Pharmacological Foundations of Cannabis Chemovars

Planta Medica

Volumn 84, Issue 4, 2018, Pages 225-233

  Lewis, Mark A ^a   Russo, Ethan B ^b   Smith, Kevin M ^a  

^a Napro Research   (United States)

^b International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute (ICCI)   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Cannabaceae; cannabidiol; cannabinoid; Cannabis sativa; marijuana; terpenoids; tetrahydrocannabinol

Indexed keywords

CANNABIDIOL; CANNABINOID; CANNABIS; CARYOPHYLLENE; DRONABINOL; HUMULENE; LIMONENE; LINALOOL; MYRCENE; OCIMENE; PINENE; TERPENOID; TERPINOLENE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DELTA(9-11)-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL PARAMETERS; CHEMOVAR; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG IDENTIFICATION; FLOWER; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT BREEDING; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; BIOSYNTHESIS; GENETICS; METABOLISM;

BIOMARKERS; CANNABIDIOL; CANNABINOIDS; CANNABIS; DRONABINOL; PLANT BREEDING;

EID: 85034767307     PISSN: 00320943     EISSN: 14390221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-122240     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Fuchs L. The great Herbal of Leonhart Fuchs: De Historia stirpium commentarii Insignes, 1542 (notable Commentaries on the History of Plants). Stanford, CA Stanford University Press: 1999
2. Linnaeus C. Species plantarum. Holmiae Laurentii Salvii: 1753
3. Lamarck J. B. Encyclopédie méthodique botanique. Paris Chez Panckoucke: 1783
4. Piomelli D. Russo E. B. The Cannabis sativa versus Cannabis indica debate: An Interview with Ethan Russo, MD. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res: 2016; 1 44 46
5. Schultes R. Klein W. Plowman T. Lockwood T. Cannabis: an example of taxonomic neglect. Bot Mus Leafl Harv Univ: 1974; 23 337 367
6. Small E. Cronquist A. A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon: 1976; 25 405 435
7. Clarke R. C. Merlin M. D. Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany. Berkeley University of California Press: 2013
8. Usher G. The Wordsmith Dictionary of Botany. Ware, Herfordshire Wordsworth Reference: 1996
9. Brickell C. D. Alexander C. David J. C. Hetterscheid W. LA. Leslie A. C. Malecot V. Jin X. International Code of Nomenclature for cultivated Plants, 8th ed. Leuven, Belgium International Society for Horticultural Science: 2009
10. Bailey L. H. Bailey E. Z. Hortus third: a concise Dictionary of Plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York, NY Macmillan: 1976
11. Small E. Cannabis: a complete Guide. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press: 2017
12. Hillig K. W. A chemotaxonomic analysis of terpenoid variation in Cannabis. Biochem Syst Ecol: 2004; 32 875 891
13. Elzinga S. Fischedick J. Podkolinski R. Raber J. C. Cannabinoid and terpenes as chemotaxonomic markers in cannabis. Nat Prod Chem Res: 2015; 3 1 9
14. Buchbauer G. Jirovetz L. Jager W. Plank C. Dietrich H. Fragrance compounds and essential oils with sedative effects upon inhalation. J Pharm Sci: 1993; 82 660 664
15. Potter D. J. The propagation, characterisation and optimisation of Cannabis sativa L. as a phytopharmaceutical [Doctoral Thesis]. London Kings College: 2009; 224
16. Hazekamp A. Tejkalova K. Papadimitriou S. Cannabis: from cultivar to chemovar II - a metabolomics approach to cannabis classification. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res: 2016; 1 202 215
17. Russo E. B. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol: 2011; 163 1344 1364
18. McPartland J. M. Russo E. B. Non-phytocannabinoid Constituents of Cannabis and herbal Synergy. In: Pertwee R. G. ed. Handbook of Cannabis. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press: 2014; 280 295
19. Russo E. B. Marcu J. Cannabis Pharmacology: The usual suspects and a few promising leads. Adv Pharmacol: 2017; 80 67 134
20. Russo E. B. Current therapeutic cannabis controversies and clinical trial design issues. Front Pharmacol: 2016; 7 309
21. Giese M. W. Lewis M. A. Giese L. Smith K. M. Development and validation of a reliable and robust method for the analysis of cannabinoids and terpenes in cannabis. J AOAC Int: 2015; 98 1503 1522
22. Fischedick J. Identification of terpenoid chemotypes among high (-)- trans -delta nine-tetrahydrocannabinol-producing Cannabis sativa L. cultivars. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res: 2017; 2 34 47
23. Booth J. K. Page J. E. Bohlmann J. Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa. PLoS One: 2017; 12 e0173911
24. Wilkinson J. D. Whalley B. J. Baker D. Pryce G. Constanti A. Gibbons S. Williamson E. M. Medicinal cannabis: is delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol necessary for all its effects? J Pharm Pharmacol: 2003; 55 1687 1694
25. Williamson E. M. Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines. Phytomedicine: 2001; 8 401 409
26. McPartland J. M. Russo E. B. Cannabis and cannabis extracts: Greater than the sum of their parts? J Cannabis Ther: 2001; 1 103 132
27. Ben-Shabat S. Fride E. Sheskin T. Tamiri T. Rhee M. H. Vogel Z. Bisogno T. De Petrocellis L. Di Marzo V. Mechoulam R. An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity. Eur J Pharmacol: 1998; 353 23 31
28. Russo E. Guy G. W. A tale of two cannabinoids: the therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Med Hypotheses: 2006; 66 234 246
29. Whittle B. A. Guy G. W. Robson P. Prospects for new cannabis-based prescription medicines. J Cannabis Ther: 2001; 1 183 205
30. Gallily R. Yekhtin Z. Hanus L. Overcoming the bell-shaped dose-response of cannabidiol by using cannabis extract enriched in cannabidiol. Pharmacol Pharm: 2014; 6 75 85
31. Johnson J. R. Burnell-Nugent M. Lossignol D. Ganae-Motan E. D. Potts R. Fallon M. T. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain. J Pain Symptom Manage: 2010; 39 167 179
32. Brodie J. S. Di Marzo V. Guy G. W. Polypharmacology shakes hands with complex aetiopathology. Trends Pharmacol Sci: 2015; 36 802 821
33. do Vale T. G. Furtado E. C. Santos J. G. Jr. Viana G. S. Central effects of citral, myrcene and limonene, constituents of essential oil chemotypes from Lippia alba (Mill.) n.e. Brown. Phytomedicine: 2002; 9 709 714
34. Perry N. S. Houghton P. J. Theobald A. Jenner P. Perry E. K. In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes. J Pharm Pharmacol: 2000; 52 895 902
35. Volicer L. Stelly M. Morris J. McLaughlin J. Volicer B. J. Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimers disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry: 1997; 12 913 919
36. Hasselmo M. E. The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol: 2006; 16 710 715
37. Borgwardt S. J. Allen P. Bhattacharyya S. Fusar-Poli P. Crippa J. A. Seal M. L. Fraccaro V. Atakan Z. Martin-Santos R. OCarroll C. Rubia K. McGuire P. K. Neural basis of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: effects during response inhibition. Biol Psychiatry: 2008; 64 966 973
38. Naqvi N. H. Bechara A. The insula and drug addiction: an interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. Brain Struct Funct: 2010; 214 435 450
39. Xi Z. X. Peng X. Q. Li X. Song R. Zhang H. Y. Liu Q. R. Yang H. J. Bi G. H. Li J. Gardner E. L. Brain cannabinoid CB(2) receptors modulate cocaines actions in mice. Nat Neurosci: 2011; 14 1160 1166
40. Gertsch J. Leonti M. Raduner S. Racz I. Chen J. Z. Xie X. Q. Altmann K. H. Karsak M. Zimmer A. Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2008; 105 9099 9104
41. Ito K. Ito M. The sedative effect of inhaled terpinolene in mice and its structure-activity relationships. J Nat Med: 2013; 67 833 837
42. Russo E. B. The pharmacological History of Cannabis. In: Pertwee R. ed. Handbook of Cannabinoids. Oxford, United Kingdom Oxford University Press: 2014; 23 43
43. Russo E. B. Cannabis and epilepsy: An ancient treatment returns to the fore. Epilepsy Behav: 2017; 70 292 297
44. Sulak D. Saneto R. Goldstein B. The current status of artisanal cannabis for the treatment of epilepsy in the United States. Epilepsy Behav: 2017; 70 328 333
45. Gofshteyn J. S. Wilfong A. Devinsky O. Bluvstein J. Charuta J. Ciliberto M. A. Laux L. Marsh E. D. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES) in the acute and chronic phases. J Child Neurol: 2017; 32 35 40
46. Walsh Z. Gonzalez R. Crosby K. Thiessen M. S. Carroll C. Bonn-Miller M. O. Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev: 2017; 51 15 29
47. Bergamaschi M. M. Queiroz R. H. Chagas M. H. de Oliveira D. C. De Martinis B. S. Kapczinski F. Quevedo J. Roesler R. Schroder N. Nardi A. E. Martin-Santos R. Hallak J. E. Zuardi A. W. Crippa J. A. Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naive social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology: 2011; 36 1219 1226
48. Komori T. Fujiwara R. Tanida M. Nomura J. Yokoyama M. M. Effects of citrus fragrance on immune function and depressive states. Neuroimmunomodulation: 1995; 2 174 180
49. Chen A. Some of the parts: is marijuanas entourage effect scientifically valid? Available at. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/some-of-the-parts-is-marijuana-rsquo-s-ldquo-entourage-effect-rdquo-scientifically-valid/ Accessed April 20, 2017
50. Russo E. B. Cannabidiol claims and misconceptions. Trends Pharmacol Sci: 2017; 38 198 201