Operational vs. embodied emissions in buildings - A review of current trends

Energy and Buildings

Volumn 66, Issue , 2013, Pages 232-245

  Ibn Mohammed, T ^a   Greenough, R ^a   Taylor, S ^b   Ozawa Meida, L ^a   Acquaye, A ^c  

^a DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Buildings; Climate change; Embodied and operational emissions; Environment; Policy instruments

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES; EMBODIED EMISSIONS; EMISSIONS REDUCTION; ENVIRONMENT; GLOBAL AWARENESS; LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS; POLICY FRAMEWORK; POLICY INSTRUMENTS;

CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; OZONE LAYER;

BUILDINGS;

EID: 84882359533     PISSN: 03787788     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.07.026     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. 2 emissions Energy Indicators 2007 http://www.iea.org/publications/ freepublications/publication/tracking-emissions.pdf (accessed 20.02.13)
2. United Nations Environmental Programme-Sustainable Buildings and Climate Initiative Protocol for Measuring Energy Use and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Building Operations 2008
3. United States Green Building Council The LEED reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction for the Design, Construction and Major Renovations of Commercial and Institutional Building 2009
4. International Energy Agency World Energy Consumption by Sector 2009 http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp (accessed 26.1.13)
5. L. Pérez-Lombard, J. Ortiz, and C. Pout A review on buildings energy consumption information Energy and Buildings 40 2008 394 398 (Pubitemid 350296680)
6. Construction Industry Council Strategic Forum: Targets to 2012 2007
7. M. Dowden Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Law, Policy and Practice 2008 EG Books
8. Energy Information Association Annual Energy Outlook with Projections to 2035 2010 http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2010).pdf (accessed 26.1.13)
9. Department for Communities, Local Government Building a Greener Future: Policy Statement for Target of Zero Carbon Homes by 2016 2007
10. P. Hernandez, and P. Kenny From net energy to zero energy buildings: defining lifecycle zero energy buildings (LC-ZEB) Energy and Buildings 42 2010 815 821
11. M.K. Dixit, J.L. Fernandez-Solis, S. Lavy, and C.H. Culp Identification of parameters for embodied energy measurement - a literature review Journal of Energy and Buildings 42 2010 1238 1247
12. A. Engin, and Y. Frances Zero Carbon Isn't Really Zero: Why Embodied Carbon in Materials Can't be Ignored 2010 http://www.di.net/articles/archive/ zero-carbon/ (accessed 27.01.13)
13. M.B. Lee, and G. White Embodied Energy LCA Assessment of Replacement Options for Windows and Traditional Buildings Crichton Carbon Centre 2008 http://www.historicscotland.gov.uk/gary-white-carbon-footprint-of-traditional- buildings-and-materials.pdf (accessed 27.01.13)
14. Department of Trade and Industry Meeting the Energy Challenge - A White Paper on Energy 2007 http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file39387.pdf (accessed 20.01.13)
15. H.M. Government The UK Low Carbon Transition Plan: National Strategy for Climate and Energy 2008
16. Committee for Climate Change Building a low-carbon economy - the UK contribution to tackling climate change The First Report of the Committee on Climate Change 2008 1 479
17. B.P. Smith Whole life carbon foot printing The Structural Engineer 86 6 2008 15 16 http://www.istructe.org/thestructuralengineer/archiveissue.asp?VID= 86&IID=6 (accessed 01.12.12)
18. M.K. Dixit, J.L. Fernandez-Solis, S. Lavy, and C.H. Culp Need for an Embodied Energy Measurement Protocol for Buildings: A Review Paper Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 2012 3730 3743
19. B.V.V. Reddy, and K.S. Jagadish Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies Energy and Buildings 35 2 2003 129 137 (Pubitemid 35412332)
20. A.J. Miller Embodied energy - A Lifecycle of Transportation Energy Embodied In Construction Materials, in: COBRA 2001, Conference Papers 2001 RICS Foundation
21. P. Crowther Design for disassembly to recover embodied energy The 16th Annual Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture Melbourne/Brisbane/ Cairns, Australia 1999
22. G. Treloar, R. Fay, B. Ilozor, and P. Love Building materials selection: greenhouse strategies for built facilities Facilities 19 3-4 2001 139 149
23. T. Ramesh, R. Prakash, and K.K. Shukla Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: an overview Energy and Buildings 42 10 2010 1592 1600
24. Y.L. Langston, and C.A. Langston Reliability of building embodied energy modelling: an analysis of 30 Melbourne case studies Construction Management and Economics 26 2 2008 147 160 (Pubitemid 351298122)
25. G. Ding The Development of a Multi-Criteria Approach for the Measurement of Sustainable Performance for Built Projects and Facilities 2004 University of Technology Sydney, Australia (PhD thesis)
26. G. Hammond, and C. Jones Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials Energy 161 2 2008 87 98
27. T.Y. Chen, J. Burnett, and C.K. Chau Analysis of embodied energy use in the residential building of Hong Kong Journal of Energy 26 2001 323 340 (Pubitemid 32386292)
28. G.J. Treloar A Comprehensive Embodied Energy Analysis Framework 1998 Deakin University Australia (PhD thesis)
29. R. Cole, and P.C. Kernan Life cycle energy use in office buildings Building and Environment 31 4 1996 307 317 (Pubitemid 126382030)
30. N. Huberman, and D. Pearlmutter A life-cycle energy analysis of building materials in Negev desert Energy and Buildings 40 5 2008 837 848 (Pubitemid 351163004)
31. J. Yang, P.S. Brandon, T. Sidwell, and A.C. Sidwell Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 2005 Blackwell Publishing ISBN 10:1-4051-2422-9
32. G. Milne, and C. Reardon Embodied energy and material use Australia's Guide to Environmentally Sustainable Homes 2005 136 139 http://www.yourhome.gov. au/technical/pubs/fs52.pdf (accessed 18.06.12)
33. I. Sartori, and A.G. Hestnes Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low energy buildings: a review article Energy and Building 39 3 2007 249 257 (Pubitemid 46161996)
34. J. Nassen, J. Holmberg, A. Wadeskog, and M. Nyman Direct and indirect energy use and carbon emissions in the production phase of buildings: an input output analysis Energy 32 9 2007 1593 1602 2007 (Pubitemid 46908757)
35. A. Acuqaye A Stochastic Hybrid Embodied Energy and CO2-eq Intensity Analysis of Building and Construction Processes in Ireland 2010 Dublin Institute of Technology Republic of Ireland (PhD thesis)
36. Sustainable Home Guide Sustainable Homes: Embodied Energy in Residential Property Development a Guide for Registered Social Landlords 1999 http://www.sustainablehomes.co.uk/Portals/63188/docs/Embodied%20Energy.pdf (accessed 10.02.13)
37. L. Gustavsson, and A. Joelsson Life cycle primary energy analysis of residential buildings Energy and Buildings 42 2010 210 220
38. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Sustainable Built Environment: Embodied Energy 2006 http://www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-serv/ brochures/embodied/embodied.htm.
39. S.F. Pullen Energy used in the construction and operation of houses Architectural Science Review 43 2 2000 87 94
40. R.H. Crawford, and G.J. Treloar Validation of the use of Australian Input Output Data for Building Embodied Energy Simulation 2003 Eighth International IBPSA Conference Eindhoven, Netherlands
41. M.D. Webster Relevance of structural engineers to sustainable design of buildings Journal of Structural Engineering International 14 3 2004 181 185
42. S. Athena Carbon Reduction. United State Green Building Council (USGBC) - Webinar Series 2007 Department of Environmental Protection http://www.usgbc. org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1705 (accessed 15.10.12)
43. C. Thormark A low energy building in a life cycle-its embodied energy, energy need for operation and recycling potential Building and Environment 37 2002 429 435 (Pubitemid 34195991)
44. BuildCarbonNeutral United State Green Building Council (USGBC) - Webinar Series 2007 http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1705 (accessed 15.10.12)
45. C. Thormark Energy and Resources, Material Choice and Recycling Potential in Low Energy Buildings CIB Conference, SB 07 Sustainable Construction Materials and Practices 2007
46. R. Plank The principles of sustainable construction The IES Journal Part A: Civil and Structural Engineering 1 4 2008 301 307
47. B. Nebel, A. Alcorn, and B. Wittstock Life cycle assessment: adopting and adapting overseas LCA data and methodologies for building materials in New Zealand 2008 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry New Zealand
48. 2 emissions in the construction field through the selection of materials: practical case studies of three houses of low environmental impact Building and Environment 41 7 2006 902 909 (Pubitemid 43329395)
49. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change 2007: Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change. Trade-offs Between Embodied Energy and Operating Energy 2007 http://www.ipcc.ch/publications-and-data/ar4/wg3/en/ch6s6- 4-14.html (accessed 20.02.13)
50. K.J. Eaton, and A. Amato A Comparative Environmental Lifecycle Assessment of Modern Office Buildings 2005 The Steel Construction Institute ISBN 1 85942 0583
51. Y.G. Yohanis, and B. Norton Life-cycle operational and embodied energy for a generic single-storey office building in the UK Energy 27 2002 77 92 (Pubitemid 33105546)
52. F. Hamilton-MacLaren, D. Loveday, and M. Mourshed The calculation of embodied energy in new build UK housing 2009 Loughborough University UK
53. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineer Embodied carbon-whole lifecycle CIBSE Journal 2010
54. G. Battle Ropemaker place calculating an office's lifecycle footprint Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineer Journal 2010
55. Governor's Green Government Council What is a Green Building? Fundamental Principles of Green Building and Sustainable Site Design 2009 http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/documents/pdf/12-8-what-is-green-GGGC.pdf (accessed 15.07.12)
56. J. Gray Sustainable Building: What is a Green Building? 2010 http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/greenbuildings.html (accessed 15.07.12)
57. United Nations Environmental Programme Buildings and Climate Change: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities 2007
58. Carbon Trust Low Carbon Refurbishment of Buildings - A Guide to Achieving Carbon Savings from Refurbishment of Non-Domestic Buildings 2008
59. G. Brummer, and C. Pienaar Embodied Carbon in Construction. Green Design 2008 http://www.davislangdon.com/upload/Africa%20Research%20Publications/ Article%20-%20Embodied%20Carbon%20Jnl%203%2008.pdf (accessed 15.07.12)
60. S. Rawlinson, and D. Weight Sustainability-Embodied Carbon 2007 http://www.building.co.uk/data/sustainability-%E2%80%94embodiedcarbon/3097160. article (accessed 13.06.11)
61. R. Kenny, C. Law, and J.M. Pearce Towards real energy economics: energy policy driven by life-cycle carbon emission Energy Policy 38 4 2010 1969 1978
62. R.H. Crawford Validation of the use of input-output data for embodied energy analysis of the Australian Construction industry Journal of Construction Research 6 1 2005 71 90 (Pubitemid 40494247)
63. H.M. Government Innovation and growth team Low Carbon Construction-Final Report 2010 http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/business-sectors/docs/l/10- 1266-low-carbon-construction-igt-final-report.pdf (accessed 25.06.12)
64. N. Lazarus Potential for Reducing the Environmental Impact of Construction Materials 2005 Bioregional Development Group http://www. bioregional.com/files/publications/ZsquaredImpactMaterials-Jan05.pdf (accessed 27.02.13)
65. W.C. Wan Greening the Materials for Building and Construction: Part 1. The Contractor 2008 Official Publication of the Singapore Contractors Association Limited
66. J. Fernandez Materials and construction for low-energy buildings in China L. Glicksman, J. Lin, Sustainable Urban Housing: Principles and Case Studies for Low-Energy Design in China. 2006 Springer Dordrecht, The Netherlands
67. J. Ball Can ISO 14000 and eco-labelling turn the construction industry green? Building and Environment 37 2002 421 428 (Pubitemid 34195990)
68. J. Gelder Environmentally Responsible Specifying - An International Survey, ICIS Report-3 1999 International Construction Information Society
69. M. Lenox, and J.R. Ehrenfeld Design for environment: a new framework for strategic decision Total Quality Environmental Management 4 4 1995 37 51
70. P. Chulsukon, J. Haberl, and K. Sylvester Development and Analysis of a Sustainable Low Energy House in a Hot and Humid Climate 2002 Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University Texas, USA (PhD thesis)
71. M. Sinou, and S. Kyvelou Present and future of building performance assessment tools Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 17 5 2006 570 586 (Pubitemid 44395724)
72. C. Atkinson Life cycle embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions in buildings Industry and Environment 19 2 1996 29 31 (Pubitemid 126632346)
73. C. Thormork The effect of material choice on the total energy need and recycling potential of a building Building and Environment 41 8 2006 1019 1026
74. A. Pears Practical and Policy Issues in Analysis of Embodied Energy and its Application Proceeding of the Embodied Energy: The Current State of Play Seminar 1996
75. H. Davies Environmental benchmarking of Hong Kong buildings Structural Survey 19 1 2001 38 46
76. S. Pullen Data Quality of Embodied Energy Methods Proceedings of Embodied Energy Seminar: Current State of Play 1996
77. S. Pacca, and A. Horvath Greenhouse gas emissions from building and operating electric power plants in the Upper Colorado River Basin Environmental Science and Technology 36 14 2002 3194 3200 (Pubitemid 34774342)
78. M.M. Khasreen, P.F.G. Banfill, and G.F. Menzies Life cycle assessment and the environment impact of buildings: a review Sustainability 1 3 2009 674 701
79. B. Nebel, and J. Gifford Guidelines for LCA Practitioners and Users of Building Related LCA Studies TE201/2 2007 Beacon Pathway Limited Auckland, New Zealand 1 29 2007
80. Department of Energy and Climate Change The UK Low Carbon Transition Plan. National Strategy for Climate and Energy 2009 http://www.decc.gov.uk/ assets/decc/white%20papers/uk%20low%20carbon%20transition%20plan%20wp09/ 1-20090724153238-e-@@-lowcarbontransitionplan.pdf
81. A. Acquaye, A. Duffy, and B. Basu Embodied emissions abatement - a policy using stochastic analysis Energy Policy 39 2011 429 441
82. T. Ibn-Mohammed, R. Greenough, S. Taylor, L. Ozawa-Meida, and A. Acquaye Optimal ranking of retrofit options for emissions reduction options - a review CIBSE-ASHRAE Conference on Sustainable Systems and Services for the 21st Century 2012 Imperial College London UK (18th to 19th April, 2012) http://www.cibse. org/content/cibsesymposium2012/Paper073.pdf
83. P. Tiwari Energy efficiency and building construction in India Journal of Building and Environment 36 10 2001 1127 1135 (Pubitemid 33090067)
84. M.K. Dixit, C.H. Culp, and J.L. Fernández-Solís System boundary for embodied energy in buildings: a conceptual model for definition Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 21 2013 153 164
85. R.M. Carlsson Economic assessment of municipal waste management systems - case studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) Journal of Cleaner Production 13 2005 253 263
86. S. Joshi Product environmental life-cycle assessment using input-output techniques Journal of Industrial Ecology 3 1999 95 120
87. F. Kesicki, and N. Strachan Marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves: confronting theory and practice Environmental Science and Policy 14 2011 1195 1204
88. P.E. Morthorst The cost of CO2 reduction in Denmark-methodology and results UNEP Greenhouse Gas Abatement Costing Studies Phase Two 1993 ISBN 87-550-1954-4
89. D. Hogg, A. Baddeley, A. Ballinger, and T. Elliott Development of Marginal Abatement Cost Curves for the Waste Sector 2008 Eunomia Research and Consulting http://www.theccc.org.uk/pdfs/ Eunomia%20Waste%20MACCs%20Report%20Final.pdf (accessed 15.05.12)
90. C. Spencer, and M. Pittini Building a Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) for the UK Transport Sector, Committee on Climate Change 2008 http://www.theccc.org.uk/other-docs/Tech%20paper%20supply%20side%20FINAL.pdf (accessed 15.05.12)
91. S.Q.W. Energy Research into a Carbon Reduction Target and Strategy for Higher Education in England 2009 SQW Consulting http://www.hefce.ac.uk/media/ hefce1/pubs/hefce/2010/1001/10-01a.pdf (accessed 15.05.12)
92. F. Kesicki, and P. Ekins Marginal abatement cost curves: a call for caution Climate Policy 12 2 2012 219 236
93. C. Fischer, and D.R. Morgenstern Carbon abatement cost. Why the wide range of estimates? Discussion Paper 2005 Resources for the Future Washington DC
94. S. Taylor The ranking of negative-cost emissions reduction measures Energy Policy 48 2012 430 438