메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 229-241

Antimicrobial resistance: Risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistance; point of care tests; primary care; rational use of antibiotics; strategies

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CLAVULANIC ACID; NON PRESCRIPTION DRUG;

EID: 84911134714     PISSN: 20420986     EISSN: 20420994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2042098614554919     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (1194)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 34548136182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing antibiotic prescriptions for acute cough by motivating GPs to change their attitudes to communication and empowering patients: A cluster-randomized intervention study
    • Altiner A. Brockmann S. Sielk M. Wilm S. Wegscheider K. Abholz H. (2007) Reducing antibiotic prescriptions for acute cough by motivating GPs to change their attitudes to communication and empowering patients: A cluster-randomized intervention study. J Antimicrob Chemother 60: 638–644.
    • (2007) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.60 , pp. 638-644
    • Altiner, A.1    Brockmann, S.2    Sielk, M.3    Wilm, S.4    Wegscheider, K.5    Abholz, H.6
  • 2
    • 33644876652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care
    • Arnold S. Straus S. (2005) Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD003539.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4 , pp. CD003539
    • Arnold, S.1    Straus, S.2
  • 3
    • 23844531204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in antibiotic prescribing and consultation rates for acute respiratory infection in UK practices 1995–2000
    • Ashworth M. Charlton J. Ballard K. Latinovic R. Gulliford M. (2005) Variations in antibiotic prescribing and consultation rates for acute respiratory infection in UK practices 1995–2000. Br J Gen Pract 55: 603–608.
    • (2005) Br J Gen Pract , vol.55 , pp. 603-608
    • Ashworth, M.1    Charlton, J.2    Ballard, K.3    Latinovic, R.4    Gulliford, M.5
  • 4
    • 73349089009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of rapid streptococcal test on antibiotic use in a pediatric emergency department
    • Ayanruoh S. Waseem M. Quee F. Humphrey A. Reynolds T. (2009) Impact of rapid streptococcal test on antibiotic use in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 25: 748–750.
    • (2009) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.25 , pp. 748-750
    • Ayanruoh, S.1    Waseem, M.2    Quee, F.3    Humphrey, A.4    Reynolds, T.5
  • 5
    • 2342504476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of macrolide consumption on erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Finland in 1997–2001
    • Bergman M. Huikko S. Pihlajamäki M. Laippala P. Palva E. Huovinen P. (2004) Effect of macrolide consumption on erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Finland in 1997–2001. Clin Infect Dis 38: 1251–1256.
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38 , pp. 1251-1256
    • Bergman, M.1    Huikko, S.2    Pihlajamäki, M.3    Laippala, P.4    Palva, E.5    Huovinen, P.6
  • 6
    • 4544274206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein measurement in general practice may lead to lower antibiotic prescribing for sinusitis
    • Bjerrum L. Gahrn-Hansen B. Munck A. (2004) C-reactive protein measurement in general practice may lead to lower antibiotic prescribing for sinusitis. Br J Gen Pract 54: 659–662.
    • (2004) Br J Gen Pract , vol.54 , pp. 659-662
    • Bjerrum, L.1    Gahrn-Hansen, B.2    Munck, A.3
  • 7
    • 79959235089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Alliance for prudent antibiotic prescribing in patients with respiratory tract infections (HAPPY AUDIT) -impact of a non-randomised multifaceted intervention programme
    • Bjerrum L. Munck A. Gahrn-Hansen B. Hansen M. Jarbol D. Cordoba G. (2011) Health Alliance for prudent antibiotic prescribing in patients with respiratory tract infections (HAPPY AUDIT) -impact of a non-randomised multifaceted intervention programme. BMC Fam Pract 12: 52.
    • (2011) BMC Fam Pract , vol.12 , pp. 52
    • Bjerrum, L.1    Munck, A.2    Gahrn-Hansen, B.3    Hansen, M.4    Jarbol, D.5    Cordoba, G.6
  • 8
    • 0036774045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Over-the-counter acquisition of antibiotics in the Maltese general population
    • Borg M. Sciclunca E. (2002) Over-the-counter acquisition of antibiotics in the Maltese general population. Int J Antimicrob Agents 20: 253–257.
    • (2002) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.20 , pp. 253-257
    • Borg, M.1    Sciclunca, E.2
  • 9
    • 84878278251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10 × ′20 progress–development of new drugs active against Gram-negative bacilli: an update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Boucher H. Talbot G. Benjamin D. Jr Bradley J. Guidos R. Jones R. (2013) 10 × ′20 progress–development of new drugs active against Gram-negative bacilli: an update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 56: 1685–1694.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.56 , pp. 1685-1694
    • Boucher, H.1    Talbot, G.2    Benjamin, D.3    Bradley, J.4    Guidos, R.5    Jones, R.6
  • 10
    • 0032486965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the culture of prescribing: qualitative study of general practitioners– and patients– perceptions of antibiotics for sore throats
    • Butler C. Rollnick S. Pill R. Maggs-Rapport F. Stott N. (1998) Understanding the culture of prescribing: qualitative study of general practitioners– and patients– perceptions of antibiotics for sore throats. BMJ 317: 637–642.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.317 , pp. 637-642
    • Butler, C.1    Rollnick, S.2    Pill, R.3    Maggs-Rapport, F.4    Stott, N.5
  • 11
    • 84858325834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of multifaceted educational programme to reduce antibiotic dispensing in primary care: practice based randomised controlled trial
    • Butler C. Simpson S. Dunstan F. Rollnick S. Cohen D. Gillespie D. (2012) Effectiveness of multifaceted educational programme to reduce antibiotic dispensing in primary care: practice based randomised controlled trial. BMJ 344: d8173.
    • (2012) BMJ , vol.344 , pp. d8173
    • Butler, C.1    Simpson, S.2    Dunstan, F.3    Rollnick, S.4    Cohen, D.5    Gillespie, D.6
  • 12
    • 35048860802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence based management of acute bronchitis; sustained competence of enhanced communication skills acquisition in general practice
    • Cals J.W. Scheppers N.A. Hopstaken R.M. Hood K. Dinant G.J. Goettsch H. (2007) Evidence based management of acute bronchitis; sustained competence of enhanced communication skills acquisition in general practice. Patient Educ Couns 68: 270–278.
    • (2007) Patient Educ Couns , vol.68 , pp. 270-278
    • Cals, J.W.1    Scheppers, N.A.2    Hopstaken, R.M.3    Hood, K.4    Dinant, G.J.5    Goettsch, H.6
  • 13
    • 67650081378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of point of care testing for C reactive protein and training in communication skills on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial
    • Cals J. Butler C. Hopstaken R. Hood K. Severens J. Dinant G. (2009) Effect of point of care testing for C reactive protein and training in communication skills on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial. BMJ 338: b1374.
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.338 , pp. b1374
    • Cals, J.1    Butler, C.2    Hopstaken, R.3    Hood, K.4    Severens, J.5    Dinant, G.6
  • 14
    • 84875333793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced communication skills and C-reactive protein point-of-care testing for respiratory tract infection: 3.5-year follow-up of a cluster randomized trial
    • Cals J. de Bock L. Beckers P. Francis N. Hopstaken R. Hood K. (2013) Enhanced communication skills and C-reactive protein point-of-care testing for respiratory tract infection: 3.5-year follow-up of a cluster randomized trial. Ann Fam Med 11: 157–164.
    • (2013) Ann Fam Med , vol.11 , pp. 157-164
    • Cals, J.1    de Bock, L.2    Beckers, P.3    Francis, N.4    Hopstaken, R.5    Hood, K.6
  • 15
    • 77949310958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing and antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial
    • Cals J. Schot M. de Jong S. Dinant G. Hopstaken R. (2010) Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing and antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med 8: 124–133.
    • (2010) Ann Fam Med , vol.8 , pp. 124-133
    • Cals, J.1    Schot, M.2    de Jong, S.3    Dinant, G.4    Hopstaken, R.5
  • 16
    • 84888604832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Point-of-care tests in general practice: hope or hype?
    • Cals J. van Weert H. (2013) Point-of-care tests in general practice: hope or hype? Eur J Gen Pract 19: 251–256.
    • (2013) Eur J Gen Pract , vol.19 , pp. 251-256
    • Cals, J.1    van Weert, H.2
  • 18
    • 84934776063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diseases/pathogens associated with antimicrobial resistance
    • Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Diseases/pathogens associated with antimicrobial resistance. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/DiseasesConnectedAR.html (Accessed: 24 August 2014).
    • (2012)
  • 19
    • 34247519288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review article: drug hepatotoxicity
    • Chang C. Schiano T. (2007) Review article: drug hepatotoxicity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 25: 1135–1151.
    • (2007) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.25 , pp. 1135-1151
    • Chang, C.1    Schiano, T.2
  • 20
    • 71049190564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogens resistant to antibacterial agents
    • Chen L. Chopra T. Kaye K. (2009) Pathogens resistant to antibacterial agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am 23: 817–845.
    • (2009) Infect Dis Clin North Am , vol.23 , pp. 817-845
    • Chen, L.1    Chopra, T.2    Kaye, K.3
  • 21
    • 84886256085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are patient views about antibiotics related to clinician perceptions, management and outcome? A multi-country study in outpatients with acute cough
    • Coenen S. Francis N. Kelly M. Hood K. Nuttall J. Little P. (2013) Are patient views about antibiotics related to clinician perceptions, management and outcome? A multi-country study in outpatients with acute cough. PLoS One 8: e76691.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. e76691
    • Coenen, S.1    Francis, N.2    Kelly, M.3    Hood, K.4    Nuttall, J.5    Little, P.6
  • 22
    • 84907743178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPs feel pressurised to prescribe unnecessary antibiotics, survey finds
    • Cole A. (2014) GPs feel pressurised to prescribe unnecessary antibiotics, survey finds. BMJ 349: g5238.
    • (2014) BMJ , vol.349 , pp. g5238
    • Cole, A.1
  • 23
    • 77953917693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Costelloe C. Metcalfe C. Lovering A. Mant D. Hay A. (2010) Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 340: c2096.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.340 , pp. c2096
    • Costelloe, C.1    Metcalfe, C.2    Lovering, A.3    Mant, D.4    Hay, A.5
  • 25
    • 84993698653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chief Medical Officer Annual Report 2011: Volume 2
    • Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014
    • Department of Health (2012) Chief Medical Officer Annual Report 2011: Volume 2. Available at: http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/chief-medical-officer-annual-report-volume-2 (Accessed: 24 August 2014).
    • (2012)
  • 26
    • 0035368554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in use of antibiotics in Europe: the role of cultural aspects
    • Deschepper R. Vander Stichele R. (2001) Differences in use of antibiotics in Europe: the role of cultural aspects. Pharm Weekbl 136: 794–797.
    • (2001) Pharm Weekbl , vol.136 , pp. 794-797
    • Deschepper, R.1    Vander Stichele, R.2
  • 27
    • 84907413467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflexive culture in adolescents and adults with group A streptococcal pharyngitis
    • Dingle T. Abbott A. Fang F. (2014) Reflexive culture in adolescents and adults with group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis 59: 643–650.
    • (2014) Clin Infect Dis , vol.59 , pp. 643-650
    • Dingle, T.1    Abbott, A.2    Fang, F.3
  • 28
    • 84872323887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How long does a cough last? Comparing patients– expectations with data from a systematic review of the literature
    • Ebell M.H. Lundgren J. Youngpairoj S. (2013) How long does a cough last? Comparing patients– expectations with data from a systematic review of the literature. Ann Fam Med 11: 5–13.
    • (2013) Ann Fam Med , vol.11 , pp. 5-13
    • Ebell, M.H.1    Lundgren, J.2    Youngpairoj, S.3
  • 29
    • 80052558161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eurobarometer 338. Antimicrobial resistance
    • Survey carried out by TNS Opinion & Social at the request of the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers. Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014
    • European Commission (2010) Eurobarometer 338. Antimicrobial resistance. Survey carried out by TNS Opinion & Social at the request of the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/antimicrobial_resistance/docs/ebs_338_en.pdf (Accessed: 24 August 2014).
    • (2010)
  • 30
    • 84917737997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveillance report. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe. 2010
    • Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014
    • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2010) Surveillance report. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe. 2010. Available at: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-antibiotic-consumption-ESAC-report-2010-data.pdf (Accessed: 24 August 2014).
    • (2010)
  • 31
    • 84879964675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe
    • Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014
    • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2011) Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe. Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Available at: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-europe-2011.pdf (Accessed: 24 August 2014).
    • (2011)
  • 32
    • 84993779009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Key messages for primary care prescribers
    • Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014)
    • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2014) Key messages for primary care prescribers. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/pages/messagesforprescribers.aspx (Accessed: 24 August 2014)
    • (2014)
  • 33
    • 53249121015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections: Characteristics and outcome in a series of 28 patients
    • Falagas M. Rafailidis P. Matthaiou D. Virtzili S. Nikita D. Michalopoulos A. (2008) Pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections: Characteristics and outcome in a series of 28 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 32: 450–454.
    • (2008) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.32 , pp. 450-454
    • Falagas, M.1    Rafailidis, P.2    Matthaiou, D.3    Virtzili, S.4    Nikita, D.5    Michalopoulos, A.6
  • 34
    • 1842530162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of a bedside C-reactive protein test in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in adults with acute cough
    • Flanders S. Stein J. Shochat G. Sellers K. Holland M. Maselli J. (2004) Performance of a bedside C-reactive protein test in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in adults with acute cough. Am J Med 116: 529–535.
    • (2004) Am J Med , vol.116 , pp. 529-535
    • Flanders, S.1    Stein, J.2    Shochat, G.3    Sellers, K.4    Holland, M.5    Maselli, J.6
  • 35
    • 69449090023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of using an interactive booklet about childhood respiratory tract infections in primary care consultations on reconsulting and antibiotic prescribing: A cluster-randomised controlled trial
    • Francis N. Butler C. Hood K. Simpson S. Wood F. Nuttall J. (2009) Effect of using an interactive booklet about childhood respiratory tract infections in primary care consultations on reconsulting and antibiotic prescribing: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ 339: b2885.
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.339 , pp. b2885
    • Francis, N.1    Butler, C.2    Hood, K.3    Simpson, S.4    Wood, F.5    Nuttall, J.6
  • 36
    • 84874928209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cluster randomized trial of decision support strategies for reducing antibiotic use in acute bronchitis
    • Gonzales R. Anderer T. McCulloch C. Maselli J. Bloom F. Jr Graf T. (2013) A cluster randomized trial of decision support strategies for reducing antibiotic use in acute bronchitis. JAMA Intern Med 173: 267–273.
    • (2013) JAMA Intern Med , vol.173 , pp. 267-273
    • Gonzales, R.1    Anderer, T.2    McCulloch, C.3    Maselli, J.4    Bloom, F.5    Graf, T.6
  • 37
    • 13844254907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: A cross-national database study
    • and
    • Goossens H. Ferech M. Vander Stichele R. Elseviers M. and ESAC Project Group. (2005) Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: A cross-national database study. Lancet 365: 579–587.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , pp. 579-587
    • Goossens, H.1    Ferech, M.2    Vander Stichele, R.3    Elseviers, M.4
  • 38
    • 19344374675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance determinants and future control
    • Harbart S. Samore M. (2005) Antimicrobial resistance determinants and future control. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 794–801.
    • (2005) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 794-801
    • Harbart, S.1    Samore, M.2
  • 39
    • 84893057232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can 88% of patients with acute lower respiratory infection all be special?
    • Hay A. Tilling K. (2014) Can 88% of patients with acute lower respiratory infection all be special? Br J Gen Pract 64: 60–62.
    • (2014) Br J Gen Pract , vol.64 , pp. 60-62
    • Hay, A.1    Tilling, K.2
  • 40
    • 78349311509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiresistant gram-negative infections: A global perspective
    • Ho J. Tambyah P. Paterson D. (2010) Multiresistant gram-negative infections: A global perspective. Curr Opin Infect Dis 23: 546–553.
    • (2010) Curr Opin Infect Dis , vol.23 , pp. 546-553
    • Ho, J.1    Tambyah, P.2    Paterson, D.3
  • 41
    • 84890899357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preserving antibiotics, rationally
    • Hollis A. Ahmed Z. (2013) Preserving antibiotics, rationally. N Engl J Med 369: 2474–2476.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.369 , pp. 2474-2476
    • Hollis, A.1    Ahmed, Z.2
  • 42
    • 0038701825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions of symptoms, signs, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein to a diagnosis of pneumonia in acute lower respiratory tract infection
    • Hopstaken R. Muris J. Knottnerus J. Kester A. Rinkens P. Dinant G. (2003) Contributions of symptoms, signs, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein to a diagnosis of pneumonia in acute lower respiratory tract infection. Br J Gen Pract 53: 358–364.
    • (2003) Br J Gen Pract , vol.53 , pp. 358-364
    • Hopstaken, R.1    Muris, J.2    Knottnerus, J.3    Kester, A.4    Rinkens, P.5    Dinant, G.6
  • 43
    • 84887316110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects on antibiotic dispensing rates of interventions to promote delayed prescribing for respiratory tract infections in primary care
    • Høye S. Gjelstad S. Lindbæk M. (2013) Effects on antibiotic dispensing rates of interventions to promote delayed prescribing for respiratory tract infections in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 63: e777–e786.
    • (2013) Br J Gen Pract , vol.63 , pp. e777-e786
    • Høye, S.1    Gjelstad, S.2    Lindbæk, M.3
  • 44
    • 84887297397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between point-of-care CRP testing and antibiotic prescribing in respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of primary care studies
    • Huang Y. Chen R. Wu T. Wei X. Guo A. (2013) Association between point-of-care CRP testing and antibiotic prescribing in respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of primary care studies. Br J Gen Pract 63: e787–e794.
    • (2013) Br J Gen Pract , vol.63 , pp. e787-e794
    • Huang, Y.1    Chen, R.2    Wu, T.3    Wei, X.4    Guo, A.5
  • 45
    • 76849102968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach
    • Hulscher M. Grol R. van der Meer J. (2010) Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach. Lancet Infect Dis 10: 167–175.
    • (2010) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 167-175
    • Hulscher, M.1    Grol, R.2    van der Meer, J.3
  • 46
    • 33645464516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of acute pharyngitis in adults: reliability of rapid streptococcal tests and clinical findings
    • Humair J. Revaz S. Bovier P. Stalder H. (2006) Management of acute pharyngitis in adults: reliability of rapid streptococcal tests and clinical findings. Arch Intern Med 166: 640–644.
    • (2006) Arch Intern Med , vol.166 , pp. 640-644
    • Humair, J.1    Revaz, S.2    Bovier, P.3    Stalder, H.4
  • 47
    • 72149120292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in high-income countries
    • Huttner B. Goossens H. Verheij T. Harbarth S. (2010) Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in high-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis 10: 17–31.
    • (2010) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 17-31
    • Huttner, B.1    Goossens, H.2    Verheij, T.3    Harbarth, S.4
  • 48
    • 79953871631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combating antimicrobial resistance: policy recommendations to save lives
    • (Suppl. 5)
    • Infectious Diseases Society of America, Spellberg B. Blaser M. Guidos R. Boucher H. Bradley J. (2011) Combating antimicrobial resistance: policy recommendations to save lives. Clin Infect Dis 52(Suppl. 5): S397–S428.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.52 , pp. S397-S428
    • Spellberg, B.1    Blaser, M.2    Guidos, R.3    Boucher, H.4    Bradley, J.5
  • 49
    • 84891674279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis
    • Kenealy T. Arroll B. (2013) Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6: CD000247.
    • (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.6 , pp. CD000247
    • Kenealy, T.1    Arroll, B.2
  • 50
    • 84883217791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations between income inequality and antimicrobial resistance
    • Kirby A. Herbert A. (2013) Correlations between income inequality and antimicrobial resistance. PLoS One 8: e73115.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. e73115
    • Kirby, A.1    Herbert, A.2
  • 51
    • 51549114537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the treatment of serious bacterial infections: Getting it right up front
    • Kollef M. (2008) Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the treatment of serious bacterial infections: Getting it right up front. Clin Infect Dis 47: S3–S13.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , pp. S3-S13
    • Kollef, M.1
  • 52
    • 0037452238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for sore throat? Grounded theory interview study
    • Kumar S. Little P. Britten N. (2003) Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for sore throat? Grounded theory interview study. BMJ 326: 138.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.326 , pp. 138
    • Kumar, S.1    Little, P.2    Britten, N.3
  • 54
    • 0030840073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reattendance and complications in a randomised trial of prescribing strategies for sore throat: the medicalising effect of prescribing antibiotics
    • Little P. Gould C. Williamson I. Warner G. Gantley M. Kinmonth A. (1997) Reattendance and complications in a randomised trial of prescribing strategies for sore throat: the medicalising effect of prescribing antibiotics. BMJ 315: 350–352.
    • (1997) BMJ , vol.315 , pp. 350-352
    • Little, P.1    Gould, C.2    Williamson, I.3    Warner, G.4    Gantley, M.5    Kinmonth, A.6
  • 55
    • 84872618707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amoxicillin for acute lower-respiratory-tract infection in primary care when pneumonia is not suspected: a 12-country, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
    • Little P. Stuart B. Moore M. Coenen S. Butler C. Godycki-Cwirko M. (2013a) Amoxicillin for acute lower-respiratory-tract infection in primary care when pneumonia is not suspected: a 12-country, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 13: 123–129.
    • (2013) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 123-129
    • Little, P.1    Stuart, B.2    Moore, M.3    Coenen, S.4    Butler, C.5    Godycki-Cwirko, M.6
  • 56
    • 84888997181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of suppurative complications for acute sore throat in primary care: prospective clinical cohort study
    • Little P. Stuart B. Hobbs F. Butler C. Hay A. Campbell J. (2013b) Predictors of suppurative complications for acute sore throat in primary care: prospective clinical cohort study. BMJ 347: f6867.
    • (2013) BMJ , vol.347 , pp. f6867
    • Little, P.1    Stuart, B.2    Hobbs, F.3    Butler, C.4    Hay, A.5    Campbell, J.6
  • 57
    • 84884979664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of internet-based training on antibiotic prescribing rates for acute respiratory-tract infections: a multinational, cluster, randomised, factorial, controlled trial
    • Little P. Stuart B. Francis N. Douglas E. Tonkin-Crine S. Anthierens S. (2013c) Effects of internet-based training on antibiotic prescribing rates for acute respiratory-tract infections: a multinational, cluster, randomised, factorial, controlled trial. Lancet 382: 1175–1182.
    • (2013) Lancet , vol.382 , pp. 1175-1182
    • Little, P.1    Stuart, B.2    Francis, N.3    Douglas, E.4    Tonkin-Crine, S.5    Anthierens, S.6
  • 58
    • 84896505213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed antibiotic prescribing strategies for respiratory tract infections in primary care: pragmatic, factorial, randomised controlled trial
    • Little P. Moore M. Kelly J. Williamson I. Leydon G. McDermott L. (2014a) Delayed antibiotic prescribing strategies for respiratory tract infections in primary care: pragmatic, factorial, randomised controlled trial. BMJ 348: g1606.
    • (2014) BMJ , vol.348 , pp. g1606
    • Little, P.1    Moore, M.2    Kelly, J.3    Williamson, I.4    Leydon, G.5    McDermott, L.6
  • 59
    • 84894290852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prescription strategies for acute sore throat: a prospective observational cohort study
    • Little P. Stuart B. Hobbs F. Butler C. Hay A. Delaney B. (2014b) Antibiotic prescription strategies for acute sore throat: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 14: 213–219.
    • (2014) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 213-219
    • Little, P.1    Stuart, B.2    Hobbs, F.3    Butler, C.4    Hay, A.5    Delaney, B.6
  • 60
    • 84862868998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current epidemiology and growing resistance of gram-negative pathogens
    • Livermore D. (2012) Current epidemiology and growing resistance of gram-negative pathogens. Korean J Intern Med 27: 128–142.
    • (2012) Korean J Intern Med , vol.27 , pp. 128-142
    • Livermore, D.1
  • 61
    • 84899892614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Better tests also in primary care
    • Llor C. Butler C. (2014) Better tests also in primary care. Clin Infect Dis 58: 1487–1488.
    • (2014) Clin Infect Dis , vol.58 , pp. 1487-1488
    • Llor, C.1    Butler, C.2
  • 62
    • 84867590448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Llor C. Moragas A. Hernández S. Bayona C. Miravitlles M. (2012) Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186: 716–723.
    • (2012) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.186 , pp. 716-723
    • Llor, C.1    Moragas, A.2    Hernández, S.3    Bayona, C.4    Miravitlles, M.5
  • 63
    • 77950294897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and tolerability of commonly prescribed oral antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory tract infections
    • 4 Suppl.)
    • Lode H. (2010) Safety and tolerability of commonly prescribed oral antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Am J Med 123 (4 Suppl.): S26–S38.
    • (2010) Am J Med , vol.123 , pp. S26-S38
    • Lode, H.1
  • 64
    • 56649111426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a rapid antigen detection test in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children and its impact on antibiotic prescription
    • Maltezou H. Tasgris V. Antoniadou A. Gourgoulis G. Katerelos P. Adamis G. (2008) Evaluation of a rapid antigen detection test in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children and its impact on antibiotic prescription. J Antimicrob Chemother 62: 1407–1412.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.62 , pp. 1407-1412
    • Maltezou, H.1    Tasgris, V.2    Antoniadou, A.3    Gourgoulis, G.4    Katerelos, P.5    Adamis, G.6
  • 65
    • 1842538095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults
    • McIsaac W. Kellner J. Aufricht P. Vanjaka A. Low D. (2004) Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults. JAMA 291: 1587–1595.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 1587-1595
    • McIsaac, W.1    Kellner, J.2    Aufricht, P.3    Vanjaka, A.4    Low, D.5
  • 66
    • 84880527632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expectations for consultations and antibiotics for respiratory tract infection in primary care: the RTI clinical iceberg
    • McNulty C. Nichols T. French D. Joshi P. Butler C. (2013) Expectations for consultations and antibiotics for respiratory tract infection in primary care: the RTI clinical iceberg. Br J Gen Pract 63: e429–436.
    • (2013) Br J Gen Pract , vol.63 , pp. e429-e436
    • McNulty, C.1    Nichols, T.2    French, D.3    Joshi, P.4    Butler, C.5
  • 67
    • 38349156759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained reduction of antibiotic use and low bacterial resistance: 10-year follow-up of the Swedish Strama programme
    • Mölstad S. Erntell M. Hanberger H. Melander E. Norman C. Skoog G. (2008) Sustained reduction of antibiotic use and low bacterial resistance: 10-year follow-up of the Swedish Strama programme. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 125–132.
    • (2008) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.8 , pp. 125-132
    • Mölstad, S.1    Erntell, M.2    Hanberger, H.3    Melander, E.4    Norman, C.5    Skoog, G.6
  • 68
    • 84870710164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Antibiotic Awareness Day 2012: TARGET antibiotics through guidance, education, and tools
    • Moore M. McNulty C. (2012) European Antibiotic Awareness Day 2012: TARGET antibiotics through guidance, education, and tools. Br J Gen Pract 62: 621–622.
    • (2012) Br J Gen Pract , vol.62 , pp. 621-622
    • Moore, M.1    McNulty, C.2
  • 69
    • 84893121691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amoxicillin for acute lower respiratory tract infection in primary care: subgroup analysis of potential high-risk groups
    • Moore M. Stuart B. Coenen S. Butler C. Goossens H. Verheij T. (2014) Amoxicillin for acute lower respiratory tract infection in primary care: subgroup analysis of potential high-risk groups. Br J Gen Pract 64: e75–e80.
    • (2014) Br J Gen Pract , vol.64 , pp. e75-e80
    • Moore, M.1    Stuart, B.2    Coenen, S.3    Butler, C.4    Goossens, H.5    Verheij, T.6
  • 72
    • 48349104739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Respiratory tract infections – antibiotic prescribing,. Guideline number
    • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2008) Prescribing of antibiotics for self-limiting respiratory tract infections in adults and children in primary care. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Respiratory tract infections – antibiotic prescribing. Guideline number 69.
    • (2008) Prescribing of antibiotics for self-limiting respiratory tract infections in adults and children in primary care , pp. 69
  • 73
    • 62749195559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The real threat of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing bacteria
    • Nordmann P. Cuzon G. Naas T. (2009) The real threat of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Lancet Infect Dis 9: 228–236.
    • (2009) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 228-236
    • Nordmann, P.1    Cuzon, G.2    Naas, T.3
  • 74
    • 77954879314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli: Changing epidemiology and clinical impact
    • Oteo J. Pérez-Vázquez M. Campos J. (2010) Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli: Changing epidemiology and clinical impact. Curr Opin Infect Dis 23: 320–326.
    • (2010) Curr Opin Infect Dis , vol.23 , pp. 320-326
    • Oteo, J.1    Pérez-Vázquez, M.2    Campos, J.3
  • 75
    • 84893267248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance–a call to arms for primary healthcare providers
    • Oxford J. Kozlov R. (2013) Antibiotic resistance–a call to arms for primary healthcare providers. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 180: 1–3.
    • (2013) Int J Clin Pract Suppl , vol.180 , pp. 1-3
    • Oxford, J.1    Kozlov, R.2
  • 76
    • 78049233262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis
    • Paul M. Shani V. Muchtar E. Kariv G. Robenshtok E. Leibovici L. (2010) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 4851–4863.
    • (2010) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.54 , pp. 4851-4863
    • Paul, M.1    Shani, V.2    Muchtar, E.3    Kariv, G.4    Robenshtok, E.5    Leibovici, L.6
  • 77
    • 29244442697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calling acute bronchitis a chest cold may improve patient satisfaction with appropriate antibiotic use
    • Phillips T.G. Hickner J. (2005) Calling acute bronchitis a chest cold may improve patient satisfaction with appropriate antibiotic use. J Am Board Fam Pract 18: 459–463.
    • (2005) J Am Board Fam Pract , pp. 459-463
    • Phillips, T.G.1    Hickner, J.2
  • 79
    • 84866403258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of Infection Guidance for Primary Care for Consultation and Local Adaptation
    • November, 2012, revised, February, 2013. Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014
    • Public Health England (2012) Management of Infection Guidance for Primary Care for Consultation and Local Adaptation. November 2012, revised February 2013. Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/PrimaryCareGuidance/ (Accessed: 24 August 2014).
    • (2012)
  • 81
    • 84875164559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The true cost of antimicrobial resistance
    • Smith R. Coast J. (2013) The true cost of antimicrobial resistance. BMJ 346: f1493.
    • (2013) BMJ , vol.346 , pp. f1493
    • Smith, R.1    Coast, J.2
  • 83
    • 84858802951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policy statement on antimicrobial stewardship by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
    • Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (2012) Policy statement on antimicrobial stewardship by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 33: 322–327.
    • (2012) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.33 , pp. 322-327
  • 86
    • 33746739620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving antibiotic selection: a systematic review and quantitative analysis of quality improvement strategies
    • Steinman M. Ranji S. Shojania K. Gonzales R. (2006) Improving antibiotic selection: a systematic review and quantitative analysis of quality improvement strategies. Med Care 44: 617–628.
    • (2006) Med Care , vol.44 , pp. 617-628
    • Steinman, M.1    Ranji, S.2    Shojania, K.3    Gonzales, R.4
  • 87
    • 77249139646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment in patients with infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Tang H. Huang T. Jing J. Shen H. Cui W. (2009) Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment in patients with infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection 37: 497–507.
    • (2009) Infection , vol.37 , pp. 497-507
    • Tang, H.1    Huang, T.2    Jing, J.3    Shen, H.4    Cui, W.5
  • 88
    • 33646717953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-medication with antibiotics–does it really happen in Europe?
    • Väänänen M. Pietilä K. Airaksinen M. (2006) Self-medication with antibiotics–does it really happen in Europe? Health Policy 77: 166–171.
    • (2006) Health Policy , vol.77 , pp. 166-171
    • Väänänen, M.1    Pietilä, K.2    Airaksinen, M.3
  • 89
    • 84995751800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescriber and patient responsibilities in treatment of acute respiratory tract infections – Essential for conservation of antibiotics
    • van der Velden A. Duerden M. Bell J. Oxford J. Altiner A. Kozlov R. (2013) Prescriber and patient responsibilities in treatment of acute respiratory tract infections – Essential for conservation of antibiotics. Antibiotics 2: 316–327.
    • (2013) Antibiotics , vol.2 , pp. 316-327
    • van der Velden, A.1    Duerden, M.2    Bell, J.3    Oxford, J.4    Altiner, A.5    Kozlov, R.6
  • 90
    • 84870679697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of physician-targeted interventions to improve antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections
    • van der Velden A. Pijpers E. Kuyvenhoven M. Tonkin-Crine S. Little P. Verheij T. (2012) Effectiveness of physician-targeted interventions to improve antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections. Br J Gen Pract 62: e801–e807.
    • (2012) Br J Gen Pract , vol.62 , pp. e801-e807
    • van der Velden, A.1    Pijpers, E.2    Kuyvenhoven, M.3    Tonkin-Crine, S.4    Little, P.5    Verheij, T.6
  • 91
    • 84878321618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of serum C reactive protein and procalcitonin concentrations in addition to symptoms and signs to predict pneumonia in patients presenting to primary care with acute cough: diagnostic study
    • van Vugt S. Broekhuizen B. Lammens C. Zuithoff N. de Jong P. Coenen S. (2013) Use of serum C reactive protein and procalcitonin concentrations in addition to symptoms and signs to predict pneumonia in patients presenting to primary care with acute cough: diagnostic study. BMJ 346: f2450.
    • (2013) BMJ , vol.346 , pp. f2450
    • van Vugt, S.1    Broekhuizen, B.2    Lammens, C.3    Zuithoff, N.4    de Jong, P.5    Coenen, S.6
  • 93
    • 84899430194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic use in eastern Europe: a cross-national database study in coordination with the WHO Regional Office for Europe
    • PII: S1473-3099(14)70071-4
    • Versporten A. Bolokhovets G. Ghazaryan L. Abilova V. Pyshnik G. Spasojevic T. (2014) Antibiotic use in eastern Europe: a cross-national database study in coordination with the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Lancet Infect Dis. PII: S1473-3099(14)70071-4.
    • (2014) Lancet Infect Dis
    • Versporten, A.1    Bolokhovets, G.2    Ghazaryan, L.3    Abilova, V.4    Pyshnik, G.5    Spasojevic, T.6
  • 94
    • 84886287466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overuse of antibiotics for RTIs
    • Williams M. (2008) Overuse of antibiotics for RTIs. Prescriber 19: 6–9.
    • (2008) Prescriber , vol.19 , pp. 6-9
    • Williams, M.1
  • 95
    • 84880613363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine [2nd Revision]
    • Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014)
    • World Health Organization (2009) Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine [2nd Revision]. Available at: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/foodbornedisease/CIA2ndrev2009.pdf (Accessed: 24 August 2014)
    • (2009)
  • 96
    • 84993795741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factsheet No: 194: Antimicrobial resistance
    • March, 2012. Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014
    • World Health Organization (2012a) Factsheet No: 194: Antimicrobial resistance. March 2012. Available at: http://www.Who.Int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/# (Accessed: 24 August 2014).
    • (2012)
  • 97
    • 84993777433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance–Options for action
    • Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014
    • World Health Organization (2012b) The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance–Options for action. Available at: http://www.who.int/patientsafety/implementation/amr/publication/en/ (Accessed: 24 August 2014).
    • (2012)
  • 98
    • 84993689333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance. Fact sheet n°194
    • Updated, May, 2013. Available at
    • World Health Organization (2013) Antimicrobial resistance. Fact sheet n°194. Updated May 2013. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/
    • (2013)
  • 99
    • 84993689336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO–S first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health
    • Antimicrobial resistance – global surveillance report. Virtual Press Conference., 30, April, 2014. Available at:, Accessed: 24 August 2014
    • World Health Organization (2014) WHO–S first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health. Antimicrobial resistance – global surveillance report. Virtual Press Conference. 30 April 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/multimedia/amr-transcript.pdf?ua=1 (Accessed: 24 August 2014).
    • (2014)
  • 100
    • 34247487485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing streptococcal sore throat in adults. Randomized controlled trial of in-office aids
    • Worrall G. Hutchinson J. Sherman G. Griffiths J. (2007) Diagnosing streptococcal sore throat in adults. Randomized controlled trial of in-office aids. Can Fam Physician 53: 667–671.
    • (2007) Can Fam Physician , vol.53 , pp. 667-671
    • Worrall, G.1    Hutchinson, J.2    Sherman, G.3    Griffiths, J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.