Implicit motives, affect, and the development of competencies: A virtuous-circle model of motive-driven learning

International Handbook of Emotions in Education

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 73-95

  Schultheiss, Oliver C ^a   Köllner, Martin G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85040945736     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203148211     Document Type: Chapter

References (123)

1. Armony, J. L., & Dolan, R. J. (2002). Modulation of spatial attention by fear-conditioned stimuli: An event-related fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 40 , 817-826
2. Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64, 359-372
3. Atkinson, J. W., Heyns, R. W., & Veroff, J. (1958). The effect of experimental arousal of the affiliation motive on thematic apperception. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society: A method of assessment and study (pp. 95-104). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand
4. Baxter, M. G., & Murray, E. A. (2002). The amygdala and reward. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 3 , 563-573
5. Berridge, K. C. (2004). Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiology and Behavior, 81 , 179-209
6. Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2004). The concept of validity. Psychological Review, 111 , 1061-1071
7. Boyatzis, R. E. (1973). Affiliation motivation. In D.C. McClelland & R. S. Steele (Eds.), Human motivation -a book of readings (pp. 252-276). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Corporation
8. Boyatzis, R. E., & Kelner, S. P. (2010). Competencies as a behavioral manifestation of implicit motives. In O. C. Schultheiss & J. C. Brunstein (Eds.), Implicit motives (pp. 488-509). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
9. Brunstein, J. C. (2010). Implicit motives and explicit goals: The role of motivational congruence in emotional wellbeing. In O. C. Schultheiss & J. C. Brunstein (Eds.), Implicit motives (pp. 347-374). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
10. Brunstein, J. C., & Hoyer, S. (2002). Implizites und explizites Leistungsstreben: Befunde zur Unabhängigkeit zweier Motivationssysteme [Implicit versus explicit achievement strivings: Empirical evidence of the independence of two motivational systems]. Zeitschrift fur Pädagogische Psychologie, 16, 51-62
11. Brunstein, J. C., Lautenschlager, U., Nawroth, B., Pöhlmann, K., & Schultheiss, O. (1995). Persönliche Anliegen, soziale Motive und emotionales Wohlbefinden [Personal goals, social motives, and emotional well-being]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 16, 1-10
12. Brunstein, J. C., & Maier, G. W. (2005). Implicit and self-attributed motives to achieve: Two separate but interacting needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89 , 205-222
13. Brunstein, J. C., & Schmitt, C. H. (2004). Assessing individual differences in achievement motivation with the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Research in Personality, 38 , 536-555
14. Brunstein, J. C., Schultheiss, O. C., & Grässmann, R. (1998). Personal goals and emotional well-being: The moderating role of motive dispositions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 , 494-508
15. Buck, R. (1999). The biological affects: A typology. Psychological Review, 106 , 301-336
16. Cabanac, M. (1992). Pleasure: The common currency. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 155 , 173-200
17. Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (1998). Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends in Neurosciences, 21 , 294-299
18. Cantor, N., & Blanton, H. (1996). Effortful pursuit of personal goals in daily life. In J. A. Bargh & P. M. Gollwitzer (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 338-359). New York, NY: Guilford
19. Collins, C. J., Hanges, P. J., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of achievement motivation to entrepreneurial behavior: A meta-analysis. Human Performance, 17 , 95-117
20. deCharms, R., Morrison, H. W., Reitman, W., & McClelland, D. C. (1955). Behavioral correlates of directly and indirectly measured achievement motivation. In D. C. McClelland (Ed.), Studies in motivation (pp. 414-423). New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts
21. Delgado, M. R. (2007). Reward-related responses in the human striatum. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1104, 70-88
22. Eichenbaum, H., & Cohen, N. J. (2001). From conditioning to conscious recollection: Memory systems of the brain. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
23. Engeser, S., & Rheinberg, F. (2008). Flow, moderators of challenge-skill-balance and performance. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 158-172
24. Engeser, S., Rheinberg, F., & Möller, M. (2009). Achievement motive imagery in German schoolbooks: A pilot study testing McClelland's hypothesis. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 110-113
25. Fodor, E. M., & Carver, R. A. (2000). Achievement and power motives, performance feedback, and creativity. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 380-396
26. Fodor, E. M., & Greenier, K. D. (1995). The power motive, self-affect, and creativity. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 242-252
27. Fodor, E. M., & Wick, D. P. (2009). Need for power and affective response to negative audience reaction to an extemporaneous speech. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 721-726
28. Fodor, E. M., Wick, D. P., & Hartsen, K. M. (2006). The power motive and affective response to assertiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 598-610
29. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2 , 300-319
30. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety (2 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press
31. Hagemeyer, B., & Neyer, F. J. (2012). Assessing implicit motivational orientations in couple relationships: The Partner-Related Agency and Communion Test (PACT). Psychological Assessment, 24 , 114-128
32. Hall, J. L., Stanton, S. J., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2010). Biopsychological and neural processes of implicit motivation. In O. C. Schultheiss & J. C. Brunstein (Eds.), Implicit motives (pp. 279-307). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
33. Hess, U., Blairy, S., & Kleck, R. E. (2000). The influence of facial emotion displays, gender, and ethnicity on judgments of dominance and affiliation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 265-283
34. Hofer, J., Busch, H., Bond, M. H., Campos, D., Li, M., & Law, R. (2010). The implicit power motive and sociosexuality in men and women: Pancultural effects of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99 , 380-394
35. Hofer, J., Busch, H., Bond, M. H., Li, M., & Law, R. (2010). Effects of motive-goal congruence on well-being in the power domain: Considering goals and values in a German and two Chinese samples. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 610-620
36. Hofer, J., & Chasiotis, A. (2003). Congruence of life goals and implicit motives as predictors of life satisfaction: Cross-cultural implications of a study of Zambian male adolescents. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 251-272
37. Hofer, J., Chasiotis, A., & Campos, D. (2006). Congruence between social values and implicit motives: effects on life satisfaction across three cultures. European Journal of Personality, 20 , 305-324
38. Jacobs, R. L., & McClelland, D. C. (1994). Moving up the corporate ladder: A longitudinal study of the leadership motive pattern and managerial success in women and men. Consulting Psychology Journal Practice and Research, 46, 32-41
39. Jemmott, J. B. (1987). Social motives and susceptibility to disease: Stalking individual differences in health risks. Journal of Personality, 55, 267-298
40. Jenkins, S. R. (1987). Need for achievement and women's careers over 14 years: Evidence for occupational structure effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 922-932
41. Jenkins, S. R. (1994). Need for power and women's careers over 14 years: Structural power, job satisfaction, and motive change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 155-165
42. Köllner, M., & Schultheiss, O. C. (in preparation). A meta-analysis of the correlation between implicit and explicit measures of motivational needs for achievement, affiliation, and power. Manuscript in preparation
43. Kordik, A. (2012). Implicit motives and affect: Facial EMG as an indicator of dispositional differences (PhD diss.) Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany. Retrieved from http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-fau/files/1810/ Dissertation_Kordik.pdf
44. Kordik, A., Eska, K., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2012). Implicit need for affiliation is associated with increased corrugator activity in a non-positive, but not in a positive social interaction. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 604-608
45. Kuhl, J. (2001). Motivation und Persönlichkeit: Interaktionen psychischer Systeme [Motivation and personality: Interactions of mental systems]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe
46. Larsen, J. T., Norris, C. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003). Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii. Psychophysiology, 40 , 776-785
47. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster
48. LeDoux, J. E. (2002). The synaptic self. New York, NY: Viking
49. Lieberman, M. D. (2000). Intuition: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. Psychological Bulletin, 126 , 109-137
50. Matthews, G., Jones, D. M., & Chamberlain, A. G. (1990). Refining the measurement of mood: The UWIST mood adjective checklist. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 17-42
51. McAdams, D. P. (1982). Experiences of intimacy and power: Relationships between social motives and autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 292-302
52. McAdams, D. P., & Bryant, F. B. (1987). Intimacy motivation and subjective mental health in a nationwide sample. Journal of Personality, 55 , 395-413
53. McAdams, D. P., & Constantian, C. A. (1983). Intimacy and affiliation motives in daily living: An experience sampling analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 851-861
54. McAdams, D. P., Hoffmann, B. J., Mansfield, E. D., & Day, R. (1996). Themes of agency and communion in significant autobiographical scenes. Journal of Personality, 64, 339-377
55. McAdams, D. P., Jackson, J., & Kirshnit, C. (1984). Looking, laughing, and smiling in dyads as a function of intimacy motivation and reciprocity. Journal of Personality, 52, 261-273
56. McAdams, D. P., & Powers, J. (1981). Themes of intimacy in behavior and thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 573-587
57. McClelland, D. C. (1958). Methods of measuring human motivation. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society: A method of assessment and study (pp. 7-42). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand
58. McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. New York, NY: Free Press
59. McClelland, D. C. (1979). Inhibited power motivation and high blood pressure in men. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 182-190
60. McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. New York NY: Cambridge University Press
61. McClelland, D. C. (1989). Motivational factors in health and disease. American Psychologist, 44, 675-683
62. McClelland, D. C. (1995). Achievement motivation in relation to achievement-related recall, performance, and urine flow, a marker associated with release of vasopressin. Motivation and Emotion, 19, 59-76
63. McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts
64. McClelland, D. C., & Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). Leadership motive pattern and long-term success in management. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 737-743
65. McClelland, D. C., & Burnham, D. H. (1976). Power is the great motivator. Harvard Business Review, 54, 100-110
66. McClelland, D. C., & Franz, C. E. (1992). Motivational and other sources of work accomplishments in mid-life: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality, 60, 679-707
67. McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690-702
68. McClelland, D. C., & Pilon, D. A. (1983). Sources of adult motives in patterns of parent behavior in early childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 564-574
69. McKeachie, W. J. (1961). Motivation, teaching methods, and college learning. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 9, pp. 111-142). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press
70. McKeachie, W. J., Isaacson, R. L., Milholland, J. E., & Lin, Y. G. (1968). Student achievement motives, achievement cues, and academic achievement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32 (1), 26-29
71. Morgan, C. D., & Murray, H. A. (1935). A method for investigating fantasies: The thematic apperception test. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 34, 289-306
72. Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126 (2), 247-259
73. Packard, M. G., & Cahill, L. (2001). Affective modulation of multiple memory systems. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11 , 752-756
74. Pang, J. S., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2005). Assessing implicit motives in U.S. College students: Effects of picture type and position, gender and ethnicity, and cross-cultural comparisons. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85 , 280-294
75. Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
76. Peterson, B. E., & Stewart, A. J. (1993). Generativity and social motives in young adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 186-198
77. Pfaff, D. W. (1999). Drive: Neurobiological and molecular mechanisms of sexual motivation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
78. Pueschel, O., Schulte, D., & Michalak, J. (2011). Be careful what you strive for: The significance of motive-goal congruence for depressivity. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18, 23-33
79. Rheinberg, F., & Engeser, S. (2010). Motive training and motivational competence. In O. C. Schultheiss & J. C. Brunstein (Eds.), Implicit motives (pp. 510-548). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
80. Schiepe-Tiska, A. (2013). In the power of flow: The impact of implicit and explicit motives on flow experience with a special focus on the power domain (PhD diss.). Technical University, Munich, Germany. Retrieved from http://d-nb.info/1035502828/34
81. Schultheiss, O. C. (2007). A memory-systems approach to the classification of personality tests: Comment on Meyer and Kurtz (2006). Journal of Personality Assessment, 89 , 197-201
82. Schultheiss, O. C. (2008). Implicit motives. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3 ed., pp. 603-633). New York, NY: Guilford
83. Schultheiss, O. C. (2013). The hormonal correlates of implicit motives. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 52-65
84. Schultheiss, O. C. (under revision). Recommendations for the development and validation of implicit motive measures. Manuscript submitted for publication
85. Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (1999). Goal imagery: Bridging the gap between implicit motives and explicit goals. Journal of Personality, 67, 1-38
86. Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (2001). Assessing implicit motives with a research version of the TAT: Picture profiles, gender differences, and relations to other personality measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77 , 71-86
87. Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (2002). Inhibited power motivation and persuasive communication: A lens model analysis. Journal of Personality, 70, 553-582
88. Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (2005). An implicit motive perspective on competence. In A. J. Elliot & C. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 31-51). New York, NY: Guilford
89. Schultheiss, O. C., & Hale, J. A. (2007). Implicit motives modulate attentional orienting to perceived facial expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 31 , 13-24
90. Schultheiss, O. C., Jones, N. M., Davis, A. Q., & Kley, C. (2008). The role of implicit motivation in hot and cold goal pursuit: Effects on goal progress, goal rumination, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 971-987
91. Schultheiss, O. C., Liening, S., & Schad, D. (2008). The reliability of a picture story exercise measure of implicit motives: Estimates of internal consistency, retest reliability, and ipsative stability. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1560-1571
92. Schultheiss, O. C., & Pang, J. S. (2007). Measuring implicit motives. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, & R. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 322-344). New York, NY: Guilford
93. Schultheiss, O. C., Pang, J. S., Torges, C. M., Wirth, M. M., & Treynor, W. (2005). Perceived facial expressions of emotion as motivational incentives: Evidence from a differential implicit learning paradigm. Emotion, 5 , 41-54
94. Schultheiss, O. C., & Rohde, W. (2002). Implicit power motivation predicts men's testosterone changes and implicit learning in a contest situation. Hormones and Behavior, 41, 195-202
95. Schultheiss, O. C., & Schiepe-Tiska, A. (2013). The role of the dorsoanterior striatum in implicit motivation: The case of the need for power. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7 (141)
96. Schultheiss, O. C., & Strasser, A. (2012). Referential processing and competence as determinants of congruence between implicit and explicit motives. In S. Vazire & T. D. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of self-knowledge (pp. 39-62). New York, NY: Guilford
97. Schultheiss, O. C., Wirth, M. M., Torges, C. M., Pang, J. S., Villacorta, M. A., & Welsh, K. M. (2005). Effects of implicit power motivation on men's and women's implicit learning and testosterone changes after social victory or defeat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 , 174-188
98. Schultheiss, O. C., Wirth, M. M., Waugh, C. E., Stanton, S. J., Meier, E., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2008). Exploring the motivational brain: Effects of implicit power motivation on brain activation in response to facial expressions of emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 333-343
99. Shernoff, D. J. (2012). Engagement and positive youth development: Creating optimal learning environments. In K. R. Harris, S. Graham, T. Urdan, S. Graham, J. M. Royer, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), APA educational psychology handbook, Vol 2: Individual differences and cultural and contextual factors (pp. 195-220). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
100. Shuman, V., & Scherer, K. R. (2014). Concepts and structures of emotions. In R. Pekrun & L. Linnenbrink-Garcia (Eds.), International handbook of emotions in education (pp. 13-35). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis
101. Smith, C. P. (Ed.). (1992). Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
102. Spangler, W. D. (1992). Validity of questionnaire and TAT measures of need for achievement: Two meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 140-154
103. Squire, L. R. (2004). Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 82 , 171-177
104. Stanton, S. J., Hall, J. L., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2010). Properties of motive-specific incentives. In O. C. Schultheiss & J. C. Brunstein (Eds.), Implicit motives (pp. 245-278). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
105. Stanton, S. J., Wirth, M. M., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2006). Effects of perceivers' implicit power motivation on attentional orienting to Pavlovian-conditioned cues of anger and joy. Paper presented at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Palm Springs, CA
106. Steinmayr, R., & Spinath, B. (2008). The importance of motivation as a predictor of school achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 80-90
107. Toates, F. (1986). Motivational systems. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press
108. Uchino, B. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
109. Wang, J., Liu, L., & Zheng, Y. (2011). Effects of implicit power motive on the processing of anger faces: An eventrelated potential study. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 441-447
110. Winter, D. G. (1988). The power motive in women-and men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 510-519
111. Winter, D. G. (1991). A motivational model of leadership: Predicting long-term management success from TAT measures of power motivation and responsibility. Leadership Quarterly, 2, 67-80
112. Winter, D. G. (1993). Power, affiliation, and war: Three tests of a motivational model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 532-545
113. Winter, D. G. (1994). Manual for scoring motive imagery in running text (4th ed.). Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
114. Winter, D. G. (1996). Personality: Analysis and interpretation of lives. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
115. Winter, D. G. (1998). The contributions of David McClelland to personality assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 71, 129-145
116. Winter, D. G. (2003). Measuring the motives of political actors at a distance. In J. M. Post (Ed.), The psychological assessment of political leaders. With profiles of Saddam Hussein and Bill Clinton (pp. 153-177). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press
117. Winter, D. G. (2010a). Political and historical consequences of implicit motives. In O. C. Schultheiss & J. C. Brunstein (Eds.), Implicit motives (pp. 407-432). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
118. Winter, D. G. (2010b). Why achievement motivation predicts success in business but failure in politics: The importance of personal control. Journal of Personality, 78 , 1637-1668
119. Woike, B. A. (1994). Vivid recollection as a technique to arouse implicit motive-related affect. Motivation and Emotion, 18, 335-349
120. Woike, B. A. (2008). A functional framework for the influence of implicit and explicit motives on autobiographical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12 , 99-117
121. Woike, B. A., Bender, M., & Besner, N. (2009). Implicit motivational states influence memory: Evidence for motive by state-dependent learning in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 39-48
122. Woike, B. A., McLeod, S., & Goggin, M. (2003). Implicit and explicit motives influence accessibility to different autobiographical knowledge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 , 1046-1055
123. Zurbriggen, E. L. (2011). Implicit motives and sexual conservatism as predictors of sexual behaviors. Journal of Social Psychology, 151 , 535-555