Establishing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) diagnostics using GeneXpert technology at a mobile laboratory in Liberia: Impact on outbreak response, case management and laboratory systems strengthening

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2018, Pages

  Raftery, Philomena ^a   Condell, Orla ^a   Wasunna, Christine ^b   Kpaka, Jonathan ^b   Zwizwai, Ruth ^c   Nuha, Mahmood ^a   Fallah, Mosoka ^d   Freeman, Maxwell ^d   Harris, Victoria ^c   Miller, Mark ^e   Baller, April ^a   Massaquoi, Moses ^d   Katawera, Victoria ^a   Saindon, John ^f   Bemah, Philip ^d   Hamblion, Esther ^a   Castle, Evelyn ^e   Williams, Desmond ^f   Gasasira, Alex ^a   Nyenswah, Tolbert ^d  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^b Academic Consortium Combating Ebola in Liberia   (Liberia)

^c FOUNDATION FOR INNOVATIVE NEW DIAGNOSTICS   (Switzerland)

^d Ministry of Health   (Liberia)

^e E health Africa   (Liberia)

^f CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOSAFETY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE RE-EMERGENCE; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; HUMAN; LABORATORY PERSONNEL; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; QUALITY CONTROL; VIRUS ISOLATION; CASE MANAGEMENT; EBOLAVIRUS; EPIDEMIC; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MONITORING; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; LIBERIA; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; VIROLOGY;

CASE MANAGEMENT; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; EBOLAVIRUS; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MONITORING; HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, EBOLA; HUMANS; LIBERIA; MOBILE HEALTH UNITS;

EID: 85041250636     PISSN: 19352727     EISSN: 19352735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006135     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. World Health Organization. Statement on the 1st meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee on the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. [Accessed Apr 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ebola-20140808/en/. 2014.
2. Chen Z, Chang G, Zhang W, Chen Y, Wang X, Yang R, et al. Mobile laboratory in Sierra Leone during outbreak of Ebola: practices and implications. Science China Life Sciences. 2015;58(9):918–21. doi: 10.1007/s11427-015-4912-6 26296698
3. Kennedy SB, Dogba JB, Wasunna CL, Sahr P, Eastman CB, Bolay FK, et al. Pre-Ebola virus disease laboratory system and related challenges in Liberia. African Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2016;5:1–5.
4. Kennedy SB, Wasunna CL, Dogba JB, Sahr P, Eastman CB, Bolay FK, et al. The laboratory health system and its response to the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Liberia2016.
5. Chua AC, Cunningham J, Moussy F, Perkins MD, Formenty P, The Case for Improved Diagnostic Tools to Control Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa and How to Get There. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015;9(6):e0003734. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003734 26068890
6. World Health Organization. WHO Situation Report Ebola Virus Disease,10th June, 2016. [Accessed Apr 2017]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/208883/1/ebolasitrep_10Jun2016_eng.pdf?ua=1. 2016.
7. Broadhurst MJ, Brooks TJ, Pollock NR, Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2016;29(4):773–93. Epub 2016/07/15. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00003-16 27413095; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5010747.
8. Goodfellow I RC, Koopmans M, Laboratory support during and after the Ebola virus endgame: towards a sustained laboratory infrastructure. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(12):pii = 21074. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.12.21074
9. Wölfel R, Stoecker K, Fleischmann E, Gramsamer B, Wagner M, Molkenthin P, et al. Mobile diagnostics in outbreak response, not only for Ebola: a blueprint for a modular and robust field laboratory. Eurosurveillance. 2015;20(44). doi: 15–00306. PubMed PMID: SC000015650.
10. Perkins MD, Dye C, Balasegaram M, Bréchot C, Mombouli J-V, Røttingen J-A, et al. Diagnostic preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks. The Lancet. 2017. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31224-2
11. Nouvellet P, Garske T, Mills HL, Nedjati-Gilani G, Hinsley W, Blake IM, et al. The role of rapid diagnostics in managing Ebola epidemics. Nature. 2015;528(7580):S109–S16. doi: 10.1038/nature16041http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v528/n7580_supp_custom/abs/nature16041.html - supplementary-information. 26633764
12. Prescott J, Bushmaker T, Fischer R, Miazgowicz K, Judson S, Munster VJ, Postmortem Stability of Ebola Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(5):856–9. doi: 10.3201/eid2105.150041 PubMed PMID: PMC4412251. 25897646
13. Spengler JR, Chakrabarti AK, Coleman-McCray JD, Martin BE, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, et al. Utility of Oral Swab Sampling for Ebola Virus Detection in Guinea Pig Model. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(10):1816–9. doi: 10.3201/eid2110.150840 PubMed PMID: PMC4593453. 26401603
14. Fallah MP, Skrip LA, Raftery P, Kullie M, Borbor W, Laney AS, et al. Bolstering Community Cooperation in Ebola Resurgence Protocols: Combining Field Blood Draw and Point-of-Care Diagnosis. PLOS Medicine. 2017;14(1):e1002227. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002227 28118353
15. World Health Organization. Target product profile for Zaire Ebolavirus rapid, simple test to be used in the control of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. [Accessed Apr 2017 Apr]. Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/target-product-profile.pdf. 2014.
16. World Health Organization. Emergency use assessment and listing (EUAL) procedure for Ebola virus disease. [Accessed Apr 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/diagnostics_laboratory/procurement/purchasing/en/. 2014.
17. Dhamari Naidoo KD, Pierre Formenty. Laboratory response to the West African Ebola outbreak 2014–2015 WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record 2015.
18. Pollock NR, Wonderly B, Evaluating Novel Diagnostics in an Outbreak Setting: Lessons Learned from Ebola. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(5):1255–61. Epub 2017/03/03. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00053-17 28250002; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5405244.
19. Erickson BR, Sealy TK, Flietstra T, Morgan L, Kargbo B, Matt-Lebby VE, et al. Ebola Virus Disease Diagnostics, Sierra Leone: Analysis of Real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Values for Clinical Blood and Oral Swab Specimens. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(suppl 3):S258–s62. Epub 2016/09/03. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw296 27587631.
20. Flint M, Goodman CH, Bearden S, Blau DM, Amman BR, Basile AJ, et al. Ebola Virus Diagnostics: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Laboratory in Sierra Leone, August 2014 to March 2015. J Infect Dis. 2015;212Suppl 2:S350–8. Epub 2015/08/02. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv361 26232439.
21. Ji Y-J, Duan X-Z, Gao X-D, Li L, Li C, Ji D, et al. Clinical presentations and outcomes of patients with Ebola virus disease in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2016;5(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s40249-016-0195-9 27806732
22. World Health Organization. WHO Ebola Situation Report 17 June 2015. [Accessed Apr 2017]. Available from: (http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-17-june-2015). 2015.
23. Blackley DJ, Wiley MR, Ladner JT, Fallah M, Lo T, Gilbert ML, et al. Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains. Science Advances. 2016;2(4):e1600378. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600378 27386513
24. World Health Organization. WHO Ebola Situation Report 8 July 2015. [Accessed Apr 2017]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-8-july-2015. 2015.
25. Jansen van Vuren P, Grobbelaar A, Storm N, Conteh O, Konneh K, Kamara A, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of the Prototype Cepheid GeneXpert Ebola Assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(2):359–67. Epub 2015/12/08. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02724-15 26637383; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4733181.
26. Pinsky BA, Sahoo MK, Sandlund J, Kleman M, Kulkarni M, Grufman P, et al. Analytical Performance Characteristics of the Cepheid GeneXpert Ebola Assay for the Detection of Ebola Virus. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0142216. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142216 26562786
27. Semper AE, Broadhurst MJ, Richards J, Foster GM, Simpson AJH, Logue CH, et al. Performance of the GeneXpert Ebola Assay for Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease in Sierra Leone: A Field Evaluation Study. PLOS Medicine. 2016;13(3):e1001980. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001980 27023868
28. Jansen van Vuren P, Grobbelaar A, Storm N, Conteh O, Konneh K, Kamara A, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of the Prototype Cepheid GeneXpert Ebola Assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(2):359–67. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02724-15 PubMed PMID: PMC4733181. 26637383
29. Crowe SJ, Maenner MJ, Kuah S, Erickson BR, Coffee M, Knust B, et al. Prognostic Indicators for Ebola Patient Survival. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(2):217–23. Epub 2016/01/27. doi: 10.3201/eid2202.151250 26812579; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4734506.
30. de La Vega MA, Caleo G, Audet J, Qiu X, Kozak RA, Brooks JI, et al. Ebola viral load at diagnosis associates with patient outcome and outbreak evolution. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2015;125(12):4421–8. Epub 2015/11/10. doi: 10.1172/JCI83162 26551677; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4665775.
31. Fitzpatrick G, Vogt F, Moi Gbabai OB, Decroo T, Keane M, De Clerck H, et al. The Contribution of Ebola Viral Load at Admission and Other Patient Characteristics to Mortality in a Médecins Sans Frontières Ebola Case Management Centre, Kailahun, Sierra Leone, June–October 2014. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015;212(11):1752–8. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv304 26002981
32. Li J, Duan H-J, Chen H-Y, Ji Y-J, Zhang X, Rong Y-H, et al. Age and Ebola viral load correlate with mortality and survival time in 288 Ebola virus disease patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;42:34–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.10.021. 26523640
33. US Food and Drug AdministrationEmergency use authorization, Xpert Ebola assay; letter of authorization. U.S. food and Drug Administration, Rockville,MD. {Accessed 2017 April 18]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/EmergencySituations/ucm161496.htm - ebola. 2015.
34. World Health Organization. Emergency use assessment and listing for Ebola virus disease IVDs, public report, product: Xpert Ebola assay. [Accessed Apr 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/diagnosticslaboratory/procurement/purchasing/en/. 2015.
35. R. Carter and L. Van Niekerk. Social Innovation in Health Initiative—Riders for Health. Available at: https://socialinnovationinhealth.org/case-studies/riders-for-health-2/. Accessed: 3rd October 2017. 2017.
36. Durski KN, Singaravelu S, Teo J, Naidoo D, Bawo L, Jambai A, et al. The development, use, and impact of a global laboratory database during the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. J Infect Dis. 2017. Epub 2017/05/19. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix236 28520958.
37. Wolfe CM, Hamblion EL, Schulte J, Williams P, Koryon A, Enders J, et al. Ebola virus disease contact tracing activities, lessons learned and best practices during the Duport Road outbreak in Monrovia, Liberia, November 2015. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017;11(6):e0005597. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005597 28575034
38. World Health Organization. WHO Statement. The Ebola outbreak in Liberia is over. [Accessed Oct 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2015/liberia-ends-ebola/en/ 2015.
39. de Wit E, Rosenke K, Fischer RJ, Marzi A, Prescott J, Bushmaker T, et al. Ebola Laboratory Response at the Eternal Love Winning Africa Campus, Monrovia, Liberia, 2014–2015. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016;214(suppl_3):S169–S76. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw216 27333914
40. World Health Organization. WHO Statement. Ebola transmission in Liberia over, Nation enters 90-day intensive surveillance period [Accessed Oct 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2015/ebola-transmission-over-liberia/en/. 2015.
41. World Health Organization. WHO Ebola Situation Report 25th November 2015. [Accessed Apr 2017]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-25-november-2015 2015.
42. World Health Organization. WHO Situation report Zika Virus Disease, Yellow Fever, Ebola Virus Disease, 28 April 2016. [Accessed May 2017]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/205686/1/WHOsitrep_28Apr2016_eng.pdf?ua=1. 2016.
43. Kelly JD, Make diagnostic centres a priority for Ebola crisis. Nature2014;(513):145. doi: 10.1038/513145a 25209763
44. Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, Gbakie M, Gire SK, Colubri A, et al. Clinical Illness and Outcomes in Patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;371(22):2092–100. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411680 25353969.
45. World Health Organization. Emergency guidance, selection and use of Ebola in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays. [Accessed Apr 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/ivd-assays/en/. 2015.
46. Van den Bergh R, Chaillet P, Sow MS, Amand M, van Vyve C, Jonckheere S, et al. Feasibility of Xpert Ebola Assay in Medecins Sans Frontieres Ebola Program, Guinea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(2):210–6. Epub 2016/01/27. doi: 10.3201/eid2202.151238 26812466; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4734513.
47. Perkins MD, Kessel M, What Ebola tells us about outbreak diagnostic readiness. Nat Biotech. 2015;33(5):464–9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3215 25965752