A Social Scientific Approach toward Understanding Racial Disparities in Police Shooting: Data from the Department of Justice (1980–2000)

Journal of Social Issues

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 701-722

  Scott, Kendra ^a   Ma, Debbie S ^b   Sadler, Melody S ^c   Correll, Joshua ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLACK POPULATION; METROPOLITAN AREA; RACIAL DISPARITY;

EID: 85037655211     PISSN: 00224537     EISSN: 15404560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/josi.12243     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Alpert, G. P., Rivera, J., & Lott, L. (2012). Working toward the truth in officer-involved shootings. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 81, 1–7.
2. Artwohl, A. A. (2002). Perceptual and memory distortions in officer-involved shootings. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 71, 18–24.
3. Charbonneau, A., Spencer, K., & Glaser, J. (2018). Understanding racial disparities in police use of force: Lessons from police-on-police shootings. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4).
4. Correll, J., Hudson, S. M., Guillermo, S. & Ma, D. S. (2014). The police officer's dilemma: A decade of research on racial bias in the decision to shoot. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 201–213.
5. Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1314–1329.
6. Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., Wittenbrink, B., Sadler, M. S., & Keesee, T. (2007). Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1006−1023.
7. Correll, J., Wittenbrink, B., Park, B., & Goyle, A. (2011). Dangerous enough: Moderating racial bias with contextual threat cues. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 184–189.
8. Correll, J., Wittenbrink, B., Crawford, M. T., & Sadler, M. S. (2015). Stereotypic vision: How stereotypes disambiguate visual stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 219–233.
9. Fachner, George, & Carter, S. (2015). An assessment of deadly force in the Philadelphia Police Department. Collaborative Reform Initiative. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
10. Fryer, R. G. (2015). An empirical analysis of racial differences in police use of force. Working Paper No. 22399, National Bureau of Economic Research Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w22399.
11. Fyfe, J. J. (1982). Blind justice: Police shootings in Memphis. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 73(2), 707–722.
12. Goldkamp, J. S. (1976). Minorities as victims of police shootings: Interpretations of racial disproportionality and police use of deadly force. The Justice System Journal, 2, 169–183.
13. Inn, A., Wheeler, A. C., & Sparling, C. L. (1977). The effects of suspect race and situation hazard on police officer shooting behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 7, 27–37.
14. Jacob, D., & Britt, D. (1979). Inequality and police use of deadly force: An empirical assessment of a conflict hypothesis. Social Problems, 24, 403–412.
15. Jacobs, D., & O'Brien, R. M. (1998). The determinants of deadly force: A structural analysis of police violence. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 837–862.
16. James, L., Vila, B., & Daratha, K. (2013). Influence of suspect race and ethnicity on decisions to shoot in high fidelity deadly force judgment and decision-making simulations. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9(2), 189–212
17. Kahn, K. B., & Davies, P. G. (2018). The moderating effects of environmental context and clothing type on decisions to shoot. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4).
18. Kahn, K. B., & McMahon, J. M. (2015). Shooting deaths of unarmed racial minorities: Understanding the role of racial stereotypes on decisions to shoot. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 1, 310.
19. Liska, A. E., & Yu, J. (1992). Specifying and testing the Threat Hypothesis: Police use of deadly force. In A. E. Liska (Ed), Social threat and social control (pp. 53–68). Albany, NY: State University of New York.
20. MacDonald, J. M., Kaminski, R. J., Alpert, G. P., & Tennenbaum, A. N. (2001). The temporal relationship between police killings of civilians and criminal homicide: A refined version of the danger-perception theory. Crime and Delinquency, 47(2), 155–172.
21. Nix, J., Campbell, B. A., Byers, E. H., & Alpert, G. P. (2017). A bird's eye view of civilians killed by police in 2015. American Society of Criminology, 16, 309–340.
22. Piquero, A. R., & Brame, R. (2008). Assessing the race-/ethnicity-crime relationship in a sample of serious adolescent delinquents. Crime & Delinquency, 54, 390–422.
23. Plant, E. A., & Peruche, B. M. (2005). The consequences of race for police officers’ responses to criminal suspects. Psychological Science, 16, 180–183.
24. Ross, C. T. (2015). A multi-level Bayesian analysis of racial bias in police shootings at the county-level in the United States, 2011–2014. PLoS One, 10(11), e0141854.
25. Sim, J. J., Correll, J. & Sadler, M. S. (2013). Understanding police and expert performance: When training attenuates (vs. exacerbates) stereotypic bias in the decision to shoot. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 291–304.
26. Smith, B. W. (2004). Structural and organizational predictors of homicide by police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 27, 539–557.
27. Sorensen, J. R., Marquart, J. W., & Brock, D. E. (1993). Factors related to killings of felons by police officers: A test of the community violence and conflict hypotheses. Justice Quarterly, 10, 417–440.
28. Takagi, P. A. (1974). A garrison state in ‘democratic’ society. Crime Soc Justice, 1, 27–33.
29. Terrill, W., & Mastrofski, S. D. (2002). Situational and officer based determinants of police coercion. Justice Quarterly, 19, 215–248.
30. Terrill, W., & Reisig, M. D. (2003). Neighborhood context and police use of force. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 40, 291–321. Uniform Crime Reports (2007). http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/offenses/violent_crime/index.html.
31. U. S. Department of Justice (2001). Policing and homicide, 1976–98: Justifiable homicide by police, police officers murdered by felons (NCJ 180987). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
32. Wagner, K. (2014). U.S. Police Shootings Database. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/Su60Cm.
33. White, M. D. (2002). Identifying situational predictors of police shootings using multivariate analysis. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 25, 726–751.
34. Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, 149, 269–274.