메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 171, Issue 7, 2017, Pages 334-341

Briefing: Embodied carbon dioxide assessment in buildings: guidance and gaps

Author keywords

Buildings, structures design; Design methods AIDS; Sustainability

Indexed keywords

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY; GAS EMISSIONS; GLOBAL WARMING; GREENHOUSE GASES; POLLUTION CONTROL; SUPPLY CHAINS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 85041466235     PISSN: 14784629     EISSN: 17517680     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1680/jensu.17.00032     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 84988030672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments, future challenges and new research directions in LCA of buildings: A critical review
    • Anand CK and Amor B (2017) Recent developments, future challenges and new research directions in LCA of buildings: a critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67: 408–416, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.058.
    • (2017) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol.67 , pp. 408-416
    • Anand, C.K.1    Amor, B.2
  • 3
    • 84923925652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construction Products Association, London, UK. accessed 23/05/2017
    • Anderson J and Thornback J (2012) A Guide to Understanding the Embodied Impacts of Construction Products. Construction Products Association, London, UK. See http://www.constructionproducts.org.uk/fileadmin/client/cpa/documents/Sustainability/Embodied_Impacts_brochure_small_V9.pdf (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2012) A Guide to Understanding The Embodied Impacts of Construction Products
    • Anderson, J.1    Thornback, J.2
  • 4
    • 85164634623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anglian Water, Huntingdon, UK. accessed 19/04/2017
    • Anglian Water (2017) Management Systems. Anglian Water, Huntingdon, UK. See http://www.anglianwater.co.uk/about-us/managementsystems/index.aspx (accessed 19/04/2017).
    • (2017) Management Systems
  • 21
    • 84876133155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low carbon and low embodied energy materials in buildings: A review
    • Cabeza LF, Barreneche C, Miró L et al. (2013) Low carbon and low embodied energy materials in buildings: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 23: 536–542, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.017.
    • (2013) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol.23 , pp. 536-542
    • Cabeza, L.F.1    Barreneche, C.2    Miró, L.3
  • 22
    • 84884633626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: A review
    • Cabeza LF, Rincón L, Vilariño V, Pérez G and Castell A (2014) Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 29: 394–416, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.037.
    • (2014) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol.29 , pp. 394-416
    • Cabeza, L.F.1    Rincón, L.2    Vilariño, V.3    Pérez, G.4    Castell, A.5
  • 23
    • 85164645369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Green Building Council, London, UK. accessed 26/ 02/2015
    • Cary S (2015) Learning Lessons – Embodied Carbon at 5 Broadgate. UK Green Building Council, London, UK. See http://www.ukgbc.org/ opinion/learning-lessons-–-embodied-carbon-5-broadgate (accessed 26/ 02/2015).
    • (2015) Learning Lessons – Embodied Carbon at 5 Broadgate
    • Cary, S.1
  • 25
    • 85053536891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cibse Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Cibse, London, UK
    • Cibse (Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2014) TM56: Resource Efficiency of Building Services. Cibse, London, UK.
    • (2014) TM56: Resource Efficiency of Building Services
  • 26
    • 85011910197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royal Institute of British Architects, London, UK
    • Clark D (2013) What Colour Is Your Building? Royal Institute of British Architects, London, UK.
    • (2013) What Colour Is Your Building?
    • Clark, D.1
  • 27
    • 84882831586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chapter 27. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK
    • Climate Change Act 2008. Chapter 27. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK.
    • Climate Change Act 2008
  • 29
    • 84899988724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges for capturing and assessing initial embodied energy: A contractor’s perspective
    • Davies PJ, Emmitt S and Firth SK (2014) Challenges for capturing and assessing initial embodied energy: a contractor’s perspective. Construction Management and Economics 32(3): 290–308, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2014.884280.
    • (2014) Construction Management and Economics , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 290-308
    • Davies, P.J.1    Emmitt, S.2    Firth, S.K.3
  • 30
    • 84926393382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delivering improved initial embodied energy efficiency during construction
    • Davies PJ, Emmitt S and Firth SK (2015) Delivering improved initial embodied energy efficiency during construction. Sustainable Cities and Society 14: 267–279, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.09.010.
    • (2015) Sustainable Cities and Society , vol.14 , pp. 267-279
    • Davies, P.J.1    Emmitt, S.2    Firth, S.K.3
  • 32
    • 85017709673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How methodological choices affect LCA climate impact results: The case of structural timber
    • De Rosa M, Pizzol M and Schmidt J (2017) How methodological choices affect LCA climate impact results: the case of structural timber. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-017-1312-0.
    • (2017) International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
    • De Rosa, M.1    Pizzol, M.2    Schmidt, J.3
  • 34
    • 85011879329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring embodied carbon dioxide equivalent of buildings: A review and critique of current industry practice
    • De Wolf C, Pomponi F and Moncaster A (2017) Measuring embodied carbon dioxide equivalent of buildings: a review and critique of current industry practice. Energy and Buildings 140: 68–80, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.075.
    • (2017) Energy and Buildings , vol.140 , pp. 68-80
    • De Wolf, C.1    Pomponi, F.2    Moncaster, A.3
  • 35
    • 84960968580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploration of life cycle data calculation: Lessons from a Passivhaus case study
    • Din A and Brotas L (2016) Exploration of life cycle data calculation: lessons from a Passivhaus case study. Energy and Buildings 118: 82–92, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.02.032.
    • (2016) Energy and Buildings , vol.118 , pp. 82-92
    • Din, A.1    Brotas, L.2
  • 36
    • 77956459929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EC JRC IES European Commission – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Environment and Sustainability EC JRC IES, Ispra, Italy. accessed 23/05/2017
    • EC JRC IES (European Commission – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Environment and Sustainability) (2010) ILCD Handbook: General Guide for Life Cycle Assessment – Detailed Guidance. EC JRC IES, Ispra, Italy. See http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/ILCD-Handbook-General-guide-for-LCA-DETAILED-GUIDANCE-12March2010ISBN-fin-v1.0-EN.pdf (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2010) ILCD Handbook: General Guide for Life Cycle Assessment – Detailed Guidance
  • 38
    • 85164653101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elsevier accessed 19/04/2017
    • Elsevier (2017) https://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy-and-buildings/call-for-papers/special-issue-on-embodied-energy-and-carbonefficiency-the-n (accessed 19/04/2017).
    • (2017)
  • 39
    • 85011870725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved embodied energy and carbon accounting: Recommendations for industry and policy
    • Gavotsis E and Moncaster A (2015) Improved embodied energy and carbon accounting: recommendations for industry and policy. Athens Journal of Technology & Engineering 2(1): 9–23.
    • (2015) Athens Journal of Technology & Engineering , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-23
    • Gavotsis, E.1    Moncaster, A.2
  • 40
    • 84901018158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GCB, London, UK. accessed 21/06/2016
    • GCB (Green Construction Board) (2013) Low Carbon Routemap for the UK Built Environment. GCB, London, UK. See http://www.greenconstructionboard.org/otherdocs/Routemap%20final%20report% 2005032013.pdf (accessed 21/06/2016).
    • (2013) Low Carbon Routemap for The UK Built Environment
  • 41
    • 84978928091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GCB and CLC Construction Leadership Council GCB and CLC, London, UK. accessed 23/05/2017
    • GCB and CLC (Construction Leadership Council) (2016) Guidance Document for PAS 2080. GCB and CLC, London, UK. See http://www.greenconstructionboard.org/images/stories/ICR/Guidance Document for PAS2080_vFinal.pdf (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2016) Guidance Document for PAS 2080
  • 42
    • 84901048618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options for materials used in UK construction
    • Giesekam J, Barrett J, Taylor P and Owen A (2014) The greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options for materials used in UK construction. Energy and Buildings 78: 202–214, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.enbuild.2014.04.035.
    • (2014) Energy and Buildings , vol.78 , pp. 202-214
    • Giesekam, J.1    Barrett, J.2    Taylor, P.3    Owen, A.4
  • 43
    • 85053510576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building on the Paris Agreement: Making the case for embodied carbon intensity targets in construction
    • Jankovic L (ed.)). Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
    • Giesekam J, Densley Tingley D and Barrett J (2016a) Building on the Paris Agreement: making the case for embodied carbon intensity targets in construction. In Zero Carbon Buildings Today and in the Future 2016 (Jankovic L (ed.)). Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK, pp. 161–170.
    • (2016) Zero Carbon Buildings Today and in The Future 2016 , pp. 161-170
    • Giesekam, J.1    Densley Tingley, D.2    Barrett, J.3
  • 45
    • 84945217538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construction sector views on low carbon building materials
    • Giesekam J, Barrett J and Taylor P (2016c) Construction sector views on low carbon building materials. Building Research & Information 44(4): 423–444, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1086872.
    • (2016) Building Research & Information , vol.44 , Issue.4 , pp. 423-444
    • Giesekam, J.1    Barrett, J.2    Taylor, P.3
  • 46
    • 85164649222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GLA Greater London Authority GLA, London, UK. accessed 23/05/2017
    • GLA (Greater London Authority) (2013) Construction Scope 3 (Embodied) Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting Guidance. GLA, London, UK. See https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ gla_construction_scope_3_embodied_greenhouse_gas_accounting_ and_reporting_guidance_vfinal_1.pdf (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2013) Construction Scope 3 (Embodied) Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting Guidance
  • 47
    • 84902535983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Error propagation methods for LCA – A comparison
    • Heijungs R and Lenzen M (2014) Error propagation methods for LCA – a comparison. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19(7): 1445–1461, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0751-0.
    • (2014) International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment , vol.19 , Issue.7 , pp. 1445-1461
    • Heijungs, R.1    Lenzen, M.2
  • 48
    • 84981489347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The environmental impact of wood compared to other building materials
    • Hill CAS and Dibdiakova J (2016) The environmental impact of wood compared to other building materials. International Wood Products Journal 7(4): 215–219, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2016.1190166.
    • (2016) International Wood Products Journal , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 215-219
    • Hill, C.A.S.1    Dibdiakova, J.2
  • 50
    • 84911443932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HMG Her Majesty’s Government The Stationery Office, London, UK, URN BIS/13/955
    • HMG (Her Majesty’s Government) (2013) Construction 2025. The Stationery Office, London, UK, URN BIS/13/955.
    • (2013) Construction 2025
  • 51
    • 84882359533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operational vs. Embodied emissions in buildings – A review of current trends
    • Ibn-Mohammed T, Greenough R, Taylor S, Ozawa-Meida L and Acquaye A (2013) Operational vs. embodied emissions in buildings – a review of current trends. Energy and Buildings 66: 232–245, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.07.026.
    • (2013) Energy and Buildings , vol.66 , pp. 232-245
    • Ibn-Mohammed, T.1    Greenough, R.2    Taylor, S.3    Ozawa-Meida, L.4    Acquaye, A.5
  • 52
    • 85164656859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engineers ICE, London, UK. accessed 23/05/2017
    • ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (2011) Energy Briefing Sheet: Embodied Energy and Carbon. ICE, London, UK. See https://www.ice.org.uk/disciplines-and-resources/briefing-sheet/embodied-energy- and-carbon (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2011) Energy Briefing Sheet: Embodied Energy and Carbon
  • 54
    • 84867691877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IStructE Institution of Structural Engineers IStructE, London, UK. accessed 23/05/2017
    • IStructE (Institution of Structural Engineers) (2011) A Short Guide to Embodied Carbon in Building Structures. IStructE, London, UK. See http://shop.istructe.org/a-short-guide-to-embodied-carbon-in-buildingstructures.html (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2011) A Short Guide to Embodied Carbon in Building Structures
  • 55
    • 84952915987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the environmental impact of construction by using renewable materials
    • Lawrence M (2015) Reducing the environmental impact of construction by using renewable materials. Journal of Renewable Materials 3(3): 163–174, http://dx.doi.org/10.7569/JRM.2015.634105.
    • (2015) Journal of Renewable Materials , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 163-174
    • Lawrence, M.1
  • 56
    • 0034931578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Errors in conventional and input-output-based life-cycle inventories
    • Lenzen M (2000) Errors in conventional and input-output-based life-cycle inventories. Journal of Industrial Ecology 4(4): 127–148, http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/10881980052541981.
    • (2000) Journal of Industrial Ecology , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 127-148
    • Lenzen, M.1
  • 60
    • 84886873606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon emissions of infrastructure development
    • Müller DB, Liu G, Løvik AN et al. (2013) Carbon emissions of infrastructure development. Environmental Science & Technology 47(20): 11739–11746, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es402618m.
    • (2013) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.47 , Issue.20 , pp. 11739-11746
    • Müller, D.B.1    Liu, G.2    Løvik, A.N.3
  • 61
    • 84875188982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical aspects in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bio-based materials – Reviewing methodologies and deriving recommendations
    • Pawelzik P, Carus M, Hotchkiss J et al. (2013) Critical aspects in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bio-based materials – reviewing methodologies and deriving recommendations. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73: 211–228, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.02.006.
    • (2013) Resources, Conservation and Recycling , vol.73 , pp. 211-228
    • Pawelzik, P.1    Carus, M.2    Hotchkiss, J.3
  • 62
    • 84982189595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the climate impact effects of increased use of bio-based materials in buildings
    • Peñaloza D, Erlandsson M and Falk A (2016) Exploring the climate impact effects of increased use of bio-based materials in buildings. Construction and Building Materials 125: 219–226, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.041.
    • (2016) Construction and Building Materials , vol.125 , pp. 219-226
    • Peñaloza, D.1    Erlandsson, M.2    Falk, A.3
  • 63
    • 84992731112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embodied carbon mitigation and reduction in the built environment – What does the evidence say?
    • Pomponi F and Moncaster A (2016) Embodied carbon mitigation and reduction in the built environment – what does the evidence say? Journal of Environmental Management 181: 687–700, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.036.
    • (2016) Journal of Environmental Management , vol.181 , pp. 687-700
    • Pomponi, F.1    Moncaster, A.2
  • 64
    • 85009127155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circular economy for the built environment: A research framework
    • Pomponi F and Moncaster A (2017) Circular economy for the built environment: a research framework. Journal of Cleaner Production 143: 710–718, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.055.
    • (2017) Journal of Cleaner Production , vol.143 , pp. 710-718
    • Pomponi, F.1    Moncaster, A.2
  • 65
    • 85026253703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method to facilitate uncertainty analysis in LCAs of buildings
    • Pomponi F, D’Amico B and Moncaster A (2017) A method to facilitate uncertainty analysis in LCAs of buildings. Energies 10(4): 524, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10040524.
    • (2017) Energies , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 524
    • Pomponi, F.1    D’Amico, B.2    Moncaster, A.3
  • 66
    • 84978233000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors RICS, London, UK, IP 32/ 2012. accessed 23/05/2017
    • RICS (Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors) (2012) Methodology to Calculate Embodied Carbon of Materials. RICS, London, UK, IP 32/ 2012. See http://www.rics.org/Documents/Methodology_embodied_carbon_final.pdf (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2012) Methodology to Calculate Embodied Carbon of Materials
  • 67
    • 84949836862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1st edn. RICS, London, UK.
    • RICS (2014) Methodology to Calculate Embodied Carbon, 1st edn. RICS, London, UK. See http://www.rics.org/Global/Methodology_to_calculate_embodied_carbon_1st_edition_PGguidance_2014.pdf.
    • (2014) Methodology to Calculate Embodied Carbon
  • 68
    • 85164646838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RICS, London, UK. accessed 19/04/2017
    • RICS (2017) Carbon: The Answers. RICS, London, UK. See http://www.rics.org/uk/training-events/consultation/london/? utm_campaign=Carbon+launch&utm_medium=email&utm_ source=RICS+Networking+and+Events (accessed 19/04/2017).
    • (2017) Carbon: The Answers
  • 69
    • 85016113733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A roadmap for rapid decarbonization
    • Rockström J, Gaffney O, Rogelj J et al. (2017) A roadmap for rapid decarbonization. Science 355(6331): 1269–1271, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aah3443.
    • (2017) Science , vol.355 , Issue.6331 , pp. 1269-1271
    • Rockström, J.1    Gaffney, O.2    Rogelj, J.3
  • 70
    • 84907871082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alliance for Sustainable Building Products, London, UK. accessed 23/05/2017
    • Sadler P and Robson D (2013) Carbon Sequestration by Buildings. Alliance for Sustainable Building Products, London, UK. See http://www.asbp.org.uk/uploads/documents/resources/ASBP_Carbon-sequestration by buildings.pdf (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2013) Carbon Sequestration by Buildings
    • Sadler, P.1    Robson, D.2
  • 71
    • 85041461682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed 27/03/2017
    • Science Based Targets (2017) http://sciencebasedtargets.org/ (accessed 27/03/2017).
    • (2017) Science Based Targets
  • 76
    • 85164641919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profiling Sturgis Carbon Profiling, London, UK. accessed 19/04/2017
    • Sturgis Carbon Profiling (2017) InnovateUK – Implementing Whole Life Carbon in Buildings. Sturgis Carbon Profiling, London, UK. See http://sturgiscarbonprofiling.com/news/innovateuk-implementingwhole-life-carbon-in-buildings/ (accessed 19/04/2017).
    • (2017) InnovateUK – Implementing Whole Life Carbon in Buildings
  • 77
    • 84961972897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK-GBC UK Green Building Council UK-GBC, London, UK. accessed 21/06/2016
    • UK-GBC (UK Green Building Council) (2014) Embodied Carbon Week – Seeing the Whole Picture. UK-GBC, London, UK. See http://www.ukgbc.org/resources/publication/embodied-carbon-week-2014-report (accessed 21/06/2016).
    • (2014) Embodied Carbon Week – Seeing The Whole Picture
  • 78
    • 84961982216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK-GBC UK-GBC, London, UK. accessed 21/06/2016
    • UK-GBC (2015b) Tackling Embodied Carbon in Buildings. UK-GBC, London, UK. See http://www.ukgbc.org/resources/publication/tackling-embodied-carbon-buildings (accessed 21/06/2016).
    • (2015) Tackling Embodied Carbon in Buildings
  • 79
    • 85164644864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK-GBC UK-GBC, London, UK. accessed 21/ 06/2016
    • UK-GBC (2015a) Practical How-to Guide: Measuring Embodied Carbon on a Project. UK-GBC, London, UK. See http://www.ukgbc.org/sites/default/files/UK-GBC%20Embodied%20%20guide.pdf (accessed 21/ 06/2016).
    • (2015) Practical How-to Guide: Measuring Embodied Carbon on A Project
  • 80
    • 85164638209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK-GBC UK-GBC, London, UK. accessed 02/11/2015
    • UK-GBC (2015c) Embodied Carbon Conference: Review. UK-GBC, London, UK. See http://www.ukgbc.org/sites/default/files/Embodied%20Carbon%20Conference%20review_0.pdf (accessed 02/11/2015).
    • (2015) Embodied Carbon Conference: Review
  • 82
    • 85045791598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK-GBC UK-GBC, London, UK. accessed 23/05/2017
    • UK-GBC (2017a) Embodied Carbon: Developing a Client Brief. UK-GBC, London, UK. See http://www.ukgbc.org/resources/publication/ embodied-carbon-developing-a-client-brief (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2017) Embodied Carbon: Developing A Client Brief
  • 83
    • 85053539483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK-GBC UK-GBC, London, UK. accessed 23/05/2017
    • UK-GBC (2017b) UK-GBC Pinpoint: Embodied Carbon Resources. UK-GBC, London, UK. See http://pinpoint.ukgbc.org/resource.php?tag[0]=embodied-carbon (accessed 23/05/2017).
    • (2017) UK-GBC Pinpoint: Embodied Carbon Resources
  • 84
    • 85164634066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNFCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change UN, Paris, France. UNFCC, New York, NY, USA
    • UNFCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st Conference of the Parties, UN, Paris, France. UNFCC, New York, NY, USA.
    • (2015) Adoption of The Paris Agreement, 21st Conference of The Parties
  • 85
    • 0030230120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data quality management for life cycle inventories – An example of using data quality indicators
    • Weidema BP and Wesnæs MS (1996) Data quality management for life cycle inventories – an example of using data quality indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production 4(3–4): 167–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(96)00043-1.
    • (1996) Journal of Cleaner Production , vol.4 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 167-174
    • Weidema, B.P.1    Wesnæs, M.S.2
  • 87
    • 84961985104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wrap, Banbury, UK. accessed 24/05/2017
    • Wrap (Waste and Resources Action Programme) (2011) Cutting Embodied Carbon in Construction Projects. Wrap, Banbury, UK. See http://www.Wrap.org.uk/sites/files/Wrap/FINAL%20PRO095009%20Embodied%20Carbon%20Annex.pdf (accessed 24/05/2017).
    • (2011) Cutting Embodied Carbon in Construction Projects
  • 88
    • 85028192379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wrap and UK-GBC Wrap, Banbury, UK. accessed 12/10/2014
    • Wrap and UK-GBC (2014) Embodied Carbon Database. Wrap, Banbury, UK. See http://ecdb.Wrap.org.uk/Default.aspx (accessed 12/10/2014).
    • (2014) Embodied Carbon Database


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.