Radiography of a normal fault system by 64,000 high-precision earthquake locations: The 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) case study

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 118, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 1156-1176

  Valoroso, L ^a   Chiaraluce, L ^a   Piccinini, D ^a   Di Stefano, R ^a   Schaff, D ^b   Waldhauser, F ^b  

^a ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA   (Italy)

^b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

damage zone; earthquake location; normal fault; seismic sequence; similar earthquakes

Indexed keywords

AFTERSHOCK; EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUE; EARTHQUAKE EVENT; FAULT ZONE; NORMAL FAULT; P-WAVE; RADIOGRAPHY; S-WAVE;

ABRUZZI; ITALY; L'AQUILA;

AQUILA;

EID: 84876902179     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgrb.50130     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Agosta, F., and, A. Aydin, (2006), Architecture and deformation mechanism of a basin-bounding normal fault in Mesozoic platform carbonates, Central Italy, J. Struc. Geol., 28, 1445-1467. (Pubitemid 44138610)
2. Aki, K., (1979), Characterization of barriers on an earthquake fault, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6140-6148.
3. Aldersons, F., R. Di Stefano, L. Chiaraluce, D. Piccinini, and, L. Valoroso, (2009), Automatic detection, and P and S wave picking algorithm: An application to the 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake sequence, Eos Trans. AGU, 90 (52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract U23B-0045.
4. Amoruso, A., and, L. Crescentini, (2009), Slow diffusive fault slip propagation following the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L24306, doi: 10.1029/2009GL041503.
5. Bakun, W. H., et al. (2005), Implications for prediction and hazard assessment from the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake, Nature, 437, 969-974. (Pubitemid 41486972)
6. Beeler, N. M., S. H. Hickman, and, T.-F. Wong, (2001), Earthquake stress drop and laboratory-inferred interseismic strength recovery, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (B12), doi: 10.1029/2000JB900242.
7. Berg, S. S., and, T. Skar, (2005), Controls on damage zone asymmetry of a normal fault zone: Outcrop analyses of a segment of the Moab fault, SE Utah, J. Struct. Geol., (27), 1803-1822, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.04.012. (Pubitemid 41440022)
8. Boatwright, J., and, M. Cocco, (1996), Frictional constraints on crustal faulting, J. Geophys. Res. 101 (B6): doi: 10.1029/96JB00405.
9. W 6.3), Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06308, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042807.
10. Calderoni, G., A. Rovelli, and, R. Di Giovambattista, (2010), Large amplitude variations recorded by an on-fault seismological station during the L'Aquila earthquakes: Evidence for a complex fault-induced site effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24305, doi: 10.1029/2010GL045697.
11. Chen, K. H., R. Burgmann, R. M. Nadeau, T. Chen, and, N. Lapusta, (2010), Postseismic variations in seismic moment and recurrence interval of repeating earthquakes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 299, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.08.027.
12. W 6.3 earthquake: Main shock and aftershocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18308, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039627.
13. Chiaraluce, L., (2012), Unravelling the complexity of Apenninic extensional fault systems: A review of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), J. Struct. Geol., 42, 2-18, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.06.007.
14. Chiaraluce, L., W. L. Ellsworth, C. Chiarabba, and, M. Cocco, (2003), Imaging the complexity of an active normal fault system: The 1997 Colfiorito (central Italy) case study, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (B6), 2294, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002166.
15. Chiaraluce, L., L. Valoroso, M. Anselmi, S. Bagh, and, C. Chiarabba, (2009), A decade of passive seismic monitoring experiments with local networks in four Italian regions, Tectonophysics, 476, 85-98, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2009. 02.013.
16. Chiaraluce, L., L. Valoroso, D. Piccinini, R. Di Stefano, and, P. De Gori, (2011 a), The anatomy of the 2009 L'Aquila normal fault system (central Italy) imaged by high resolution foreshock and aftershock locations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B12311, doi: 10.1029/2011JB008352.
17. Chiaraluce, L., C. Chiarabba, P. De Gori, R. Di Stefano, L. Improta, D. Piccinini, A. Schlagenhauf, P. Traversa, L. Valoroso, and, C. Voisin, (2011 b). The 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) seismic sequence, Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl., 52 (3), 367-387, doi: 10.4430/bgta0019.
18. Cirella, A., A. Piatanesi, E. Tinti, M. Chini, and, M. Cocco, (2012), Complexity of the rupture process during the 2009 L'Aquila, Italy, earthquake, Geophys. J. Int., 190, 607-621, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05505.x.
19. Collettini C., M. R. Barchi, L. Chiaraluce, F. Mirabella, and, S. Pucci, (2003), The Gubbio fault: Can different methods give pictures of the same object?, J. Geody., (36), 51-66, ISSN: 0264-3707 (Pubitemid 36881935)
20. Cowie, P. A., and, C. H. Scholz, (1992), Growth of faults by accumulation of seismic slip, J. Geophys. Res., 97, doi: 10.1029/92JB00586.
21. D'Agostino, N., A. Avallone, D. Cheloni, E. D'Anastasio, S. Mantenuto, and, G. Selvaggi, (2008), Active tectonics of the Adriatic region from GPS and earthquake slip vectors, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B12413, doi: 10.1029/2008JB005860.
22. D'Agostino, N., D. Cheloni, G. Fornaro, R. Giuliani, and, D. Reale, (2012), Space-time distribution of afterslip following the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B02402, doi: 10.1029/2011JB008523.
23. D'Agostino, N., R. Giuliani, M. Mattone, and, L. Bonci, (2001), Active crustal extension in the central Apennines (Italy) inferred from GPS measurements in the interval 1994-1999, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2121-2124, doi: 10.1029/2000GL012462. (Pubitemid 34039431)
24. De Paola N., C. Collettini, D. R. Faulkner, and, F. Trippetta, (2008), Fault zone architecture and deformation processes within evaporitic rocks in the upper crust, Tectonics, 27, ISSN: 0278-7407, doi: 10.1029/2007TC002230.
25. W 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake, central Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B06315, doi: 10.1029/2009JB007190.
26. Di Stefano, R., F. Aldersons, E. Kissling, P. Baccheschi, C. Chiarabba, and, D. Giardini, (2006), Automatic seismic phase picking and consistent observation error assessment: Application to the Italian seismicity, Geophys. J. Int., 165, 121-134.
27. W 6.1) L'Aquila earthquake (central Italy): Insights from seismic tomography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L10310, doi: 10.1029/2011GL047365.
28. Diehl, T., N. Deichmann, E. Kissling, and, E. Husen, (2009), Automatic S-wave picker for local earthquake tomography, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 99, 3, 1906-1920, doi: 10.1785/0120080019.
29. W 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake sequence of April 2009 (central Italy), Terra Nova, 22, 43-51, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2009.00915.x.
30. Felzer, K. R., and, E. E. Brodsky, (2005), Testing the stress shadow hypothesis, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B05S09, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003277.
31. Fréchet, J., (1985), Sismogenése et doublets sismiques, thése d'Etat, 206 pp., Univ. é Sci. et Méd. de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
32. Galadini, F., and, P. Galli, (2000), Active tectonics in the central Apennines (Italy)-Input data for seismic hazard assessment, Nat. Hazards, 22, 225-268, doi: 10.1023/A:1008149531980.
33. Galli, P., B. Giaccio, and, P. Messina, (2010), The 2009 central Italy earthquake seen through 0.5 Myr-long tectonic history of the L'Aquila faults system, Quat. Sci. Rev., 29, 3768-3789.
34. W 6.3 earthquake): Implications for active fault linkage, Geophys. J. Int., 187, 1119-1134, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05233.x.
35. Geller, R. J., and, C. S. Mueller, (1980), Four similar earthquakes in central California, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 821-824, doi: 10.1029/ GL007i010p00821.
36. Herrmann, R. B., L. Malagnini, and, I. Munafò, (2011), Regional moment tensors of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake sequence, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 101, 975-993, doi: 10.1785/0120100184.
37. Hunstad, I., G. Selvaggi, N. D'Agostino, P. England, P. Clarke, and, M. Pierozzi, (2003), Geodetic strain in peninsular Italy between 1875 and 2001, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (4), 1181, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016447.
38. Johanson, I. A., E. J. Fielding, R. Rolandone, and, R. Bürgmann, (2006), Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space-geodetic data, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 96, S269-S282.
39. W 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, Science, 335, 705, DOI: 10.1126/science.1215141
40. Lahr, J. C., (1989), HYPOELLIPSE/version 2.00: A computer program for determining local earthquakes hypocentral parameters, magnitude and first motion pattern, U.S. Geol. Surv., Open File Rep., 89-116, 162.
41. W 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake, Italy, Geology, 38, 1015-1018, doi: 10.1130/G31463.1.
42. Malagnini, L., F. P. Lucente, P. De Gori, A. Akinci, and, I. Munafo, ' (2012), Control of pore fluid pressure diffusion on fault failure mode: Insights from the 2009 L'Aquila seismic sequence, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B05302, doi: 10.1029/2011JB008911.
43. Malinverno, A., W. B. F. Ryan, (1986), Extension in the Tyrrhenian Sea and shortening in the Apennines as result of arc migration driven by sinking of the lithosphere, Tectonics, 5, 227-245.
44. Margheriti, L., et al. (2011), Rapid response seismic networks in Europe: Lessons learnt from the L'Aquila earthquake emergency, Ann. Of Geoph. 54, 4, 2011; doi: 10.4401/ag-4953.
45. Marone, C., J. E. Vidale, and, W. Ellsworth, (1995), Fault healing inferred from time dependent variations in source properties of repeating earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3095-3098. (Pubitemid 26462182)
46. Marsan, D., (2005), The role of small earthquakes in redistributing crustal elastic stress, Geophys. J. Int., 163, 141-151, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02700.x (Pubitemid 43922825)
47. Marzocchi, W., and, A. M. Lombardi, (2009), Real-time forecasting following a damaging earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L21302, doi: 10.1029/2009GL040233.
48. Micarelli, L., I. Moretti, and, J. M. Daniel, (2003), Structural properties of rift-related normal faults: The case study of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, J. Geodyn., 36 (1-2), 275-303, doi: 10.1016/S0264-3707(03)00051-6. (Pubitemid 36881947)
49. Mitchell T., and, D. R. Faulkner, (2009). The nature and origin of off-fault damage surrounding strike-slip fault zones with a wide range of displacements: A field study from the Atacama fault system, northern Chile. J. Struct. Geol., 31, 802-816, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2009.05.002.
50. Montone, P., M. T. Mariucci, S. Pondrelli, and, A. Amato, (2004), An improved stress map for Italy and surrounding regions (central Mediterranean), J. Geophys. Res., 109, B10410, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002703.
51. Nadeau, R. M., and, T. V. McEvilly, (1999), Fault slip rates at depth from recurrence intervals of repeating microearthquakes, Science, 285, 718-721.
52. Paige, C. C., and, M. A. Saunders, (1982), LSQR: An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 8, 43-71.
53. Parotto, M., and, A. Praturlon, (1975), Geological summary of the central Apennines, in Structural Model of Italy, Quad. Ric. Sci., 90, 257-311, Cons. Naz. delle Ric., Rome.
54. Patacca, E., P. Scandone, E. Di Luzio, G. P. Cavinato, and, M. Parotto, (2008), Structural architecture of the central Apennines: Interpretation of the CROP 11 seismic profile from the Adriatic coast to the orographic divide, Tectonics, 27, TC3006, doi: 10.1029/2005TC001917.
55. Peng, Z., J. E. Vidale, C. Marone, and, A. Rubin, (2005), Systematic variations in recurrence interval and moment of repeating aftershocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15301, doi: 10.1029/2005GL022626.
56. Pino, N. A., and, F. Di Luccio, (2009), Source complexity of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake and its strongest aftershock revealed by elementary seismological analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23305, doi: 10.1029/2009GL041331.
57. Pondrelli, S., S. Salimbeni, A. Morelli, G. Ekstrom, M. Olivieri, and, E. Boschi, (2010), Seismic moment tensors of the April 2009, L'Aquila (Central Italy), earthquake sequence, Geophys. J. Int. (2010) 180, 238-242 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04418.x
58. Poupinet, G., W. L. Ellsworth, and, J. Frechet, (1984), Monitoring velocity variations in the crust using earthquake doublets: An application to the Calaveras Fault, California, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5719-5731, doi: 10.1029/JB089iB07p05719. (Pubitemid 14620139)
59. Rice, J. R., C. Sammis, and, R. Parsons, (2005), Off-fault secondary failure induced by a dynamic slip pulse, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95 (1), 109-134, doi: 10.1785/0120030166. (Pubitemid 40621476)
60. Rowe, C. A., R. C. Aster, B. Borchers, and, C. J. Young, (2002), An automatic, adaptive algorithm for refining phase picks in large seismic data sets, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 92 (5), 1660-1674.
61. Sammis, C. G., and, J. R. Rice, (2001), Repeating earthquakes as low-stressdrop events at a border between locked and creeping fault patches, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 91, 532-537. (Pubitemid 32668109)
62. Savage, H. M., and, E. E. Brodsky, (2011), Collateral damage: Evolution with displacement of fracture distribution and secondary fault strands in fault damage zones, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B03405, doi: 10.1029/2010JB007665.
63. Schaff, D. P., and, G. C. Beroza, (2004), Coseismic and postseismic velocity changes measured by repeating earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B10302, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003011.
64. Schaff, D. P., and, F. Waldhauser, (2005). Waveform cross-correlation- based differential travel-time measurements at the Northern California Seismic Network, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 95, 2446-2461, doi 10.1785/0120040221. (Pubitemid 43159564)
65. Schaff, D. P., G. H. R. Bokelmann, G. C. Beroza, F. Waldhauser, and, W. L. Ellsworth, (2002), High resolution image of Calaveras Fault seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (B9), 2186, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000633.
66. Schaff, D. P., G. Bokelmann, W. L. Ellsworth, E. Zanzerkia, F. Waldhauser, and, G. C. Beroza, (2004), Optimizing correlation techniques for improved earthquake location, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94, 705-721, doi: 10.1785/0120020238. (Pubitemid 38708327)
67. Scholz, C. H., (2002), The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
68. Schorlemmer, D., F. Mele, and, W. Marzocchi, (2010), A completeness analysis of the National Seismic Network of Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B04308, doi: 10.1029/2008JB006097.
69. Scognamiglio, L., E. Tinti, A. Michelini, D. S. Dreger, A. Cirella, M. Cocco, S. Mazza, and, A. Piatanesi, (2010), Fast determination of moment tensors and rupture history: What has been learned from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake sequence, Seismol. Res. Lett., 81, 892-906, doi: 10.1785/gssrl.81.6. 892.
70. Uchida, N., J. Nakajima, A. Hasegawa, and, T. Matsuzawa, (2009), What controls interplate coupling?: Evidence for abrupt change in coupling across a border between two overlying plates in the NE Japan subduction zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 283, 111-121.
71. Valoroso, L., L. Improta, L. Chiaraluce, R. Di Stefano, L. Ferranti, A. Govoni, and, C. Chiarabba, (2009), Active faults and induced seismicity in the Val d'Agri region (southern Apennines, Italy), Geophys. J. Int., 178, 488-502, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04166.x.
72. Vermilye, J. M., and, C. H. Scholz, (1998), The process zone: A microstructural view of fault growth, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (B6), 12,223-12,237, doi: 10.1029/98JB00957.
73. Vidale, J. E., W. L. Ellsworth, A. Cole, and, C. Marone, (1994), Variations in rupture process with recurrence interval in a repeated small earthquake, Nature, 368, 624-626.
74. Waldhauser, F., (2001), hypoDD: A program to compute double-difference hypocenter locations, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep., 01-113.
75. Waldhauser, F., (2009), Near-real-time double-difference event location using long-term seismic archives, with application to Northern California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 99, 5, 2736-2748, doi: 10.1785/0120080294
76. Waldhauser, F., and, W. L. Ellsworth, (2000), A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the northern Hayward Fault, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 1353-1368, doi: 10.1785/0120000006. (Pubitemid 32320385)
77. Waldhauser, F., and, D. P. Schaff, (2008), Large-scale relocation of two decades of Northern California seismicity using cross-correlation and double-difference methods, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B08311, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005479.
78. Wiemer, S., (2001), A software package to analyze seismicity: ZMAP, Seismol. Res. Lett. 72, 2.
79. Wiemer, S., and, M. Wyss, (2000), Minimum magnitude of complete reporting in earthquake catalogs: Examples from Alaska, the Western United States, and Japan, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 859-869.
80. W 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake surface rupture measured using a terrestrial laser scanner, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10309, doi: 10.1029/2010GL043099.