Effectiveness of mirror therapy, motor imagery, and virtual feedback on phantom limb pain following amputation: A systematic review

Prosthetics and Orthotics International

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 288-298

  Herrador Colmenero, Laura ^a   Perez Marmol, Jose Manuel ^b   Martí García, Celia ^c   Querol Zaldivar, María de los Ángeles ^d   Tapia Haro, Rosa María ^b   Castro Sánchez, Adelaida María ^e   Aguilar Ferrándiz, María Encarnación ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JAÉN   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MÁLAGA   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CÁDIZ   (Spain)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALMERÍA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Amputation; mirror therapy; motor imagery; pain; phantom limb; systematic review

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL PRACTICE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; LIMB AMPUTATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHANTOM PAIN; QUALITY CONTROL; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRAINING; AMPUTATION; AMPUTEE; ANALGESIA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FEMALE; GUIDED IMAGERY; LIMB PROSTHESIS; MALE; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHANTOM LIMB; PROCEDURES; PROSTHETIC FITTING; QUALITY OF LIFE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRTUAL REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY;

AMPUTATION; AMPUTEES; ARTIFICIAL LIMBS; FEEDBACK; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGERY (PSYCHOTHERAPY); MALE; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PHANTOM LIMB; PROSTHESIS FITTING; QUALITY OF LIFE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRTUAL REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY;

EID: 85041529121     PISSN: 03093646     EISSN: 17461553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0309364617740230     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Kim SY, Kim YY., Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain. Korean J Pain 2012; 25(4): 272–274.
2. Ramachandran VS, Hirstein W., The perception of phantom limbs: the D.O. Hebb Lecture. Brain 1998; 121(9): 1603–1630.
3. Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D, Cobb S., Touching the phantom limb. Nature 1995; 377(6549): 489–490.
4. Foell J, Bekrater-Bodmann R, Flor H. Phantom limb pain after lower limb trauma: origins and treatments. Int J Low Extr Wounds 2011; 10(4): 224–235.
5. Flor H., Maladaptive plasticity, memory for pain and phantom limb pain: review and suggestion for new therapies. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8(5): 809–818.
6. El Miedany Y, El Gaafary M, Palmer D. Assessment of the utility of visual feedback in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis patients: a pilot study. Rheumatol Int 2012; 32(10): 3061–3068.
7. Ramachandran V, Rogers-Ramachandran D., Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors. Proc Biol Sci 1996; 263(1369): 377–386.
8. Chan BL, Witt R, Charrow AP. Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(21): 2206–2207.
9. Giraux P, Sirigu A., Illusory movements of the paralyzed limb restore motor cortex activity. Neuroimage 2003; 20(1): S107–S111.
10. Mercier C, Sirigu A., Training with virtual visual feedback to alleviate phantom limb pain. Neurorehab Neural Re 2009; 23(6): 587–594.
11. McCabe C., Mirror visual feedback therapy. A practical approach. J Hand Ther 2011; 24(2): 170–178.
12. Grünert-Pluss N, Hufschmid U, Santschi L. Mirror therapy in hand rehabilitation: a review of the literature, the St Gallen Protocol for Mirror Therapy and evaluation of a case series of 52 patients. Br J Hand Ther 2008; 13(1): 4–11.
13. MacLachlan M, McDDonald D, Waloch J., Mirror treatment of lower limb phantom pain: a case study. Disabil Rehabil 2004; 26(14–15): 901–904.
14. Weeks S, Anderson-Barnes V, Tsao J., Phantom limb pain: theories and therapies. Neurologist 2010; 16(5): 277–286.
15. Ramachandran VS, Altschuler EL., The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function. Brain 2009; 132: 1693–1710.
16. McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Ring EF. A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Rheumatology 2003; 42(1): 97–101.
17. McCabe CS, Blake DR., Evidence for a mismatch between the brain’s movement control system and sensory system as an explanation for some pain-related disorders. Curr Pain Headache R 2007; 11(2): 104–108.
18. McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Blake DR., Mirror visual feedback for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Curr Pain Headache R 2008; 12(2): 103–107.
19. Moseley GL., Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Pain 2004; 108(1–2): 192–198.
20. Selles RW, Schreuders TA, Stam HJ., Mirror therapy in patients with causalgia (complex regional pain syndrome type II) following peripheral nerve injury: two cases. J Rehabil Med 2008; 40(4): 312–314.
21. Dickstein R, Deutsch J., Motor imagery in physical therapist practice. Phys Ther 2007; 87(7): 942–953.
22. Maciver K, Lloyd DM, Kelly S. Phantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effect of mental imagery. Brain 2008; 131(8): 2181–2191.
23. Cacchio A, De Blasis E, Necozione S. Mirror therapy for chronic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 and stroke. N Engl J Med 2009; 361(6): 634–636.
24. Murray CD, Pettifer S, Caillette F. Immersive virtual reality as a rehabilitative technology for phantom limb experience: a protocol. Cyberpsychol Behav 2006; 9(2): 167–170.
25. Murray CD, Pettifer S, Howard T. The treatment of phantom limb pain using immersive virtual reality: three case studies. Disabil Rehabil 2007; 29(18): 1465–1469.
26. Cole J, Crowle S, Austwick G. Exploratory findings with virtual reality for phantom limb pain; from stump motion to agency and analgesia. Disabil Rehabil 2009; 31(10): 846–854.
27. The George Institute for Global Health. Escala PEDro. Disponible en, http://www.pedro.org.au/spanish/downloads/pedro-scale/ (accessed 16 May 2014).
28. Ellis R, Hing W., Neural mobilization: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with an analysis of therapeutic efficacy. J Man Manip Ther 2008; 16(1): 8–22.
29. Reid SA, Rivett DA., Manual therapy treatment of cervicogenic dizziness: a systematic review. Man Ther 2005; 10(1): 4–13.
30. Van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003; 28(12): 1290–1299.
31. Seidel S, Kasprian G, Furtner J. Mirror therapy in lower limb amputees—a look beyond primary motor cortex reorganization. RöFo 2011; 183(11): 1051–1057.
32. Darnall BD, Li H., Home-based self-delivered mirror therapy for phantom pain: a pilot study. J Rehabil Med 2012; 44(3): 254–260.
33. Foell J, Bekrater-Bodmann R, Diers M. Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain: brain changes and the role of body representation. Eur J Pain 2014; 18: 729–739.
34. Moseley GL., Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2006; 67(12): 2129–2134.
35. Brodie EE, Whyte A, Niven CA., Analgesia through the looking-glass? A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of viewing a ‘virtual’ limb upon phantom limb pain, sensation and movement. Eur J Pain 2007; 11(4): 428–436.
36. Sumitani M, Miyauchi S, McCabe CS. Mirror visual feedback alleviates deafferentation pain, depending on qualitative aspects of the pain: a preliminary report. Rheumatology 2008; 47(7): 1038–1043.
37. Ulger O, Topuz S, Bayramlar K. Effectiveness of phantom exercises for phantom limb pain: a pilot study. J Rehabil Med 2009; 41(7): 582–584.
38. Diers M, Christmann C, Koeppe C. Mirrored, imagined and executed movements differentially activate sensorimotor cortex in amputees with and without phantom limb pain. Pain 2010; 149(2): 296–304.
39. Brunelli S, Morone G, Iosa M. Efficacy of progressive muscle relaxation, mental imagery, and phantom exercise training of phantom limb: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96: 181–187.
40. Tilak M, Isaac SA, Fletcher J. Mirror therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for management of phantom limb pain in amputees—a single blinded randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int 2015; 21(2): 109–115.
41. Ortiz-Catalan M, Guðmundsdóttir RA, Kristoffersen MB. Phantom motor execution facilitated by machine learning and augmented reality as treatment for phantom limb pain: a single group, clinical trial in patients with chronic intractable phantom limb pain. Lancet 2016; 388(10062): 2885–2894.
42. Yildirim M, Kanan N., The effect of mirror therapy on the management of phantom limb pain. Agri 2016; 28(3): 127–134.
43. Bosmans JC, Geertzen JH, Post WJ. Factors associated with phantom limb pain: a 31/2-year prospective study. Clin Rehabil 2010; 24(5): 444–453.
44. Organización Mundial de la Salud. El envejecimiento neuronal y sus relaciones con la patología neurológica humana: Informe de un grupo de estudio de la OMS. Ginebra: OMS (Serie de informes técnicos 665), 1980.
45. Casale R, Alaa L, Mallick M. Phantom limb related phenomena and their rehabilitation after lower limb amputation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2009; 45(4): 559–566.
46. Moseley GL, Gallace A, Spence C., Is mirror therapy all it is cracked up to be? Current evidence and future directions. Pain 2008; 138(1): 7–10.
47. Priganc VW, Stralka SW., Graded motor imagery. J Hand Ther 2011; 24(2): 164–169.