysis in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software 36 (2010), 1–48 http://www.jstatssoft.org/v36/i03.
141. Walburg, V., Mialhes, A., Moncla, D., Does school-related burnout influence problematic Facebook use?. Children and Youth Services Review 61 (2016), 327–331.
142. Walsh, S.P., White, K.M., McD Young, R., Needing to connect: The effect of self and others on young people's involvement with their mobile phones. Australian Journal of Psychology 62:4 (2010), 194–203.
143. Wilson, K., Fornasier, S., White, K.M., Psychological predictors of young adults’ use of social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 13:2 (2010), 173–177.
144. Wilson, R.E., Gosling, S.D., Graham, L.T., A review of Facebook research in the social sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science 7:3 (2012), 203–220.
145. Xanidis, N., Brignell, C.M., The association between the use of social network sites, sleep quality and cognitive function during the day. Computers in Human Behavior 55 (2016), 121–126.
146. Yen, C.F., Ko, C.H., Yen, J.Y., Chang, Y.P., Cheng, C.P., Multi-dimensional discriminative factors for Internet addiction among adolescents regarding gender and age. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 63:3 (2009), 357–364.
147. Young, K.S., Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Presented at the 104th annual meeting of the American psychological association, Toronto, Canada, 1996 Paper retrieved from http://www.chabad4israel.org/tznius4israel/newdisorder.pdf.
148. Young, K.S., Caught in the net: How to recognize the signs of Internet addiction–and a winning strategy for recovery. 1998, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
149. Yu, A.Y., Tian, S.W., Vogel, D., Kwok, R.C.W., Can learning be virtually boosted? An investigation of online social networking impacts. Computers & Education 55:4 (2010), 1494–1503.
150. Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., Martin, J., Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior 24:5 (2008), 1816–1836.