Soil salinity: Effect on vegetable crop growth. Management practices to prevent and mitigate soil salinization

Horticulturae

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2017, Pages

  Machado, Rui Manuel Almeida ^a   Serralheiro, Ricardo Paulo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ÉVORA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Crop salt tolerance; Drainage; Fertilization; Ion imbalance; Irrigation; Salinity threshold; Vegetable crops

Indexed keywords

EID: 85041109079     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23117524     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae3020030     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Shrivastava, P.; Kumar, R. Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2015, 22, 123–131. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Stolte, J.; Tesfai, M.; Øygarden, L.; Kværnø, S.; Keizer, J.; Verheijen, F.; Panagos, P.; Ballabio, C.; Hessel, R. Soil threats in Europe: Status, Methods, Drivers and Effects on Ecosystem Services. A Review Report, Deliverable 2.1 of the RECARE Project; Office for Official Publications of the European Community: Luxembourg, 2015; Vol. EUR 27607, pp. 69–78.
3. Bowyer, C.; Withana, S.; Fenn, I.; Bassi, S.; Lewis, M.; Cooper, T.; Benito, P.; Mudgal, S. Land Degradation and Desertification Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy IP/A/ENVI/ST/2008-23; European Parliament: Brussels, Belgium, 2009.
4. Pimentel, D.; Berger, B.; Filiberto, D.; Newton, M.; Wolfe, B; Karabinakis, E.; Clark, S.; Poon, E.; Abbett, E.; Nandaopal, S. Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues. BioScience 2004, 54, 909–918. [CrossRef]
5. Bartels, D.; Sunkar, R. Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 2005, 24, 23–58. [CrossRef]
6. Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Becomes a Global Priority. Available online: Http://www.erails.netconsulted (accessed on 2 February 2017).
7. Munns, R.; Husain, S.; Rivelli, A.R.; Richard, A.J.; Condon, A.G.; Megan, P.L.; Evans, S.L.; Schachtman, D.P.; Hare, R.A. Avenues for increasing salt tolerance of crops, and the role of physiologically based selection traits. Plant Soil 2002, 247, 93–105. [CrossRef]
8. Läuchli, A.; Grattan, S.R. Plant growth and development under salinity stress. In Advances in Molecular Breeding toward Drought and Salt Tolerant Crops; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2007; pp. 1–32.
9. Läuchli, A.; Epstein, E. Plant responses to saline and sodic conditions. In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management; Tanji, K.K., Ed.; American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, VA, USA, 1990; Volume 71, pp. 113–137.
10. Munns, R.; Tester, M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2008, 59, 651–681. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Munns, R.; Schachtman, D.P.; Condon, A.G. The significance of a two-phase growth response to salinity in wheat and barley. Funct. Plant Biol. 1995, 22, 561–569. [CrossRef]
12. López-Berenguer, C.; García-Viguera, C.; Carvajal M. Are root hydraulic conductivity responses to salinity controlled by aquaporins in broccoli plants? Plant Soil 2006, 279, 13–23. [CrossRef]
13. Flexas, J.; Diaz-Espejo, A.; Galmés, J.; Kaldenhoff, R.; Medrano, H; Ribas-Carbo, M. Rapid variations of mesophyll conductance in response to changes in CO2 concentration around leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 2007, 30, 1284–1298. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Delfine, S; Alvino, A.; Villani, M.C.; Loreto, F. Restrictions to carbon dioxide conductance and photosynthesis in spinach leaves recovering from salt stress. Plant Physiol. 1999, 119, 1101–1106. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Ashraf, M.; Harris, P.J.C. Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. Photosynthetica 2013, 51, 163–190. [CrossRef]
16. Di Martino, C.; Delfine, S.; Alvino, A.; Loret, F. Photorespiration rate in spinach leaves under moderate NaCl stress. Photosynthetica 1999, 36, 233–242. [CrossRef]
17. Delfine, S.; Alvino, A.; Zacchini, M.; Loreto, F. Consequences of salt stress on conductance to CO2 diffusion, Rubisco characteristics and anatomy of spinach leaves. Funct. Plant Biol. 1998, 25, 395–402. [CrossRef]
18. Alvino, A.; D’Andria, R.; Delfine, S.; Lavini, A.; Zanetti, P. Effect of water and salinity stress on radiation absorption and efficiency in sunflower. Ital. J. Agron. 2000, 4, 53–60.
19. Marcelis, L.F.M.; Van Hooijdonk, J. Effect of salinity on growth, water use and nutrient use in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Plant Soil 1999, 215, 57–64. [CrossRef]
20. Yeo, A.R. Salinity. In Plant Solute Transport; Yeo, A.R., Flowers, T.J., Eds.; Blackwell: Oxford, UK, 2007; pp. 340–365.
21. Paranychianakis, N.V.; Chartzoulakis, K.S. Irrigation of Mediterranean crops with saline water: From physiology to management practices. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2005, 106, 171–187. [CrossRef]
22. Taiz, L.; Zeiger, E. Plant Physiology, 3rd ed.; Publisher Sinauer: Sunderland, UK, 2002; p. 690.
23. Grattan, S.R.; Grieve, C.M. Mineral element acquisition and growth response of plants grown in saline environments. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1992, 38, 275–300. [CrossRef]
24. Adams, P.; Ho, L.C. Effects of constant and fluctuating salinity on the yield, quality and calcium status of tomatoes. J. Hortic. Sci. 1989, 64, 725–732. [CrossRef]
25. Zribi, L.; Gharbi, F.; Rezgui, F.; Rejeb, S.; Nahdi, H.; Rejeb, M.N. Application of chlorophyll fluorescence for the diagnosis of salt stress in tomato “Solanum lycopersicum (variety Rio Grande)”. Sci. Hortic. 2009, 120, 367–372. [CrossRef]
26. Giuffrida, F.; Scuderi, D.; Giurato, R.; Leonardi, C. Physiological response of broccoli and cauliflower as affected by NaCl salinity. Acta Hortic. 2013, 1005, 435–441. [CrossRef]
27. Maggio, A.; De Pascale, S.; Fagnano, M.; Barbieri, G. Saline agriculture in Mediterranean environments. Ital. J. Agron. 2011, 6, 7. [CrossRef]
28. Snapp, S.S.; Shennan, C.; Bruggen, A.V. Effects of salinity on severity of infection by Phytophthora parasitica Dast., ion concentrations and growth of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. New Phytol. 1991, 119, 275–284. [CrossRef]
29. Shannon, M.C.; Grieve, C.M. Tolerance of vegetable crops to salinity. Sci. Hortic. 1998, 78, 5–38. [CrossRef]
30. De Pascale, S.; Maggio, A.; Orsini, F.; Stanghellini, C.; Heuvelink, E. Growth response and radiation use efficiency in tomato exposed to short-term and long-term salinized soils. Sci. Hortic. 2105, 189, 139–149. [CrossRef]
31. López-Berenguer, C.; Martínez-Ballesta, M.D.C.; Moreno D.A.; Carvajal M.; García-Viguera, C. Growing hardier crops for better health: Salinity tolerance and the nutritional value of broccoli. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 572–578. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Kim, H.J.; Fonseca, J.M.; Choi, J.; Kubota, C.; Kwon, D.Y. Salt in irrigation water affects the nutritional and visual properties of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 3772–3776. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Shimomachi, T.; Kawahara, Y.; Kobashigawa, C.; Omoda, E.; Hamabe, K.; Tamaya, K. Effect of residual salinity on spinach growth and nutrient contents in polder soil. Acta Hortic. 2008, 797, 419–424. [CrossRef]
34. Botía, P.; Navarro, J.M.; Cerdá, A.; Martínez, V. Yield and fruit quality of two melon cultivars irrigated with saline water at different stages of development. Eur. J. Agron. 2005, 23, 243–253. [CrossRef]
35. Khajanchi, L.; Meena, R.L. Diagnosis of soil and water for salinity’. In Conjunctive Use of Canal and Groundwater; Intech Graphics: Karnal, India, 2008; pp. 57–66.
36. Sumner, M.E.; Naidu, R. Sodic Soils Distribution, Properties, Management, and Environmental Consequences; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1998.
37. Maas, E.V.; Hoffman, G.J. Crop salt tolerance—Current assessment. ASCE J. Irrig. Drain. Div. 1977, 103, 115–134.
38. Maas, E.V. Crop salt tolerance. In Agricultural salinity assessment and management; ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice; Tanji, K.K., Ed.; American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, VA, USA, 1990.
39. Genuchten, M.T.; Hoffman, G.J. Analysis of crop salt tolerance data. In Soil Salinity under Irrigation, Processes and Management, Ecological Studies; Shainberg, I., Shalhevet., J., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1984; Volume 3, pp. 258–271.
40. Ayers, R.S.; Westcot, D.W. Water quality for agriculture. In FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29 (Rev. 1); Food and Agricultural Organization: Rome, Italy, 1985.
41. Dalton, F.N.; Maggio, A.; Piccinni, G. Effect of root temperature on plant response functions for tomato: Comparison of static and dynamic salinity stress indices. Plant Soil 1997, 192, 307–319. [CrossRef]
42. Maggio, A.; Dalton, F.N.; Piccinni, G. The effects of elevated carbon dioxide on static and dynamic indices for tomato salt tolerance. Eur. J. Agron. 2002, 16, 197–206. [CrossRef]
43. Giuffrida, F.; Carla, C.; Angelo, M.; Cherubino, L. Effects of salt stress imposed during two growth phases on cauliflower production and quality. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2016, 97, 1552–1560. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Grattan, S. Irrigation Water Salinity and Crop Production; UCANR Publications, University of California: Oakland, CA, USA, 2002; p. 9.
45. Hanson, B.; Grattan, A.; Fulton, A. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage; Davis, California Irrigation Program WMS (Water Management Series) 3375; University of California: Oakland, CA, USA, 2006; pp. 1–159.
46. Maas, E.V.; Grattan, S.R. Crop yields as affected by salinity. Agronomy 1999, 38, 55–110.
47. Machado, R.M.A.; Bryla, D.R.; Verissimo, M.L.; Sena, A.M.; Oliveira, M.R.G. Nitrogen requirements for growth and early fruit development of drip-irrigated processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Portugal. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2008, 6, 215–218.
48. Sonneveld, C.; Voogt, W. Plant Nutrition of Greenhouse Crops; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2009; p. 423.
49. Machado, R.M.A. Estudos Sobre a Influência da Rega-Gota-a-Gota Subsuperficial na Dinamica de Enraizamento, no Rendimento Físico e na Qualidade da Matéria-Prima do Tomate de Indústria. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal, 2002.
50. Machado, R.M.; Bryla, D.R.; Vargas, O. Effects of salinity induced by ammonium sulfate fertilizer on root and shoot growth of highbush blueberry. Acta Hortic. 2014, 1017, 407–414. [CrossRef]
51. Xu, G.; Magen, H.; Tarchitzky, J.; Kafkafi, U. Advances in chloride nutrition of plants. Adv. Agron. 1999, 68, 97–150.
52. Silvertooth, J.C. Fertigation in Arid Regions and Saline Soils Fertigation. In Selected Papers of the IPI-NATESC-CAU-CAAS, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fertigation, Beijing, China, 20–24 September 2005; pp. 20–24.
53. Shahbaz, M.; Ashraf, M.; Al-Qurainy, F.; Harris, P.J.C. Salt tolerance in selected vegetable crops. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 2012, 31, 303–320. [CrossRef]
54. Martinez, V.; Cerda, A. Influence of N source on rate of Cl, N, Na and K uptake by cucumber seedling grown in saline condition. J. Plant Nutr. 1989, 12, 971–983. [CrossRef]
55. Ghanem, M.E.; Martínez-Andújar, C.; Albacete, A.; Pospíšilová, H.; Dodd, I.C.; Pérez-Alfocea, F.; Lutts, S. Nitrogen form alters hormonal balance in salt-treated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). J. Plant Growth Regul. 2011, 30, 144–157. [CrossRef]
56. Flores, P.; Carvajal M.; Cerda, A.; Martinez, V. Salinity and ammonium/nitrate interactions on tomato plant development, nutrition, and metabolites. J. Plant Nutr. 2001, 24, 1561–1573. [CrossRef]
57. Sandoval-Villa, M.; Wood, C.W.; Guertal, E.A. Effects of nitrogen form, nighttime nutrient solution strength, and cultivar on greenhouse tomato production. J. Plant. Nutr. 1999, 22, 1931–1945. [CrossRef]
58. Gunes, A.; Inal, A.; Bagci, E.G.; Coban, S.; Sahin, O. Silicon increases boron tolerance and reduces oxidative damage of wheat grown in soil with excess boron. Biol. Plant. 2007, 51, 571–574. [CrossRef]
59. Ouni, Y.; Ghnaya, T.; Montemurro, F.; Abdelly, C.; Lakhdar, A. The role of humic substances in mitigating the harmful effects of soil salinity and improve plant productivity. Int. J. Agron. Plant Prod. 2014, 8, 353–374.
60. Bacilio, M.; Moreno M.; Bashan, Y. Mitigation of negative effects of progressive soil salinity gradients by application of humic acids and inoculation with Pseudomonas stutzeri in a salt-tolerant and a salt-susceptible pepper. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2016, 107, 394–404. [CrossRef]
61. Egamberdieva, D.; Lugtenberg, B. Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to alleviate salinity stress in plants. In Use of Microbes for the Alleviation of Soil Stresses; Miransari, M., Ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2014; Volume 1, pp. 73–96.
62. Mahmood, S.; Daur, I.; Al-Solaimani, S.G.; Ahmad, S.; Madkour, M.H.; Yasir, M.; Ali, Z. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Silicon Synergistically Enhance Salinity Tolerance of Mung Bean. Front Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 876. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Latef, A.A.H.A.; Chaoxing, H. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, mineral nutrition, antioxidant enzymes activity and fruit yield of tomato grown under salinity stress. Sci. Hortic. 2011, 127, 228–233. [CrossRef]
64. Cantrell, I.C.; Linderman, R.G. Preinoculation of lettuce and onion with VA mycorrhizal fungi reduces deleterious effects of soil salinity. Plant Soil 2001, 233, 269–281. [CrossRef]
65. Aroca, R.; Ruiz-Lozano, J.M.; Zamarreño, Á.M.; Paz, J.A.; García-Mina, J.M.; Pozo, M.J.; López-Ráez, J.A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis influences strigolactone production under salinity and alleviates salt stress in lettuce plants. J. Plant Physiol. 2013, 170, 47–55. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Aydin, A.; Canan, K.; Metin, T. Humic acid application alleviate salinity stress of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants decreasing membrane leakage. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2012, 7, 1073–1086. [CrossRef]
67. Bargaz, A.; Nassar, R.M.A.; Rady, M.M.; Gaballah, M.S.; Thompson, S.M.; Brestic, M.; Abdelhamid, M.T. Improved Salinity Tolerance by Phosphorus Fertilizer in Two Phaseolus vulgaris Recombinant Inbred Lines Contrasting in Their P-Efficiency. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 2016, 202, 497–507. [CrossRef]
68. Elwan, M.W. Ameliorative effects of di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate on salt-stressed eggplant. J. Plant Nutr. 2010, 33, 1593–1604. [CrossRef]
69. Kaya, C.; Tuna, A.L.; Ashraf, M.; Altunlu, H. Improved salt tolerance of melon (Cucumis melo L.) by the addition of proline and potassium nitrate. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2007, 60, 397–403. [CrossRef]
70. Paksoy, M.; Türkmen, Ö.; Dursun, A. Effects of potassium and humic acid on emergence, growth and nutrient contents of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) seedling under saline soil conditions. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2010, 9, 5343–5346.
71. Manivannan, A.; Soundararajan, P.; Muneer, S.; Ko, C.H.; Jeong, B.R. Silicon Mitigates Salinity Stress by Regulating the Physiology, Antioxidant Enzyme Activities, and Protein Expression in Capsicum annuum ‘Bugwang’. BioMed Res. Int. 2016, 2016, 3076357. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
72. Karlidag, H.; Yildirim, E.; Turan, M. Salicylic acid ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress on strawberry. Sci. Agric. 2009, 66, 180–187. [CrossRef]
73. Kaya, C.; Ak, B.E.; Higgs, D. Response of salt-stressed strawberry plants to supplementary calcium nitrate and/or potassium nitrate. J. Plant Nutr. 2003, 26, 543–560. [CrossRef]
74. Stevens, J.; Senaratna, T.; Sivasithamparam, K. Salicylic acid induces salinity tolerance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Roma): Associated changes in gas exchange, water relations and membrane stabilisation. Plant Growth Regul. 2006, 49, 77–83.
75. Mimouni, H.; Wasti, S.; Manaa, A.; Gharbi, E.; Chalh, A.; Vandoorne, B.; Ahmed, H.B. Does Salicylic Acid (SA) Improve Tolerance to Salt Stress in Plants? A Study of SA Effects on Tomato Plant Growth, Water Dynamics, Photosynthesis, and Biochemical Parameters. Omics 2016, 20, 180–190. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
76. Satti, S.M.E.; Lopez, M. Effect of increasing potassium levels for alleviating sodium chloride stress on the growth and yield of tomato. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1994, 25, 2807–2823. [CrossRef]
77. Romero-Aranda, M.R.; Jurado, O.; Cuartero, J. Silicon alleviates the deleterious salt effect on tomato plant growth by improving plant water status. J. Plant Physiol. 2006, 163, 847–855. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Al-Aghabary, K.; Zhu, Z.; Shi, Q.H. Influence of silicon supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidative enzyme activities in tomato plants under salt stress. J. Plant Nutr. 2004, 27, 2101–2115. [CrossRef]
79. Kaya, C.; Higgs, D.; Kirnak, H. The effects of high salinity (NaCl) and supplementary phosphorus and potassium on physiology and nutrition development of spinach. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol. 2001, 27, 47–59.
80. Yildirim, E.; Turan, M.; Guvenc, I. Effect of foliar salicylic acid applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. J. Plant Nutr. 2008, 31, 593–612. [CrossRef]
81. Zhu, Z.; Wei, G.; Li, J.; Qian, Q.; Yu, J. Silicon alleviates salt stress and increases antioxidant enzymes activity in leaves of salt-stressed cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plant Sci. 2004, 167, 527–533. [CrossRef]
82. Savvas, D.; Giotis, D.; Chatzieustratiou, E.; Bakea, M.; Patakioutas, G. Silicon supply in soilless cultivations of zucchini alleviates stress induced by salinity and powdery mildew infections. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009, 65, 11–17. [CrossRef]
83. Malash, N.M.; Flowers, T.J.; Ragab, R. Effect of irrigation methods, management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield, soil moisture and salinity distribution. Irrig. Sci. 2008, 26, 313–323. [CrossRef]
84. Hanson, B.; May, D. Drip Irrigation Salinity Management for Row Crops; Publication 8447; University of California: Oakland, CA, USA, 2011; pp. 1–13.
85. Pizarro, F. Riegos Localizados de Alta Frequência; Goteo, Microaspersion, Exudacion, Ediciones Mundi-Prensa: Madrid, España, 1996; p. 513.
86. Lamm, F.R. Cotton, tomato, corn and onion production with subsurface drip irrigation: A review. Trans. ASABE 2016, 59, 263–278.
87. Kahlaoui, B.; Hachicha, M.; Rejeb, S.; Rejeb, M.N.; Hanchi, B.; Misle, E. Effects of saline water on tomato under subsurface drip irrigation: Nutritional and foliar aspects. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2011, 11, 69–86. [CrossRef]
88. Kirda, C.; Cetin, M.; Dasgan, Y.; Topcu, S.; Kaman, H.; Ekici, B.; Derici, M.R.; Ozguven, A.I. Yield response of greenhouse grown tomato to partial root drying and conventional deficit irrigation. Agric Water Manag. 2004, 69, 191–201. [CrossRef]
89. Liu, F.; Shahnazari, A.; Andersen, M.N.; Jacobsen, S.E.; Jensen, C.R. Effects of deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root drying (PRD) on gas exchange, biomass partitioning, and water use efficiency in potato. Sci. Hortic. 2006, 109, 113–117. [CrossRef]
90. Letey, J.; Hoffman, G.J.; Hopmans, J.W.; Grattan, S.R.; Suarez, D.; Corwin, D.L.; Oster, J.D.; Wu, L.; Amrhein, C. Evaluation of soil salinity leaching requirement guidelines. Agric. Water Manag. 2011, 98, 502–506. [CrossRef]
91. Hoffman, G.J.; Rhoades, J.D.; Letey, J.; Sheng, F. Salinity management. In Management of Farm Irrigation Systems (ASAE Monograph); Hoffman, G.J., Howell, T.A., Solomon, K.H., Eds.; American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers: St. Joseph, MI, USA, 1990; pp. 667–671.
92. Levy, Y.; Syvertsen, J.P. Irrigation water quality and salinity effects in citrus trees. Hortic. Ver. 2004, 30, 37–82.