Seasonal Migration and Livelihood Resilience in the Face of Climate Change in Nepal

Mountain Research and Development

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 436-445

  Gautam, Yograj ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

climate change; food security; Humla; livelihood resilience; Nepal; Seasonal migration

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL WORKER; CLIMATE CHANGE; FOOD SECURITY; LIVELIHOOD; MIGRATION; PERCEPTION; POVERTY; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOCIOECONOMIC SURVEY;

HIMALAYAS; HUMLA; INDIA; KARNALI; NEPAL; UTTARAKHAND;

EID: 85039043051     PISSN: 02764741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-17-00035.1     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Acosta P, Calderon C, Fajnzylber P, Lopez H. 2008. What is the impact of international remittances on poverty and inequality in Latin America World Development 36:89-114.
2. Adams RH, Page J. 2005. Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing countries World Development 33:1645-1669.
3. Adger WN, Kelly PM, Winkels A, Huy LQ, Locke C. 2002. Migration, remittances, livelihood trajectories, and social resilience. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 31:358-366.
4. Adhikari J, Hobley M. 2015. "Everyone is leaving. Who will sow our fields" The livelihood effects on women of male migration from Khotang and Udaypur Districts, Nepal, to the Gulf countries and Malaysia. Himalaya 35(1):11-23.
5. Adhikari R. 2013. Empowered wives and frustrated husbands: Nursing, gender and migrant Nepali in the UK. International Migration 51:168-179.
6. Asfaw W, Tolossa D, Zeleke G. 2010. Causes and impacts of seasonal migration on rural livelihoods: Case studies from Amhara region in Ethiopia. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography 64:58-70.
7. Bardsley DK, Hugo GJ. 2010. Migration and climate change: Examining thresholds of change to guide effective adaptation decision-making. Population and Environment 32:238-262.
8. Bhatt D, Maskey S, Babel MS, Uhlenbrook S, Prasad KC. 2014. Climate trends and impacts on crop production in the Koshi River basin of Nepal. Regional Environmental Change 14:1291-1301.
9. Black R, Adger WN, Arnel N, Dercon S, Geddes A. 2011. Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change, Final Project Report. London, United Kingdom: The Government Office for Science.
10. Black R, Arnell NW, Adger WN, Thomas, D, Geddes A. 2013. Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environmental Science and Policy 27:S32-S43.
11. Black R, Bennett SRG, Thomas SM, Beddington JR. 2011. Climate change: Migration as adaptation. Nature 478:447-449.
12. Brusl-e T. 2008. Choosing a destination and work: Migration strategies of Nepalese workers in Uttarakhand, northern India. Mountain Research and Development 28:240-247.
13. Bryman A. 2004. Social Research Methods. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
14. Cameron J. 2010. Focusing on the focus group. In: Hay I, editor. Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press.
15. Chambers R, Conway G. 1992. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century. IDS Discussion Paper 296. Brighton, United Kingdom: Institute of Development Studies (UK).
16. Chhetri N, Chaudhary P, Tiwari PR, Yadaw RB. 2012. Institutional and technological innovation: Understanding agricultural adaptation to climate change in Nepal. Applied Geography 33:142-150.
17. de Brauw A, Harigaya T. 2007. Seasonal migration and improving living standards in Vietnam. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 89:430-447.
18. de Haas H. 2010. Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. International Migration Review 44:227-264.
19. Ellis F. 2000 The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics 51:289-302.
20. Etzold B, Ahmed AU, Hassan SR, Neelormi SB. 2014. Clouds gather in the sky, but no rain falls. Vulnerability to rainfall variability and food insecurity in northern Bangladesh and its effects on migration. Climate and Development 6:18-27.
21. Fan S, Brzeska J, Keyzer M, Halsema A. 2013. From Subsistence to Profit: Transforming Smallholder Farms. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
22. FAO [Food and Agriculture Organization]. 1996. Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action. Rome, Italy: FAO.
23. Gaire K, Beilin R, Miller F. 2014. Withdrawing, resisting, maintaining and adapting: Food security and vulnerability in Jumla, Nepal. Regional Environmental Change 15:1667-1678.
24. Gartaula HN, Niehof A, Leontine V. 2010. Feminisation of agriculture as an effect of male out-migration: Unexpected outcomes from Jhapa District, eastern Nepal. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science 5(2):565-577.
25. Gautam Y, Andersen P. 2016. Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights from Humla, Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies 44:239-249.
26. Gautam Y, Andersen P. 2017. Multiple stressors, food system vulnerability and food insecurity in Humla, Nepal. Regional Environmental Change 17:1493-1504.
27. Gemenne F, Blocher J. 2017. How can migration serve adaptation to climate change Challenges to fleshing out a policy ideal. The Geographical Journal 183:336-347.
28. Gentle P, Maraseni TN. 2012. Climate change, poverty and livelihoods: Adaptation practices by rural mountain communities in Nepal. Environmental Science and Policy 21:24-34.
29. Gill GJ. 2003. Seasonal Labour Migration in Rural Nepal: A Preliminary Overview. London, United Kingdom: Overseas Development Institute.
30. Gioli G, Khan T, Bisht S, Scheffran J. 2014. Migration as an adaptation strategy and its gendered implications: A case study from the Upper Indus Basin. Mountain Research and Development 34:255-265.
31. GON [Government of Nepal]. 2014. Labor Migration for Employment: A Status Report for 2013/14. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Labour and Employment.
32. GON and UNDP [Government of Nepal and United Nations Development Programme]. 2014. Nepal Human Development Report 2014. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
33. Haberfeld Y, Menaria RK, Sahoo BB, Vyas RN. 1999. Seasonal migration of rural labor in India. Population Research and Policy Review 18:471-487.
34. Harvey CA, Rakotobe ZL, Rao NS, Dave R, Razafimahatratra H, Rabarijohn RH, Rajaofara H, MacKinnon JL. 2014. Extreme vulnerability of smallholder farmers to agricultural risks and climate change in Madagascar. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369:1639, 20130089.
35. Herrero M, Thornton PK, Notenbaert AM, Wood S, Msangi S, Freeman HA, Bossio D, Dixon J, Peters M, van de Steeg, J. 2010. Smart investments in sustainable food production: Revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327:822-825.
36. Hollema S, Pahari K, Regmi P, Adhikari J. 2008. Passage to India: Migration as a Coping Strategy in Times of Crisis in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: World Food Programme, Nepal Development Research Institute.
37. IFAD [International Fund for Agricultural Development]. 2010. Rural Poverty Report 2011. Rome, Italy: IFAD.
38. Jaquet S, Shrestha G, Kohler T, Schwilch G. 2016. The effects of migration on livelihoods, land management, and vulnerability to natural disasters in the Harpan watershed in western Nepal. Mountain Research and Development 36:494-505.
39. Kern A, Muller-Boker U. 2015. The middle space of migration: A case study on brokerage and recruitment agencies in Nepal. Geoforum 65:158-169.
40. Levitt P, Lamba-Nieves D. 2011. Social remittances revisited. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 37:1-22.
41. Lokshin M, Bontch-Osmolovski M, Glinskaya E. 2010. Work related migration and poverty reduction in Nepal. Review of Development Economics 14:323-332.
42. Macours K, Vakis R. 2010. Seasonal migration and early childhood development. World Development 38:857-869.
43. Maharjan A, Bauer S, Knerr B. 2013. International migration, remittances and subsistence farming: Evidence from Nepal. International Migration 51:E249-E263.
44. Manandhar S, Vogt DS, Perret SR, Kazama F. 2011. Adapting cropping systems to climate change in Nepal: A cross-regional study of farmers' perception and practices. Regional Environmental Change 11:335-348.
45. Maxwell S. 1996. Food security: A post-modern perspective. Food Policy 21:155-170.
46. McLeman R, Schade J, Faist T, editors. 2015. Environmental Migration and Social Inequality. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
47. McLeman R, Smit B. 2006. Migration as an adaptation to climate change. Climatic Change 76:31-53.
48. Milan A, Schraven B, Warner K, Cascone N, editors. 2016. Migration, Risk Management and Climate Change: Evidence and Policy Responses. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
49. Morton JF. 2007. The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(50):19680-19685.
50. Mortreux C, Barnett J. 2009. Climate change, migration and adaptation in Funafuti, Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change 19:105-112.
51. Onta N, Resurreccion BP. 2011. The role of gender and caste in climate adaptation strategies in Nepal: Emerging change and persistent inequalities in the Far-Western Region. Mountain Research and Development 31:351-356.
52. Pandey R, Bardsley DK. 2015. Social-ecological vulnerability to climate change in the Nepali Himalaya. Applied Geography 64:74-86.
53. Pant LP, Krishna Bahadur KC, Fraser EDG, Shrestha PK, Lama AB, Jirel SK, Chaudhari P. 2014. Adaptive transition management for transformations to agricultural sustainability in the Karnali Mountains of Nepal. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 38:1156-1183.
54. Paudel KP, Andersen P. 2011. Monitoring snow cover variability in an agropastoral area in the trans Himalayan region of Nepal using MODiS data with improved cloud removal methodology. Remote Sensing of Environment 115:1234-1246.
55. Scheffran J, Marmer E, Sow P. 2012. Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in northwest Africa. Applied Geography 33:119-127.
56. Sudmeier-Rieux K, Fern-andez K, Penna IM, Jaboyedo M, Gaillard, JC, editors. 2017. Identifying Emerging Issues in Disaster Risk Reduction, Migration, Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Shaping Debates and Policies. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
57. Sunam RK. 2014. Marginalised Dalits in international labour migration: Reconfiguring economic and social relations in Nepal. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40:2030-2048.
58. Sunam RK, McCarthy JF. 2016. Reconsidering the links between poverty, international labour migration, and agrarian change: Critical insights from Nepal. The Journal of Peasant Studies 43:39-63.
59. Tanner T, Lewis D, Wrathall D, Bronen R, Cradock-Henry N, Huq S, Lawless C, Nawrotzki R, Prasad V, Rahman MA. 2015. Livelihood resilience in the face of climate change. Nature Climate Change 5:23-26.
60. Tiffen M. 2003. Transition in sub-Saharan Africa: Agriculture, urbanization and income growth. World Development 31:1343-1366.
61. Tschakert P. 2007. Views from the vulnerable: Understanding climatic and other stressors in the Sahel. Global Environmental Change 17:381-396.
62. Turner BL, Kasperson RE, Matson PA, McCarthy JJ, Corell RW, Christensen L, Eckley N, Kasperson JX, Luers A, Martello ML. 2003. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100:8074-8079.
63. van Vliet JA, Schut AGT, Reidsma P, Descheemaeker K, Slingerland M, van de Ven GWJ, Giller KE. 2015. De-mystifying family farming: Features, diversity and trends across the globe. Global Food Security 5:11-18.
64. Wagle UR. 2012. Socioeconomic implications of the increasing foreign remittance to Nepal: Evidence from the Nepal Living Standard Survey. International Migration 50:186-207.
65. World Bank. 2017. Personal remittances, received (% of GDP). World Bank Online Data Portal. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT. GD.ZSlocations=NP&page=3; accessed on 17 February 2017.
66. Xu J, Grumbine RE, Shrestha A, Eriksson M, Yang X, Wang Y, Wilkes A. 2009. The melting Himalayas: Cascading effects of climate change on water, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Conservation Biology 23:520-530.