Introduction to capillary electrophoresis

Handbook of Capillary and Microchip Electrophoresis and Associated Microtechniques, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 3-74

  Landers, James P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85032839139     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (142)

1. Michaelis, L., Electric transport of enzymes, malt distaste and pepsin, Biochemische Zeitschrift., v 17, 1909, pp. 231-234.
2. Tiselius, A., A new apparatus for electrophoretic analysis of colloidal mixtures, Trans. Faraday Soc., 33, 524, 1937.
3. Hjertén, S., High performance electrophoresis, Chromatogr. Rev., 9, 122, 1967.
4. Rilbe, H., Some reminiscences of the history of electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 1995, 16, 1354-1359.
5. Consden, R., Gordon, A. H., and Martin, A. J. P., Quantitative analysis of proteins: partition chromatographic method using paper, Biochem. J., 38, 224, 1944.
6. Wieland, T. and Fischer, E., Electrophoresis onto filter paper, Naturwissenschaften, 35, 29, 1948.
7. Smithies, O., Zone electrophoresis in starch gels: group variations in the serum proteins of normal human adults, Biochem. J., 61, 629, 1955.
8. Graber, P. andWilliams, C. A., Methode permittant l’etude conjugee des proprietes electrophoretiques et immunichimiques d’un mélanges de proteins: application au serum sanguine, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 10, 193, 1953.
9. Hjerten, S., Agarose as an anticonvection agent in zone electrophoresis, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 53, 514, 1961.
10. Kolin, A., Separation and concentration of proteins in a pH field combined with an electric field, J. Chem. Phys., 22, 1628, 1954.
11. Vesterberg, O., Synthesis and isoelectric fractionation of carrier ampholytes, Acta Chem. Scand., 23, 2653, 1969.
12. Raymond, S. and Weintraub, L., Acrylamide gel as a supporting medium for zone electrophoresis, Science, 130, 711, 1959.
13. Ornstein, L., Disc electrophoresis. I. Background and theory, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 121, 321-349, 1964.
14. Davis, B. J., Disc electrophoresis. II. Method and application to human serum proteins, Ann NY Acad Sci., 121, 404-427, 1964.
15. Laemmli, U. K., Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4, Nature, 227, 680-685, 1970.
16. Dale, G. and Latner, A. L., Isoelectric focusing of serum proteins in a acrylamide gels followed by electrophoresis, Clin. Chem. Acta, 24, 61, 1969.
17. Macko, V. and Stegemann, H., Mapping of potato proteins by combined electro-focusing and electrophoresis. Identification of varieties, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem., 350, 917, 1969.
18. Stegemann, H., Protein mapping in polyacrylamide and its application to genetic analysis in plants, Angew. Chem. (Internat. Ed.), 9, 643, 1970.
19. O’Farrell, P. H., High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins, J. Biol. Chem., 250, 4007, 1975.
20. Virtanen, R., Zone electrophoresis in a narrow-bore tube employing potentionmetric detection, Acta Polytechnica Scand., 123, 1, 1974.
21. Jorgenson, J. W. and Lukacs, K. D., Zone electrophoresis in open tubular glass capillaries, Anal. Chem., 53, 1298, 1981.
22. Ishii, J., A study of high performance liquid chromatography. I. Development of technique for miniaturization of high performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 144, 157, 1978.
23. Hirata, Y. and Novotny, M., Techniques of capillary liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 186, 521, 1979.
24. Kucera, P. and Guiochon, G., Use of open-tubular columns in liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 283, 1, 1984.
25. Schomburg, G., Problems and achievements in the instrumentation and column technology for chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, Chromatographia, 30, 500, 1990.
26. Mikkers, F. E. P., Everaerts, F. M., andVerheggen, T. P. E. M., High performance zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 169, 11, 1979.
27. Mazzeo, J. R. and Krull, I. S., Coated capillaries and additives for the separation of proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing, Biotechniques, 10, 638, 1991.
28. Wehr, T., Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis columns, LC-GC Mag., 11, 14, 1993.
29. Cohen, A. S. and Karger, B. L., High performance sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel capillary electrophoresis of peptides and proteins, J. Chromatogr., 397, 409, 1987.
30. Cohen, A. S., Paulus, A., and Karger, B. L., High performance capillary electrophoresis using open tubes and gels, Chromatographia, 24, 15, 1987.
31. Cohen, A. S., Najarian, D. R., Paulus, A., Guttman, A., Smith, J. A., and Karger, B. L., Rapid separation and purification of oligonucleotides by high-performance capillary gel electrophoresis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 9660, 1988.
32. Drossman, H., Luckey, J. A., Kostichka, A., D’Cunha, J., and Smith, L. M., High-speed separation of DNA sequencing reactions by capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 62, 900, 1990.
33. Bocek, P. and Chrambach, A., Capillary electrophoresis of DNA in agarose solutions at 40C, Electrophoresis, 12, 1059, 1991.
34. Mansfield, E., Ross, E. E., and Aspinwall, C. A., Preparation and characterization of cross-linked phospholipid bilayer capillary coatings for protein separations, Anal. Chem., 79, 3135-3141, 2007.
35. Kuldvee, R., Wiedmer, S. K., Oorni, K., and Riekkola, M. L., Human low-density lipoprotein-coated capillaries in electrochromatography, Anal. Chem., 15, 77, 3401-3405, 2005.
36. Linden, M. V., Holopainen, J. M., Laukkanen, A., Riekkola, M. L., and Wiedmer, S. K., Cholesterolrich membrane coatings for interaction studies in capillary electrophoresis: application to red blood cell lipid extracts, Electrophoresis, 27, 3988-3998, 2006.
37. Danger, G., Ramonda, M., and Cottet, H., Control of the EOF in CE using polyelectrolytes of different charge densities, Electrophoresis, 16, 28, 925-931, 2007.
38. Terabe, S., Otsuka, K., Ichikawa, K., Tsuchiya, A., and Ando, T., Electrokinetic separations with micellar solution and open-tubular capillaries, Anal. Chem., 56, 111, 1984.
39. Terabe, S., Otsuka, K., and Ando, T., Electrokinetic chromatography with miceller solution and open-tubular capillary, Anal. Chem., 57, 834, 1985.
40. Hjerten, S. and Zhu, M., Adaptation of the equipment for high-performance electrophoresis to isoelectric focusing, J. Chromatogr., 346, 265, 1985.
41. Hjerten, S., Liao, J. L., and Yao, K., Theoretical and experimental study of high-performance electrophoretic mobilization of isoelectrically focused protein zones, J. Chromatogr., 387, 127, 1987.
42. Hjerten, S., Elenbring, K., Kilar, F., Liao, J. L., Chen, A. J. C., Siebert, C. J., and Zhu, M., Carrierfree zone electrophoresis, displacement electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in a high-performance electrophoresis apparatus, J. Chromatogr., 403, 47, 1987.
43. Zhu, M., Hansen, D. L., Burd, S., and Gannon, F., Factors affecting free zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 480, 311, 1989.
44. Bruin, G. J. M., Chang, J. P., Kuhlman, R. H., Zegers, K., Kraak, J. C., and Poppe, H., Capillary zone electrophoretic separation of proteins in polyethylene glycol-modified capillaries, J. Chromatogr., 471, 429, 1989.
45. Bruin, G. J. M., Huisden, R., Kraak, J. C., and Poppe, H., Performance of carbohydrate-modified fused-silica capillaries for the separation of proteins by zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 480, 339, 1989.
46. Ganzler, K., Greve, K. S., Cohen, A. S., Karger, B. L., Guttman, A., and Cooke, N. C., High performance capillary electrophoresis of SDS-protein complexes using UV-transparent polymer networks, Anal. Chem., 64, 2665, 1992.
47. Miksik, I., Sedlakova, P., Mikulikova, K., Eckhardt, A., Cserhati, T., and Horvath, T., Matrices for capillary gel electrophoresis-a brief overview of uncommon gels, Biomed. Chromatogr., 20, 458-465, 2006.
48. Rech, I., Cova, S., Restelli, A., Ghioni, M., Chiari, M., and Cretich, M., Microchips and single-photon avalanche diodes for DNA separation with high sensitivity, Electrophoresis, 27, 3797-3804, 2006.
49. Gras, R., Luong, J., Monagle, M., and Winniford, B., Gas chromatographic applications with the dielectric barrier discharge detector, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 44, 101-107, 2006.
50. Castano-Alvarez, M., Fernandez-Abedul, M. T., and Costa-Garcia, A., Amperometric detector designs for capillary electrophoresis microchips, J. Chromatogr. A, 24, 1109, 291-299, 2006.
51. Cappiello, A., Famiglini, G., Palma, P., and Siviero, A., Liquid chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry: fields of application and evaluation of the performance of a Direct-EI interface, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 24, 978-989, 2005.
52. Rocheleau, M. J. and Dovichi, N. J., Separation of DNAsequencing fragments at 53 bases per minute by capillary gel electrophoresis, J. Microcol. Sep., 4, 449, 1992.
53. Rickard, E. C., Strohl, M. M., and Nielsen, R. G., Correlation of electrophoretic mobilities from capillary electrophoresis with physicochemical properties of proteins and peptides, Anal. Biochem., 197, 197, 1991.
54. Helmholtz, H. Z., About electrical interfaces (translated title), Ann. Phys. Chem., 7, 337, 1879.
55. Tian, H., Hühmer, A. F. R., and Landers, J. P., Evaluation of silica resins for the direct and efficient extraction of DNA from complex biological matrices in a miniaturized format, Anal. Biochem., 283, 175-191, 2000.
56. Sazelova, P., Kasicka, V., Koval, D., Prusik, Z., Fanali, S., Aturki, Z., Control of EOF in CE by different ways of application of radial electric field. Electrophoresis, 28, 756-766, 2007.
57. Weber, R., Concerning theories of electrophoretic separations in porous tubes, Helv. Chim. Acta., 36, 424, 1953.
58. Snyder, L. R. and Kirkland, J. J., Introduction to Modern Chromatography, 2nd ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1979.
59. Giddings, C. J., Generation of variance, “theoretical plates”, resolution, and peak capacity in electrophoresis and sedimentation, Sep. Sci., 4, 181, 1969.
60. Sternberg, J. C., Extracolumn contribution to chromatographic band broadening, Adv. Chromatogr., 2, 206, 1996.
61. Huang, X., Coleman, W. F., and Zare, R. N., Analysis of factors causing peak broadening in capillary zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 480, 95, 1989.
62. Jones, H. K., Nguyen, N. T., and Smith, R. D., Variance contributions to band spreading in capillary zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 504, 1, 1990.
63. Grushka, E., McCormick, R. M., and Kirkland, J. J., Effect of temperature gradients on the efficiency of capillary zone electrophoresis separations, Anal. Chem., 61, 241, 1989.
64. McManigill, D. and Swedberg, S. A., Factors affecting plate height in high performance zonal capillary electrophoresis (HPZCE), in Techniques in Protein Chemistry, Hugli, T., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, CA, p. 468, 1989.
65. Lux, J. A., Hausig, U., and Schomburg, G., Production of windows in fused silica capillaries for in-column detection of UV-absorption or fluorescence in capillary electrophoresis or HPLC, J. High Resol. Chromatogr., 13, 373, 1990.
66. McCormick, R. M. and Zagursky, R. J., Polymide stripping device for producing detection windows on fused-silica tubing used in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 63, 750, 1991.
67. Bruno, A. E., Gassmann, E., Pericles, N., and Anton, K., On-column capillary flow cell utilizing optical waveguides for chromatographic application, Anal. Chem., 61, 876, 1989.
68. Tran, A. D., Park, S., Lisi, P. J., Huynh, O. T., Ryall, R. R., and Lane, P. A., Separation of carbohydrate-mediated microheterogeneity of recombinant human erythropoetin by free solution capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 542, 459, 1991.
69. Kaupp, S., Bubert, H., Baur, L., Nelson, G., Watzig, H., Unexpected surface chemistry in capillaries for electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A, 894, 73-77, 2000.
70. Dolnik, V. Wall coating for capillary electrophoresis on microchips, Electrophoresis, 25, 3589-3601, 2004.
71. Taverna, M., Baillet, A., Biou, D., Schluter, M., Werner, R., and Ferrier, D., Analysis of carbohydratemediated heterogeneity and characterization of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins by high performance capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 13, 359, 1992.
72. Landers, J. P., Oda, R. P., Madden, B. J., and Spelsberg, T. C., High-performance capillary electrophoresis of glycoproteins: the use of modifiers of electroosmotic flow for analysis of microheterogeneity, Anal. Biochem., 205, 115, 1992.
73. Oda, R. P. and Landers, J. P., Effect of cationic buffer additives on capillary electrophoretic separation of serum transferrin from different species, Electrophoresis, 17, 331, 1996.
74. Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E., Aranda-Rodriguez, R., and Buykx, S. E., Development and validation of capillary electrophoresis for the determination of selected metal ions in airborne particulate matter after sequential extraction. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 372, 467-472, 2002.
75. Wang, M., Qu, F., Shan, X. Q., and Lin, J. M., Development and optimization of a method for the analysis of low-molecular-mass organic acids in plants by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 989, 285-292, 2003.
76. Jamali, B. and Lehmann, S., Development and validation of a high-resolution capillary electrophoresis method for multi-analysis of ragaglitazar and arginine in active pharmaceutical ingredients and lowdose tablets, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 34, 463-472, 2004.
77. Sanger-van de Griend, C. E., Ek, A. G., Widahl-Nasman, M. E., and Andersson, E. K., Method development for the enantiomeric purity determination of low concentrations of adrenaline in local anaesthetic solutions by capillary electrophoresis, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 11, 41, 77-83, 2006.
78. Kamoda, S., Ishikawa, R., and Kakehi, K., Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection for detailed studies on N-linked oligosaccharide profile of therapeutic recombinant monoclonal antibodies, J. Chromatogr. A, 1133, 332-339, 2006.
79. Iqbal, J., Scapozza, L., Folkers, G., and Muller CE., Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase substrates and inhibitors. J. Chromatogr. B-Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 846, 281-290, 2007.
80. Wang, W., Tang, J., Wang, S., Zhou, L., and Hu, Z., Method development for the determination of coumarin compounds by capillary electrophoresis with indirect laser-induced fluorescence detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 2007. Vol 1148(1): 108-114.
81. Li, P., Li, S. P., and Wang, Y. T., Optimization of CZE for analysis of phytochemical bioactive compounds, Electrophoresis, 27, 4808-4819, 2006.
82. Kamoda, S. and Kakehi, K., Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of glycoprotein pharmaceuticals, Electrophoresis, 27, 24, 2006.
83. McLaughlin, G. M., Nolan, J. A., Lindahl, J. L., Palmieri, R. H., Anderson, K. W., Morris, S. C., Morrison, J. A., and Bronzert, T. J., Pharmaceutical drug separations by HPCE: practical guidelines, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 15, 961, 1992.
84. Gobie, W.A. and Ivory, C. F., Thermal model of capillary electrophoresis and a method of counteracting thermal band broadening, J. Chromatogr., 516, 191, 1990.
85. Davis, J. M., Influence of thermal variations of diffusion coefficient on non-equilibrium plate height in capillary zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 517, 521, 1990.
86. Terabe, S., Otsuka, K., and Ando, T., Electrokinetic chromatography with micellar solution ad opentubular capillary, Anal. Chem., 57, 834, 1985.
87. Rush, R. S., Cohen, A. S., and Karger, B. L., Influence of column temperature on the electrophoretic behavior of myoglobin and α-lactalbumin in high-performance capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 63, 1346, 1991.
88. Kurosu, Y., Hibi, K., Sasaki, T., and Saito, M., Influence of temperature control in capillary electrophoresis, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 14, 200, 1991.
89. Guttman, A., Horvath, J., and Cooke, N., Influence of temperature on the sieving effect of different polymer matrices in capillary SDS gel electrophoresis of proteins, Anal. Chem., 65, 199, 193.
90. Giordano, B. C., Horsman, K. M., Burgi, D. S., Ferrance, J. P., and Landers, J. P., Method for determining intracapillary solution temperatures: application to sample zone heating for enhanced fluorescent labeling of proteins, Electrophoresis, 28, 714, 2007.
91. Nelson and Cooke, Handbook of Capillary Electrophorosis, 1st ed., CRC Press.
92. Moyer, T. P., Jiang, N.-S., Tyce, G. M., and Sheps, S. G., Analysis for urinary catecholamines by liquid chromatography with amperometric detection: methodological and clinical interpretation of results, Clin. Chem., 25, 256, 1979.
93. Wallingford, R. A. and Ewing, A. G., Separation of serotonin from catechols by capillary zone electrophoresis with electrochemical detection, Anal. Chem., 61, 98, 1989.
94. Lui, J., Shirota, O., and Novotny, M., Capillary electrophoresis of amino sugars with laser-induced fluorescence detection, Anal. Chem., 63, 413, 1991.
95. Honda, S., Makino, A., Suzuki, S., and Kakehi, K., Analysis of the oligosaccharides of ovalbumin by high performance capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Biochem., 191, 228, 1990.
96. Landers, J. P., Oda, R. P., and Schuchard, M. D., Separation of boron-complexed diol compounds using high-performance capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 64, 2846, 1992.
97. Chen, F. A., Kelly, L., Palmieri, R., Biehler, R., and Schwartz, H., Use of high ionic strength buffers for the separation of proteins and peptides with capillary electrophoresis, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 15, 1143, 1992.
98. Nelson, R. J., Paulus, A., Cohen, A. S., Guttman, A., and Karger, B. L., Use of Peltier thermoelectric devices to control column temperature in high-performance capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 480, 111, 1989.
99. Sepaniak, M. J. and Cole, R. O., Column efficiencies in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, Anal. Chem., 59, 472, 1987.
100. Landers, J. P., Oda, R. P., Spelsberg, T. C., Nolan, J. A., and Ulfelder, K. J., Capillary electrophoresis:A powerful microanalytical technique for biologically active molecules, Biotechnique, 14, 98, 1993.
101. Bushey, M. and Jorgenson, J., Capillary electrophoresis of proteins in buffers containing high concentrations of zwitterionic salts, J. Chromatogr., 480, 301, 1989.
102. Oda, R. P., Madden, B. J., Morris, J. C., Spelsberg, T. C., and Landers, J. P., Multiple-buffer-additive strategies for enhanced electrophoretic separation of peptides, J. Chromatogr., 680, 341, 1994.
103. Bean, S. R., Lookhart, G. L., and Bietz, J. A., Acetonitrile as a buffer additive for free zone capillary electrophoresis separation and characterization of maize (Zeamays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) storage proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 318-327, 2000.
104. Gordon, M. J., Lee, K.-J., Arias, A. A., and Zare, R. N., Protocol for resolving protein mixtures in capillary zone electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 63, 69, 1991.
105. Swedberg, S. A., Characterization of protein behavior in high-performance capillary electrophoresis using a novel capillary system, Anal. Biochem., 185, 51, 1990.
106. Bolger, C. A., Zhu, M., Rodriguez, R., and Wehr, T., Performance of uncoated and coated capillaries in free zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of proteins, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 14, 895, 1991.
107. Wiktorowicz, J. E. and Colburn, J. C., Separation of cationic proteins via charge reversal in capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 11, 769, 1990.
108. Towns, J. K. and Regnier, F. E., Capillary electrophoretic separation of proteins using nonionic surfactant coatings, Anal. Chem., 63, 1126, 1991.
109. Bullock, J. A. and Yuen, L.-C., Free solution capillary electrophoresis of basic proteins in uncoated fused silica capillary tubing, J. Microcol. Sep., 3, 241, 1991.
110. Song, L., Ou, Q., and Yu, W., Study on phosphate of ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane and 1,4- diaminobutane as carrying electrolyte in open-tubular capillary electrophoresis, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 17, 1953, 1994.
111. Oda, R. P., Madden, B. J., Spelsberg, T. C., and Landers, J. P., α, β-Bis-quarternary ammonium alkanes as effective buffer additives for enchanced capillary electrophoretic separation of glycoproteins, J. Chromatogr., 680, 85, 1994.
112. Morbeck, D. E., Madden, B. J., Charlesworth, C. C., and McCormick, D. J., High resolution separation of human choriogonadotropin (hCG) isoforms using capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 680, 217, 1994.
113. Gilges, M., Husmann, H., Kleemiß, M. H., Motsch, S. R., and Schomberg, G., CZE separation of basic proteins at low pH in fused silica capillaries with surfaces modified by silane derivatization and/or adsorption of polar polymers, J. High Res. Chromatogr., 15, 452, 1992.
114. Schomberg, G., Belder, D., Gilges, M., Kleemiß, M. H., and Motsch, S. R., Wall chemistry in capillary electrophoresis: the importance of maximal efficiency in analytical CE, Abstract 101, a lecture presented at HPCE '94, San Diego, CA, 1994.
115. Figeys, D., Renborg, A., and Dovichi, N. J., Spatial and temporal depletion of ions from noncrosslinked denaturing polyacrylamide in capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 15, 1512-1517, 1994.
116. Strege, M. A. and Lagu, A. L., Studies of migration time reproducibility of CE proteins separations, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 16, 51, 1993.
117. Landers, J. P., Oda, R. P., Madden, B., Sismelich, T. P., and Spelsberg, T. C., Reproducibility of sample separation using liquid or forced air convection themostated high performance capillary electrophoresis, J. High Res. Chromatogr., 15, 517, 1992.
118. Trushina, E. V., Oda, R. P., McMurray, C. T., and Landers, J. P., Effective and reproducible capillary electrophoretic separation of thiols under conditions where exceptionally high current is generated. Anal Chem., 71, 5569-5573, 1999.
119. Abersold, R. and Morrison, H. D., Analysis of dilute peptide samples by capillary zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 516, 79, 1990.
120. Moring, S. E., Colburn, J. C., Grossman, P.D., and Lauer, H. H., Analytical aspects of an automated capillary electrophoresis system, LC-GC, 8, 34, 1989.
121. Chien, R.-L. and Burgi, D. S., On-column sample concentration using filed amplification in CZE, Anal. Chem., 64, 489A, 1992.
122. Chein, R.-L. and Helmer, J. C., Electroosmotic properties and peak broadening in field-amplified capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 63, 1354, 1990.
123. Foret, F., Sustacek, V., and Bocek, B. J., On-line isotachophoretic sample preconcentration for enhancement of zone detectability in capillary zone electrophoresis, J. Microcol. Sep., 2, 229, 1990.
124. Burgi, D. and Chien, R.-L., Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis (2nd edition), Ed. J.P. Landers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Chapter 16, 1996.
125. Kurnik, R. T., Boone, T. D., Nguyen, U., Ricco, A. J., and Williams, S. J., Use of floating electrodes in transient isotachophoresis to increase the sensitivity of detection, Lab Chip, 3, 86-92, 2003.
126. Guzman, N. A., Trebilcok, M. A., and Advis, J. P., The use of a concentration step to collect urinary components separated by capillary electrophoresis and further characterization of collected analytes by mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., 14, 997, 1991.
127. Guzman, N. A., Automated capillary electrophoresis apparatus, U.S. Patent #5,202,010, 1993.
128. Fuchs, M. and Merion, M., Apparatus for effecting capillary electrophoresis, U.S. Patent #5,246,577, 1993.
129. Strausbauch, M. A., Xu, S. Z., Ferguson, J. E., Nunez, M., Machacek, D., Lawson, G. M., Wettstein, P. J., and Landers, J. P., Concentration and analysis of hypoglycemic drugs using solid phase extractioncapillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 717, 279-291, 1995.
130. Tomlinson, A. J., Benson, L. M., Braddock, W. D., Oda, R. P., and Naylor, S., On-line preconcentrationcapillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (PC-EC-MS), J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 17, 729, 1994.
131. Strausbauch, M., Landers, J. P., andWettstein, P. J., Mechanism of peptide separations by solid phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis (SPE-CE) at low pH, Anal. Chem., 68, 306-314, 1996.
132. Strausbauch, M. A., Madden, B. J., Wettstein, P. J., and Landers, J. P., Sensitivity enhancement and second dimensional information from the SPE-CE analysis of entire HPLC fractions, Electrophoresis, 16, 541, 1995.
133. Beattie, J. H., Self, R., and Richards, M. P., The use of solid phase concentrators for on-line preconcentration of metallothionen prior to isoform separation by capillary zone electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 16, 322, 1995.
134. Roche, M. E., Anderson, M. A., Oda, R. P., Riggs, L. B., Strausbauch, M. A., Okazaki, R., Wettstein, P. J., and Landers, J. P., Capillary electrophoresis of insulin-like growth factors: enhanced UV detection using dynamically-coated capillaries and on-line solid phase extraction (SPE-CE), Anal. Biochem., 258, 87-95, 1998.
135. Cao, W., Easley, C. J., Ferrance, J. P., and Landers, J. P., Chitosan as a novel polymer for pHinduced DNA purification in a totally aqueous system: I. High density open-channel pattern for DNA purification, Anal. Chem., 78, 7222-7228, 2006.
136. Wolfe, K. A., Breadmore, M. C., Ferrance, J. P., Power, M. E., Conroy, J. F., Norris, P. M., and Landers, J. P., Toward a microchip-based solid-phase extraction method for isolation of nucleic acids, Electrophoresis, 23, 727-733, 2002.
137. Breadmore, M. C., Wolfe, K. A., Arcibal, I. G., Leung, W. K., Dicks, D., Giordano, B. C., Power, M. E. et al., Microchip-based purification of DNA from biological samples, Anal. Chem., 75, 1880-1886, 2003.
138. Wu, Q., Bienvenue, J. M., Giordano, B. C., Hassan, B. J., Kwok, Y. C., Norris, P. M., Landers, J. P., and Ferrance, J. P., A microchip-based macroporous silica sol-gel monolith for efficient isolation of DNA from clinical samples, Anal. Chem., 78, 5704-5710, 2006.
139. Wen, J., Guillo, C., Ferrance, J. P., and Landers, J. P., DNAextraction using a tetramethyl orthosilicategrafted photopolymerized monolithic solid phase, Anal. Chem., 78, 1673-1681, 2006.
140. Guzman, N. A. and Phillips, T. M., Immunoaffinity CE for proteomics studies, Anal. Chem., 77, 61A-67A, 2005.
141. Guzman, N. A., Improved solid-phase microextraction device for use in on-line immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 24, 3718-3727, 2003.
142. Vizioli, N. M., Carducci, C. N., Pena, C., and Guzman, N. A., Monitoring the purity of a synthetic peptide by capillary electrophoresis: utilization of an on-line preconcentration method for improved separation and detection sensitivity, J. Capill. Electrophor. Microchip Technol., 6, 109-118, 1999.