An analysis of policies for cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin and azithromycin use in Namibia's public sector: Findings and therapeutic implications

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 71, Issue 2, 2017, Pages

  Kibuule, Dan ^a   Mubita, Mwangana ^a   Naikaku, Ester ^a   Kalemeera, Francis ^a   Godman, Brian B ^b,c   Sagwa, Evans ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA   (Namibia)

^b KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^d Management Sciences for Health   (Namibia)

Author keywords

amoxicillin; antibiotic use; azithromycin; cotrimoxazole; Namibia; policies

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMOXICILLIN; AMPICILLIN; AZITHROMYCIN; BENZATHINE PENICILLIN; BENZATHINE PENICILLIN PLUS PROCAINE PENICILLIN; CEFALOTIN; CEFIXIME; CEFRADINE; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; CLOXACILLIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FUSIDIC ACID; GENTAMICIN; METRONIDAZOLE; NALIDIXIC ACID; NITROFURANTOIN; PENICILLIN G; PENICILLIN V; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; PROCAINE PENICILLIN; STREPTOMYCIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG USE; EAR INFECTION; EYE INFECTION; GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION; GYNECOLOGIC INFECTION; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MALARIA; MUSCULOSKELETAL INFECTION; NAMIBIA; PHARYNGITIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; SEPTICEMIA; TONSILLITIS; TOOTH INFECTION; UROGENITAL TRACT INFECTION; BENCHMARKING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMBINATION DRUG THERAPY; HUMAN; PHARMACY; PUBLIC SECTOR; STANDARDS; SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION;

AMOXICILLIN; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; AZITHROMYCIN; BENCHMARKING; COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; NAMIBIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PRACTICE PATTERNS, PHYSICIANS'; PUBLIC SECTOR; TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION;

EID: 85010483218     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: 17421241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12918     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Nugent R, Back E, Beith A. The Race against Drug Resistance, Center for Global Development's Drug Resistance Working Group, Center for Global Development, 2010. ISBN: 978-193328654-9. http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424207_file_CGD_DRWG_FINAL.pdf. Accessed May 25, 2016.
2. Ebrahim GJ. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. J Trop Pediatr. 2010;56:141–143.
3. Isturiz RE, Carbon C. Antibiotic use in developing countries. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:394–397.
4. World Health Organization. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance – Options for action, 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44812/1/9789241503181_eng.pdf. Accessed May 13, 2016.
5. Shears P. Emerging and reemerging infections in Africa: the need for improved laboratory services and disease surveillance. Microbes Infect. 2000;2:489–495.
6. Pereko DD, Lubbe MS, Essack SY. Antibiotic use in Namibia: prescriber practices for common community infections. South African Family Practice. 2015;57:231–235.
7. Masoko N. Antibiotic Prescribing patterns at Six Hospitals in Lesotho: Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems: Centre for Pharmaceutical Management Sciences for Health, 2011. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js21028en/. Accessed May 26, 2016.
8. Sosa AdJ. Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries and Lessons Learned In Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries. Edited by Sosa AdJ, Byarugaba SK, Amabile-Cuevas CF, Hseuh P-R, Kariuki S, Okeke IN. Springer; 2009:447–461. ISBN 978-0-387-89369-3
9. Kibuule D, Kagoya HK, Godman B. Antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections in under-fives: outcomes and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14:863–872.
10. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Get Smart- know when antibiotics work, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/campaign-materials/treatment-guidelines.html. Accessed June 13, 2016.
11. Kalungia CV, Burger J, Godman B, de Oliveira Costa J, Simuwelu C. Prevalence and practice of non-prescription sale and dispensing of antibiotics in community retail pharmacies in Zambia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14:1215–1223.
12. Ndihokubwayo JB, Yahaya AA, Desta AT, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in the African Region: Issues, challenges and actions proposed. African health monitor March 2013. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22169en/s22169en.pdf. Accessed May 6, 2016.
13. Parak F, Guy R. Antibiotic prescription practices and their relationship to outcome in South Africa intensive Care Units. S Afr Med J. 2012;102:613–616.
14. Llor C, Bjerrum L. Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2014;5:229–241.
15. Shiva H, Azadeh N. Irrational Antibiotic Prescribing: a local issue on Global Concern? EXCLI J. 2013;12:384–395.
16. Erika MC, Myrielle D, Pierre M, Damien O, Shigui R. The impact of different antibiotic regimens on the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e4036.
17. Dyar OJ, Beovic B, Vlahovic-Palcevski V, Verheij T, Pulcini C. How can we improve antibiotic prescribing in primary care? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14:403–413.
18. Adriaenssens N, Coenen S, Versporten A, Muller A, Vankerckhoven V, Goossens H. European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): quality appraisal of antibiotic use in Europe. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2011;66(Suppl. 6):71–77.
19. Furst J, Cizman M, Mrak J, et al. The influence of a sustained multifaceted approach to improve antibiotic prescribing in Slovenia during the past decade: findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13:279–289.
20. Sabuncu E, David J, Bernede-Bauduin C, et al. Significant reduction of antibiotic use in the community after a nationwide campaign in France, 2002-2007. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000084.
21. Aboagye-Nyame F, Akhlaghi L, Dias V. An assessment of the public sector Pharmaceutical supply system of the republic of Namibia: Rational pharmaceutical management plus program center for pharmaceutical management sciences for health Fairfax drive, Arlington, USA, 2003. http://www.who.int/hiv/amds/en/country9.pdf. Accessed June 21, 2016.
22. st edition Republic of Namibia; Windhoek Namibia, 2015.
23. st edition Republic of Namibia; Windhoek Namibia, 2011. http://www.mhss.gov.na/files/downloads/f88_Namibia%20Standard%20Treatment%20Guidelines%202011.pdf. Accessed July 4, 2016.
24. st edition for HIV/AIDS Republic of Namibia; Windhoek Namibia; 150–821, 2015.
25. st edition for tuberculosis Republic of Namibia; Windhoek Namibia 150-821, 2014.
26. st edition for malaria Republic of Namibia; Windhoek Namibia 150-821, 2011.
27. st edition for Republic of Namibia; Windhoek Namibia 150-821, 2012.
28. Ministry of Health and Social Services. National medicines policy. MoHSS 2nd edition. Namibia: Windhoek, 2011.
29. Republic of Namibia. Pharmacy Act, 9 2004. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16451e/s16451e.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2016.
30. Republic of Namibia. Medicines and related substances control Act, 13 2004, 2003 http://www.lac.org.na/laws/2004/3317.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2016.
31. Pereko DD, Lubbe MS, Essack SY. Public knowledge, attitudes and behaviour towards antibiotic usage in Windhoek. Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015;30:134–137.
32. Lates J, Shiyandja N (2001). Third National Survey on the use of Drugs in Namibia's Public Health Institutions Including Monitoring the Implementation of the National Drug Policy. Windhoek: Ministry of Health and Social Services. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2977e/6.html
33. Kunda M. An investigation of antibiotic prescribing in patients with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) at Katutura Health Centre, 2014. http://repository.unam.na/bitstream/handle/11070/843/kunda2014.pdf?sequence=1
34. Trape JF. The public health impact of chloroquine resistance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;64(1–2 Suppl):12–17.
35. Brasseur P, Kouamouo J, Brandicourt O, Moyou-Somo R, Druilhe P. Patterns of in vitro resistance to chloroquine, quinine, and Mefloquine of Plasmodium falciparum in Cameroon, 1985-1986. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988;39:166–172.
36. Nowaseb V, Gaeb E, Fraczek MG, Richardson MD, Denning DW. Frequency of Pneumocystis jirovecii in sputum from HIV and TB patients in Namibia. J Infect Dev Count. 2014;8:349–357.
37. Klugman KP, Koornhof HJ. Drug resistance patterns and serogroups or serotypes of pneumococcal isolates from cerebrospinal fluid or blood, 1979–1986. J Infect Dis. 1988;158:956–964.
38. Linares J, Pérez JL, Garau J, Martin R. Cotrimoxazole resistance in pneumococci. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1983;5:473–474.
39. Jatileni NJV, Maposa I, Mavenyengwa RT. Retrospective study of the variability in etiological agents of urinary tract infections among patients in Windhoek-Namibia. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2015;5:184–192.
40. Bhatnagar R, Soni P, Kumar S, Mehra SK, Solanki A, Tomar J. Study of Nitrofurantoin susceptibility among uropathogenic bacterial isolates at a tertiary care hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;4:2124–2132.
41. Shilangale RP, Giannatale ED, Chimwamurombe PM, Kaaya GP. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella in animal feed produced in Namibia. Vet Ital. 2012;48:125–132.
42. Shilangale RP, Kaaya GP, Chimwamurombe PM. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of salmonella strains isolated from beef in Namibia. British Microbiology Research Journal. 2016;12:1–6.
43. Md Rezal RS, Hassali MA, Alrasheedy AA, Saleem F, Md Yusof FA, Godman B. Physicians' knowledge, perceptions and behaviour towards antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review of the literature. Expert Review Anti-Infective Therapy 2015;13:665–680.
44. Somi GR, Kibuka T, Dialla K, Tuhuma T, et al. Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance among women attending antenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(Suppl. 2):77–82.
45. Adorka MKB, Mitonga HK, Allen K, Lubbe MS. Assessing the effectiveness of empiric antibiotic treatments: the use of an antibiogram based methodology in the case of selected public hospitals in Lesotho. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care. 2014;2:85–95.
46. Ivanovoska V, Holloway KA. Interventions to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing in Upper Middle Income Countries: a Systematic Review of the Literature 1990–2009. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013;6:84–91.
47. Mengistu1 A, Gaeseb J, Uaaka G, et al. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) isolates in Namibia: implications for empirical antibiotic treatment of meningitis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice 2013;6:4.
48. National institute of Pathology (NIP). Sensitivity of ten top urine isolete for antibiotics used in UTI treatment, 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270415600_A_Review_of_Empirical_Treatment_of_Urinary_Tract_Infections_Based_on_National_Antimicrobial_Sensitivity_Data. Accessed May 25, 2016.
49. Phulu B, Sumbi V, Lates JA. National Pharmacy Management Information Systems (PMIS) Feedback Report. Windhoek: Ministry of Health and Social Services, 2011. http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/an-investigation-of-antibiotic-prescribing-in-patients-with-upper-respiratorytract-infections-urtis-at-katutura-health-centre-wind-2168-9431-1000122.php?aid=65229
50. Spencer D. A review of the expanded use of co-trimoxazole in HIV-infected Africans. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine. 2006;7:28–32.
51. Waako P, Adome RO, Obua C, et al. Existing capacity to manage pharmaceuticals and related commodities in East Africa: an assessment with specific reference to antiretroviral therapy. Hum Resour Health. 2009;7:21.
52. Matowe L, Waako P, Adome RO. A strategy to improve skills in pharmaceutical supply management in East Africa: the regional technical resource collaboration for pharmaceutical management. Hum Resour Health. 2008;6:30.
53. Kamenye E. Guidelines to enhance communication skills of nurses caring for patients diagnosed with Tuberculosis at public health facilities in the Khomas region of Namibia, 2014. http://41.205.129.132/handle/11070/845. Accessed May 7, 2016.
54. Low A, Coeyere DD, Shivute N, Brandt LJ. Patient referral patterns in Namibia: identification of potential to improve the efficiency of the health care system. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2001;16:243–257.
55. Bell R, Ithindi T, Low L. Improving equity in the provision of primary health care: lessons from decentralized planning and management in Namibia. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80:675–681.
56. Cho HJ, Hong SJ, Park S. Knowledge and beliefs of primary care physicians, pharmacists, and parents on antibiotic use for the pediatric common cold. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:623–629.
57. Vledder M, et al. (2015). Optimal supply chain structure for distributing essential drugs in low income countries: results from a randomised experiment. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/110800/1269_Yadav.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed July 16, 2016.
58. Leung Z, Chen A, Yadav P, Gallien J. The impact of inventory management on stock-outs of essential drugs in sub-Saharan Africa: secondary analysis of a field experiment in Zambia. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0156026.
59. Adorka M, Dikokole M, Mitonga KH, Allen K. Healthcare providers' attitudes and perceptions in infection diagnosis and antibiotic prescribing in public health institutions in Lesotho: a cross sectional survey. Afr Health Sci. 2013;13:344–350.
60. Fagan M, Mæhlen M, Lindbæk M, Berild D. Antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes in an area with low prevalence of antibiotic resistance: compliance with national guidelines. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2012;30:10–15.
61. Rabiatul Salmi MR, Hassali MA, Alrasheedy AA, et al. Prescribing patterns for upper respiratory tract infections: a prescription-review of primary care practice malaysia and the implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13:1547–1556.
62. Ministry of Health and Social services [MoHSS]. Namibia ABC analysis 2010/2011. [2012] workshop Safari court 2012 Windhoek Namibia
63. Yang K. Quantitative methods for policy analysis. In: Fischer F, Miller GJ, Sidney MS, eds. Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007:349–368.
64. Brown D. Good Practice Guidelines for Indicator Development and Reporting A contributed paper Third World Forum on ‘Statistics, Knowledge and Policy’ Charting Progress, Building Visions, Improving Life, 27–30 October 2009 Busan, Korea. https://www.oecd.org/site/progresskorea/43586563.pdf. Accessed May 2, 2016.
65. World Health Organisation. World's Medicines situation report: Rational use of medicines, 2011. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s20054en/s20054en.pdf?ua=1. Accessed May 6, 2016.
66. Crocker A, Alweis R, Scheirer J, Schamel S, Wasser T, Levingood K. Factors affecting adherence to evidence-based guidelines in the treatment of URI, sinusitis, and pharyngitis. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2013;3:20744.
67. Karageorgopoulos DE, Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, Falagas ME. Tigecycline for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (including carbapenem-resistant) Acinetobacter infections: a review of the scientific evidence. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:45–55.
68. Kontarakis N, Tsiligianni IG, Papadokstakis P, et al. Antibiotic prescriptions in primary health care in a rural population in Crete. Greece. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:38.
69. Prakash K, Elfituri A, Ramadan ZH, Abadi OG. A retrospective study on antibiotic use in different clinical departments of a teaching hospital in Zawiya. Libya. Ibnosina J Med BS. 2012;4:13–19.
70. Babalola CP, Awoleye SA, Akinyemi JO, Kotila OA. Evaluation of prescription pattern in Osun state [Southwest] Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology. 2011;3:94–98.
71. Ehijie FOE, Chinyere FU. Profile of antimicrobial drug use patterns in a Nigeria metropolitan city. International Journal of Health Research. 2011;4:37–44.
72. Odili UO, Akpe AI, Arigbe-Osula M, Igbinaduwa PO. Pattern of antibiotic prescription at the general practice clinic of the University of Benin teaching hospitals. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2010;1:1–10. http://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2010_1(4)/[1].pdf
73. Vazquez-Lago J, Lopez-Vazquez P, López-Durán A, Taracido-Trunk M, Figueiras A. Attitudes of primary care physicians to the prescribing of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance: a qualitative study from Spain. Fam Pract. 2012;29:352–360.
74. Massele A, Burger J, Katende-Kyenda NL, et al. Outcome of the first medicines utilization research in Africa group meeting to promote sustainable and rational medicine use in Africa. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2015;15:885–888.
75. Pulcini C, Williams F, Molinari N, et al. Junior doctors' knowledge and perceptions of antibiotic resistance and prescribing: a survey in France and Scotland. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:80–87.
76. Aaron GS. The Assessment of prescribing and dispensing Practices in public Health facilities of Southern Malawi, 2007. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js21439en/. Accessed July 23, 2016.