Coulomb stress transfer and fault interaction over millennia on non-planar active normal faults: TheMw 6.5-5.0 seismic sequence of 2016-2017, central Italy

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 210, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 1206-1218

  Mildon, Zoe K ^a   Roberts, Gerald P ^b   Faure Walker, Joanna P ^a   Iezzi, Francesco ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Continental tectonics: Extensional; Dynamics and mechanics of faulting; Earthquake interaction; Europe; Forecasting, and prediction; Mechanics, theory, and modelling; Palaeoseismology

Indexed keywords

EARTHQUAKES; FAULTING; GEOMETRY; GEOPHYSICS; SEISMOLOGY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

CONTINENTAL TECTONICS: EXTENSIONAL; DYNAMICS AND MECHANICS OF FAULTING; EUROPE; MECHANICS , THEORY , AND MODELLING; PALAEOSEISMOLOGY;

FAULT SLIPS;

ACTIVE FAULT; COULOMB CRITERION; EARTHQUAKE EVENT; EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE; FAULTING; FORECASTING METHOD; PALEOSEISMICITY; STRESS FIELD; TECTONICS;

APENNINES; ITALY;

EID: 85037525894     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/gji/ggx213     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Alessio, G., et al., 2010. Evidence for surface rupture associated with the Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake sequence of April 2009 (central Italy), Terra Nova, 22(1), 43-51.
2. Blumetti, A.M., 1995. Neotectonic investigation of evidence of paleoseismicity in the epicentral area of the January-February 1703, central Italy, earthquakes, Perspectives in Paleoseismology, Assoc. Eng. Geol. Bull., Special Publ., 6, 83-100.
3. Boncio, P., Lavecchia, G. & Pace, B., 2004. Defining a model of 3D seismogenic sources for Seismic Hazard Assessment applications: the case of central Apennines (Italy), J. Seismol., 8(3), 407-425.
4. Cello, G. et al., 1998. Evidence for surface faulting during the September 26, 1997, Colfiorito (central Italy) earthquakes, J. Earthq. Eng., 2(2), 303-324.
5. Chiaraluce, L. et al., 2011. The 2009 L'Aquila (Central Italy) seismic sequence, Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl., 52, 367-387.
6. COMET, 2016. Apennines earthquakes and aftershocks, Italy, COMET blog. Available at: http://comet.nerc.ac.uk/latest-earthquakesand- eruptions/apennines-earthquakes-aftershocks-italy/, last accessed 5 December 2016.
7. Cowie, P.A., Scholz, C.H., Roberts, G.P., FaureWalker, J.P.&Steer, P., 2013. Viscous roots of active seismogenic faults revealed by geologic slip rate variations, Nat. Geosci., 6(12), 1036-1040.
8. Deng, J. & Sykes, L.R., 1997. Evolution of the stress field in southern California and triggering of moderate-size earthquakes: a 200-year perspective, J. geophys. Res., 102, 9859-9886.
9. Faure Walker, J.P., Roberts, G.P., Cowie, P.A., Papanikolaou, I.D., Sammonds, P.R., Michetti, A.M.&Phillips, R.J., 2009. Horizontal strain-rates and throw-rates across breached relay zones, central Italy: implications for the preservation of throw deficits at points of normal fault linkage, J. Struct. Geol., 31(10), 1145-1160.
10. Faure Walker, J.P., Roberts, G.P., Sammonds, P.R. & Cowie, P.A., 2010. Comparison of earthquake strains over 102 and 104 year timescales: insights into variability in the seismic cycle in the central Apennines, Italy, J. geophys. Res., 115(B10), B10418, doi:10.1029/2009JB006462.
11. Faure Walker, J.P. et al., 2012. Relationship between topography, rates of extension and mantle dynamics in the actively-extending Italian Apennines, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 325-326, 76-84.
12. Galadini, F. & Galli, P., 2000. Active tectonics in the central apennines (Italy)-input data for seismic hazard assessment, Nat. Hazards, 22, 225-270.
13. Galadini, F. & Galli, P., 2003. Paleoseismology of silent faults in the Central Apennines (Italy): the Mt. Vettore and Laga Mts. faults, Ann. Geophys., 46(5), 815-836.
14. Galli, P., Galadini, F. & Calzoni, F., 2005. Surface faulting in Norcia (central Italy): a "paleoseismological perspective," Tectonophysics, 403(1-4), 117-130.
15. Galli, P., Galadini, F. & Pantosti, D., 2008. Twenty years of paleoseismology in Italy, Earth-Sci. Rev., 88(1-2), 89-117.
16. Guidoboni, E., Ferrari, G., Mariotti, D., Comastri, A., Tarabusi, G. & Valensise, G., 2007. CFTI4Med, Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 B.C.-1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C.-1500), INGV-SGA. Available at: http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/, last accessed November 2013.
17. Harris, R.A. & Simpson, R.W., 1992. Changes in static stress on southern California faults after the 1992 Landers earthquake, Nature, 360(6401), 251-254.
18. INGVWorkingGroup, 2016. Second summary report of the Ml 6.0Amatrice earthquake of August 24, 2016 (central Italy).
19. Lin, J. & Stein, R.S., 2004. Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike-slip faults, J. geophys. Res., 109, B02303, doi:10.1029/2003JB002607.
20. Livio, F. et al., 2016. Surface faulting during the August 24, 2016, Central Italy earthquake (Mw 6.0): preliminary results, Ann. Geophys., (11), 1-8.
21. Michetti, A.M., Brunamonte, F., Serva, L. & Vittori, E., 1996. Trench investigation of the 1915 Fucino earthquake fault scarps (Abruzzo, central Italy): geological evidence of large historical events, J. geophys. Res., 101, 5921-5936.
22. Mildon, Z.K., Roberts, G.P., FaureWalker, J.P., Wedmore, L. & McCaffrey, K.J.W., 2016a. Active normal faulting during the 1997 seismic sequence in Colfiorito, Umbria: did slip propagate to the surface?, J. Struct. Geol., 91, 102-113.
23. Mildon, Z.K. et al., 2016b. Detailed surface rupture geometry from the 2016 Amatrice earthquake (24th August and 30th October), in AGU Fall Meeting 12th-16th December 2016, San Francisco.
24. Mildon, Z.K., Toda, S., FaureWalker, J.P.&Roberts, G.P., 2016c. Evaluating models of Coulomb stress transfer: is variable fault geometry important?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43(24), 12 407-12 414.
25. Morewood, N.C. & Roberts, G.P., 2000. The geometry, kinematics and rates of deformation within an en echelon normal fault segment boundary, central Italy, J. Struct. Geol., 22(8), 1027-1047.
26. Nalbant, S.S., Hubert, A. & King, G.C.P., 1998. Stress coupling between earthquakes in northwest Turkey and the north Aegean Sea, J. geophys. Res., 103(B10), 24 469-24 486.
27. Nostro, C., Chiaraluce, L., Cocco, M., Baumont, D. & Scotti, O., 2005. Coulomb stress changes caused by repeated normal faulting earthquakes during the 1997 Umbria-Marche (central Italy) seismic sequence, J. geophys. Res., 110(B5), B05S20, doi:10.1029/2004JB003386.
28. Pace,B., Peruzza, L., Lavecchia, G.&Boncio, P., 2002, Seismogenic sources in Central Italy: from causes to effects, Mem. Soc.Geol. Ital., 57, 419-429.
29. Pace,B., Peruzza, L., Lavecchia, G.&Boncio, P., 2006. Layered seismogenic source model and probabilistic seismic-hazard analyses in central Italy, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 96(1), 107-132.
30. Pace, B., Bocchini, G.M. & Boncio, P., 2014. Do static stress changes of a moderate-magnitude earthquake significantlymodify the regional seismic hazard? Hints from the L'Aquila 2009 normal-faulting earthquake (Mw 6.3, central Italy), Terra Nova, 26(6), 430-439.
31. Papanikolaou, I.D. & Roberts, G.P., 2007. Geometry, kinematics and deformation rates along the active normal fault system in the southern Apennines: implications for fault growth, J. Struct. Geol., 29(1), 166-188.
32. Papanikolaou, I.D., Roberts, G.P. & Michetti, A.M., 2005. Fault scarps and deformation rates in Lazio-Abruzzo, Central Italy: comparison between geological fault slip-rate and GPS data, Tectonophysics, 408(1-4), 147- 176.
33. Peruzza, L., Gee, R., Pace, B., Roberts, G.P., Scotti, O., Visini, F., Benedetti, L. & Pagani, M., 2016. PSHA after a strong earthquake: hints for the recovery, Ann. Geophys., 59, 1-9.
34. Pizzi, A. & Galadini, F., 2009. Pre-existing cross-structures and active fault segmentation in the northern-central Apennines (Italy), Tectonophysics, 476(1-2), 304-319.
35. Reasenberg, P.A.&Simpson, R.W., 1992. Response of regional seismicity to the static stress change produced by the loma prieta earthquake, Science, 255(5052), 1687-1690.
36. Roberts, G.P., 2007. Fault orientation variations along the strike of active normal fault systems in Italy and Greece: implications for predicting the orientations of subseismic-resolution faults in hydrocarbon reservoirs, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 91(1), 1-20.
37. Roberts, G.P., 2008. Visualisation of active normal fault scarps in the Apennines, Italy: a key to assessment of tectonic strain release and earthquake rupture, J. Virtual Explor., 29(4), doi:10.3809/jvirtex.2008.00197.
38. Roberts, G.P. & Michetti, A.M., 2004. Spatial and temporal variations in growth rates along active normal fault systems: an example from The Lazio-Abruzzo Apennines, central Italy, J. Struct. Geol., 26(2), 339-376.
39. Rydelek, P.A. & Sacks, I.S., 1999. Large earthquake occurrence affected by small stress changes, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 89(3), 822-828.
40. Steacy, S.J. & McCloskey, J., 1998. What controls an earthquake's size? Results from a heterogeneous cellular automaton, Geophys. J. Int., 133(1), F11-F14.
41. Stein, R.&Sevilgen,V., 2016. Italy earthquake leaves seismic gaps thatwere last filled by three large earthquakes in 1703, Temblor blog. Available at: http://temblor.net/earthquake-insights/gaps-persist-beyond-ends-m6-2- rieti-italy-earthquake-progressive-sequence-large-shocks-struck-1703- 1216/, last accessed 29 August 2016.
42. Toda, S. & Enescu, B., 2011. Rate/state Coulomb stress transfer model for the CSEP Japan seismicity forecast, Earth Planets Space, 63(3), 171-185.
43. Toda, S., Stein, R.S., Richards-Dinger, K. & Bozkurt, S.B., 2005. Forecasting the evolution of seismicity in southern California: animations built on earthquake stress transfer, J. geophys. Res., 110(B5), B05S16, doi:10.1029/2004JB003415.
44. Toda, S., Stein, R.S., Beroza, G.C. & Marsan, D., 2012. Aftershocks halted by static stress shadows, Nat. Geosci., 5(6), 410-413.
45. Valoroso, L., Chiaraluce, L., Piccinini, D., Di Stefano, R., Schaff, D. & Waldhauser, F., 2013. Radiography of a normal fault system by 64,000 high-precision earthquake locations: the 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) case study, J. geophys. Res., 118(3), 1156-1176.
46. Vittori, E. et al., 2000. Ground effects and surface faulting in the September- October 1997 Umbria-Marche (central Italy) seismic sequence, J. Geodyn., 29, 535-564.
47. Walters, R.J. et al., 2009. The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (central Italy): a source mechanism and implications for seismic hazard, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36(17), 2-7.
48. Wedmore, L.N.J., 2017. Fault Interaction Processes and Continental Extension in the Central Apennines, Italy, University College London.
49. Wedmore, L.N.J., Faure Walker, J.P., Roberts, G.P., McCaffrey, K.J.W., Sammonds, P.R., Cowie, P.A. & Gregory, L.C., 2015. Coulomb stress changes over a 660-year period in central Italy: implications for understanding fault interactions and earthquake occurrence, in AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #T31A-2837.
50. Wedmore, L.N.J., Faure Walker, J.P., Roberts, G.P., Sammonds, P.R., McCaffrey, K.J.W. & Cowie, P.A., 2017, A 667-year record of co-seismic and interseismic Coulomb stress changes in central Italy reveals the role of fault interaction in controlling irregular earthquake recurrence intervals, J. geophys. Res., in press.
51. Wells, D.L. & Coppersmith, K.J., 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 84(4), 974-1002.
52. Wilkinson, M. et al., 2015. Slip distributions on active normal faults measured from LiDAR and field mapping of geomorphic offsets: an example from L'Aquila, Italy, and implications for modelling seismic moment release, Geomorphology, 237, 130-141.