Assessment of prescribing practices at the primary healthcare facilities in Botswana with an emphasis on antibiotics: Findings and implications

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 71, Issue 12, 2017, Pages

  Mashalla, Yohana ^a   Setlhare, Vincent ^a   Massele, Amos ^a   Sepako, Enoch ^a   Tiroyakgosi, Celda ^b   Kgatlwane, Joyce ^a   Chuma, Mpo ^a   Godman, Brian ^c,d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA   (Botswana)

^b Department of HIV AIDS Prevention and Care   (Botswana)

^c KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

antibiotics prescribing; Botswana; inappropriate drug use; prescribing indicators; primary healthcare

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CLOXACILLIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; MACROLIDE; METRONIDAZOLE; PENICILLIN G; PENICILLIN V; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TETRACYCLINE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACNE; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; ASTHMA; BACKACHE; BOTSWANA; BREAST ENGORGEMENT; BRONCHITIS; BURN; CHICKENPOX; CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; COMMON COLD; CONJUNCTIVITIS; CONSTIPATION; COUGHING; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; CYSTALGIA; DACRYOCYSTITIS; DEHYDRATION; DENTAL CARIES; DERMATOMYCOSIS; DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG USE; DYSURIA; ENTERITIS; EPIGASTRIC PAIN; EXUDATE; FEVER; FINGER FRACTURE; FURUNCULOSIS; HEADACHE; HEARTBURN; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; INAPPROPRIATE PRESCRIBING; INJURY; JAW PAIN; LARYNGITIS; LOSS OF APPETITE; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; MYALGIA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NOSE OBSTRUCTION; OCULAR PRURITUS; ORCHITIS; OTITIS MEDIA; OVARY CYST; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; PELVIC PAIN; PHARYNGITIS; PLEURA THICKENING; PRESCRIPTION; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEPSIS; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SKIN ABSCESS; SKIN ALLERGY; SWELLING; THORAX PAIN; TONSILLITIS; TOOTH PAIN; TRACHEITIS; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; URETHRAL DISCHARGE; VAGINA DISCHARGE; VAGINAL PRURITUS; VIRUS INFECTION; WOUND; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BOTSWANA; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS; HUMANS; INAPPROPRIATE PRESCRIBING; PRACTICE PATTERNS, PHYSICIANS'; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 85035211913     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: 17421241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13042     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. WHO. The rational use of drugs. Report of a conference of experts, Nairobi, 25–29 November 1985. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17054e/s17054e.pdf.
2. Ofori-Asenso R, Brhlikova P, Pollock AM. Prescribing indicators at primary health care centers within the WHO African region: a systematic analysis (1995-2015). BMC Public Health. 2016;16:724.
3. Fitchett JR, Atun R. Antimicrobial resistance: opportunity for Europe to establish global leadership. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:388-389.
4. Oxford J, Kozlov R. Antibiotic resistance – a call to arms for primary healthcare providers. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;180(Suppl.):1-3.
5. Collignon P, Athukorala PC, Senanayake S, Khan F. Antimicrobial resistance: the major contribution of poor governance and corruption to this growing problem. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0116746.
6. WHO. Irrational drug use causing rise of anti-microbial resistance, 2005. http://www.who.int/management/anmicrobialresistance.pdf
7. Bhatt SP. Rational use of medicine. Int J Pharm Res. 2010;2:69.
8. WHO. World medicine situation report. Geneva, 2011. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/world_medicines_situation/WMS_ch6_wPricing_v6.pdf.
9. WHO. How to investigate drug use in health facilities: selected drug use indicators. EDM research series no. 00, 1993. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2289e/
10. Ofori-Asenso R. Irrational use of medicines—a summary of key concepts. Pharmacy. 2016;4:35.
11. Nakwatumbah S, Kibuule D, Godman B, et al. Compliance to guidelines for the prescribing of antibiotics in acute infections at Namibia's national referral hospital: a pilot study and the implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017;15:713-721.
12. Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health. Using indicators to measure country pharmaceutical situation fact book on WHO level I and level II monitoring indicators; 2006. http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHOTCM2006.2A.pdf
13. Dumoulin J, Kaddar M, Velasquez G. Guide to the drug financing mechanisms. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2928e/
14. Holloway KA, Ivanovska V, Wagner AK, Vialle-Valentin C, Ross-Degnan D. How we improved use of medicines in developing and transitional countries and do we know how to? Two decades of evidence. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18:656-664.
15. Llor C, Bjerrum L. Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem. Ther Adv Drug Safety. 2014;5:229-241.
16. Desta Z, Abula T, Beyene L, Fantahun M, Yohannes AG, Ayalew S. Assessment of rational drug use and prescribing in primary health care facilities in North West Ethiopia. East Afr Med J. 1997;74:758-763.
17. Olayemi SO, Akinyede AA, Oreagba AI. Prescription pattern at primary health care centres in Lagos. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2006;13:220-224.
18. Risk R, Naismith H, Brunett A, Moore SE, Cham M, Unger S. Rational prescribing in paediatrics in a resource-limited setting. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98:503-509.
19. van der Velden AW, Bell J, Sessa A, Duerden M, Altiner A. Sore throat: effective communication delivers improved diagnosis, enhanced self-care and more rational use of antibiotics. Int J Clin Pract. 2013; 67 (Suppl. 180):10-16.
20. Mohlala G, Peltzer K, Phaswana-Mafuya N. Namlagan S, Namlagan S. Drug prescription habits in public and private health facilities in 2 provinces in South Africa. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16:324-328.
21. Bosu WK, Ofori-Adeji D. An audit of prescribing practices in health care facilities of the Wassa West Disctrict of Ghana. West Afr J Med. 2000;19:298-303.
22. Massele A, Nsimba S, Fulgence J. A survey of prescribing practices of health care workers in Kibaha District in Tanzania. Tanz J Med. 2007;22:31-33.
23. Dyar OJ, Beovic B, Vlahovic-Palcevski V, Verheij T, Pulcini C. How can we improve antibiotic prescribing in primary care? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14:403-413.
24. Teng CL, Nik-Sherina H, Ng CJ, Chia YC, Atiya AS. Antibiotic prescribing for childhood febrile illness by primary care doctors in Malaysia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006;42:612-617.
25. Teng CL, Tong SF, Khoo EM, et al. Antibiotics for URTI and UTI: prescribing in Malaysian primary care settings. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40:325-329.
26. Mohd Fozi K, Kamaliah MN. The effect of profiling report on antibiotic prescription for upper respiratory tract infection. Malays Fam Physician. 2013;8:26-31.
27. Md Rezal RS, Hassali MA, Alrasheedy AA, Saleem F, Md Yusof FA, Godman B. Physician's knowledge, perceptions and behaviour towards antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev anti-Infect Ther. 2015;13:665-680.
28. World Health Organisation. Declaration of Alma-Ata. International Conference on Primary Health Care, 1978. www.who.int/publications/almaata_declaration_en.pdf?ua=1
29. Ministry of Health. Botswana treatment guidelines 1992. MoH and National Standing Committee on Drugs, Gaborone.
30. Moffat HJ. Prescribing practices study. Gaborone: Ministry of Health; 1988.
31. Boonstra E, Linbaek M, Khulumani P, Ngome P, Fugelli P. Adherence to treatment guidelines in primary health care facilities in Botswana. Trop Med Int Health. 2002;7:178-186.
32. Boonstra E, Linbaek M, Ngome P. Adherence to management guidelines in acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea in children under 5 years old in primary health care in Botswana. Int J Qual Health Care. 2005;17:221-227.
33. Mashalla YJ, Sepako E, Setlhare V, Chuma M, Bulang M, Massele Y. Availability of guidelines and policy documents for enhancing performance of practitioners at the Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in Gaborone, Tlokweng and Mogoditshane, Republic of Botswana. J Publ Health Epid 2016;8:127-135.
34. Ministry of Health. The Botswana essential drug list (2nd ed). 2012. http://www.moh.gov.bw/
35. Coenen S, Ferech M, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, et al. European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic use in Europe. Qual Saf Health Care. 2007;16:440-445.
36. Adriaenssens N, Coenen S, Versporten A, Muller A, Vankerckhoven V, Goossens H. European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): quality appraisal of antibiotic use in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(Suppl. 6):vi71-7
37. WHO. Antimicrobial Medicines Consumption (AMC) Network, 2017. http://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/antimicrobial-medicines-consumption-amc-network.-amc-data-20112014-2017
38. Versporten A, Bolokhovets G, Ghazaryan L, et al. Antibiotic use in eastern Europe: a cross-national database study in coordination with the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:381-387.
39. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_publications/guidelines
40. Vittinghoff E, Glidden DV, Shiboski SC, McCulloch CE. Regression methods in biostatistics: Linear, logistic, survival and repeated measures models. New York, NY: Springer Science Business, Inc; 2005.
41. WHO, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health (2009). Medicines use in primary care in developing and transitional countries Fact Book summarising results from studies reported between 1990 and 2006. http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/who_emp_2009.3/en/
42. WHO. Community-based surveillance of antimicrobial use and resistance in resource-constrained settings. Report from five pilot projects. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16168e/s16168e.pdf
43. Massele AY, Nsimba SE, Rimoy G. Prescribing habits in church-owned primary health care facilities in Dar es Salaam and other Tanzanian coast regions. East Afr Med J. 2001;78:510-514.
44. Salmasi S, Ming LC, Khan TM. Interaction and medical inducement between pharmaceutical representatives and physicians: a meta-synthesis. J Pharmaceut Pol Pract. 2016;9:37.
45. Spurling GK, Mansfield PR, Montgomery BD, et al. Information from pharmaceutical companies and the quality, quantity, and cost of physicians’ prescribing: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000352.
46. Fleischman W, Agrawal S, King M, et al. Association between payments from manufacturers of pharmaceuticals to physicians and regional prescribing: cross sectional ecological study. BMJ. 2016;354:i4189.
47. Godman B, Bishop I, Finlayson AE, Campbell S, Kwon HY, Bennie M. Reforms and initiatives in Scotland in recent years to encourage the prescribing of generic drugs, their influence and implications for other countries. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;13:469-482.
48. Godman B, Baker A, Leporowski A, et al. Initiatives to increase the prescribing of low cost generics; the case of Scotland in the international context. Med Res Arch. 2017;5:1-34.
49. UNAIDS Gap Report, 2016. http://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/botswana
50. Isah H. Prescription patterns among care providers in Catholic-church-owned primary health care facilities in Northern Ecclesiastical provinces of Abuja, Jos and Kaduna, Nigeria. Preliminary findings. J Pharm Allied Sci. 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jophas.v5i2.48470
51. Kibuule D, Kagoya HR, Godman B. Antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections in under-fives in Uganda: findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14:863-872.
52. Trap B, Hansen EH, Hogerzeil HV. Prescription habits of dispensing and non-dispensing doctors in Zimbabwe. Health Policy Plan. 2002;17:288-295.
53. Tamuno I. Traditional medicine for HIV infected patients in antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary hospital in Kano, North-west Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4:152-155.
54. Rezal RS, Hassali MA, Alrasheedy AA, et al. Prescribing patterns for upper respiratory tract infections: a prescription-review of primary care practice in Kedah, Malaysia, and the implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13:1547-1556.
55. NHS Scotland. National Therapeutic Indicators 2014/ 2015. http://www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/publications/DC20141201nti.pdf
56. Desrosiers M, Evans GA, Keith PK, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2011;7:1-38.
57. Appropriate use of amoxycillin clavulanate BPJ. 2011; 38: 28-33. http://www.bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2011/September/docs/bpj_38_amoxicillin_pages_28-33.pdf
58. Dancer SJ. The problem with cephalosporins. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;48:463-478.
59. NICE. Clostridium difficile infection: risk with broad spectrum antibiotics. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/esmpb1/resources/clostridium-difficile-infection-risk-with-broadspectrum-antibiotics-1502609568697285
60. Mainz J. Defining and classifying clinical indicators for quality improvement. Int J Qual Health Care. 2003;15:523-530.
61. van Dijk L, de Jong JD, Westert GP, de Bakker DH. Variation in formulary adherence in general practice over time (2003-2007). Fam Pract. 2011;28:624-631.
62. Shapiro DJ, Hicks LA, Pavia AT, Hersh AL. Antibiotic prescribing for adults in ambulatory care in the USA, 2007-09. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:234-240.
63. Ivanovska V, Hek K, Mantel Teeuwisse AK, Leufkens HG, Nielen MM, van Dijk L. Antibiotic prescribing for children in primary care and adherence to treatment guidelines. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:1707-1714.
64. Dekker AR, Verheij TJ, van der Velden AW. Inappropriate antibiotic prescription for respiratory tract indications: most prominent in adult patients. Fam Pract. 2015;32:401-407.
65. Butler CC, Kinnersley P, Prout H, Rollnick S, Edwards A, Elwyn G. Antibiotics and shared decision-making in primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;48:435-440.
66. Bjorkhem-Bergman L, Andersen-Karlsson E, Laing R, et al. Interface mnagement of pharmacotherapy. Joint hospital and primary care drug recommendations. Eur J Clin Pharm. 2013;69(suppl. 1):73-78.
67. Kibuule D, Mubita M, Naikaku E, Kalemeera F, Godman BB, Sagwa E. An analysis of policies for cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin and azithromycin use in Namibia's public sector: Findings and therapeutic implications. Int J Clin Pract. 2017;71:e12918.