Scaling-up HCV prevention and treatment interventions in rural United States—model projections for tackling an increasing epidemic

Addiction

Volumn 113, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 173-182

  Fraser, Hannah ^a   Zibbell, Jon ^b   Hoerger, Thomas ^b   Hariri, Susan ^c   Vellozzi, Claudia ^c   Martin, Natasha K ^a,d   Kral, Alex H ^b   Hickman, Matthew ^a   Ward, John W ^c   Vickerman, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b RTI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

^c CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Hepatitis C; mathematical modelling; needle syringe programmes; opioid substitution therapy; people who inject drugs; prescription opioid

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

ADULT; CHRONIC HEPATITIS C; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INDIANA; MALE; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; PREVALENCE; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PROCEDURES; REHABILITATION; RURAL POPULATION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; THEORETICAL MODEL; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; EPIDEMICS; FEMALE; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INDIANA; MALE; MODELS, THEORETICAL; NEEDLE-EXCHANGE PROGRAMS; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; PREVALENCE; RURAL POPULATION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85030165451     PISSN: 09652140     EISSN: 13600443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/add.13948     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Shepard C. W., Finelli L., Alter M. J. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 558–567.
2. Degenhardt L., Charlson F., Stanaway J., Larney S., Alexander L. T., Hickman M. et al. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B: results from the global burden of disease GBD 2013 study. Lancet Infectious Disease 2016; 16: 1385–1398.
3. Edlin B. R., Eckhardt B. J., Shu M. A., Holmberg S. D., Swan T. Toward a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology 2015; 62: 1353–1363.
4. Ly K. N., Xing J., Klevens R. M., Jiles R. B., Ward J. W., Holmberg S. D. The increasing burden of mortality from viral hepatitis in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Ann Intern Med 2012; 156: 271–278.
5. Schoener E. P., Hopper J. A., Pierre J. D. Injection drug use in North America. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2002; 16: 535–551.
6. Suryaprasad A. G., White J. Z., Xu F., Eichler B.-A., Hamilton J., Patel A. et al. Emerging epidemic of hepatitis C virus infections among young nonurban persons who inject drugs in the United States, 2006–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59: 1411–1419.
7. Zibbell J. E., Iqbal K., Patel R., Suryaprasad A., Sanders K., Moore-Moravian L. et al. Increases in hepatitis C virus infection related to injection drug use among persons aged ≤ 30 years—Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, 2006–2012. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64: 453–458.
8. Alter M. J., Moyer L. A. The importance of preventing hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1998; 18: S6–10.
9. Edlin B. R., Winkelstein E. R. Can hepatitis C be eradicated in the United States? Antiviral Res 2014; 110: 79–93.
10. Vickerman P., Page K., Maher L., Hickman M., Commentary on Nolan, et al. Opiate substitution treatment and hepatitis C virus prevention: building an evidence base? Addiction 2014; 109: 2060–2061.
11. Palmateer N. E., Taylor A., Goldberg D. J., Munro A., Aitken C., Shepherd S. J. et al. Rapid decline in HCV incidence among people who inject drugs associated with national scale-up in coverage of a combination of harm reduction interventions. PLOS ONE 2014; 9: e104515.
12. Turner K. M., Hutchinson S., Vickerman P., Hope V., Craine N., Palmateer N. et al. The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence. Addiction 2011; 106: 1978–1988.
13. Platt L., Reed J., Minozzi S., Vickerman P., Hagan H., French C. et al. Effectiveness of needle/syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy in preventing HCV transmission among people who inject drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; in press.
14. Nolan S., Dias Lima V., Fairbairn N., Kerr T., Montaner J., Grebely J. et al. The impact of methadone maintenance therapy on hepatitis C incidence among illicit drug users. Addiction 2014; 109: 2053–2059.
15. Dore G. J., Feld J. J. Hepatitis C virus therapeutic development: in pursuit of ‘perfectovir’. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60: 1829–1836.
16. Yang H. J., Ryoo J. Y., Yoo B. K. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Int J Clin Pharm 2015; 37: 698–708.
17. Martin N. K., Hickman M., Hutchinson S. J., Goldberg D. J., Vickerman P. Combination interventions to prevent HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: modeling the impact of antiviral treatment, needle and syringe programs, and opiate substitution therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57: S39–S45.
18. Vickerman P., Martin N., Turner K., Hickman M. Can needle and syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus prevalence? Model projections for different epidemic settings. Addiction 2012; 107: 1984–1995.
19. Martin N. K., Vickerman P., Grebely J., Hellard M., Hutchinson S. J., Lima V. D. et al. Hepatitis C virus treatment for prevention among people who inject drugs: modeling treatment scale-up in the age of direct-acting antivirals. Hepatology 2013; 58: 1598–1609.
20. World Health Organization. Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016-2021: Towards ending viral hepatitis, 2016. Available at: http://www.who.int/hepatitis/strategy2016-2021/ghss-hep/en/ (accessed 30 August 2017) (Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6t6Mdyw3z on 30 August 2017).
21. Conrad C., Bradley H. M., Broz D., Buddha S., Chapman E. L., Galang R. R. et al. Community outbreak of HIV infection linked to injection drug use of oxymorphone—Indiana, 2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64: 443–444.
22. Strathdee S. A., Beyrer C. Threading the needle—how to stop the HIV outbreak in rural Indiana. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 397–399.
23. Peters P. J., Pontones P., Hoover K. W., Patel M. R., Galang R. R., Shields J. et al. HIV infection linked to injection use of Oxymorphone in Indiana, 2014–2015. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 229–239.
24. Martin N. K., Vickerman P., Miners A., Foster G. R., Hutchinson S. J., Goldberg D. J. et al. Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus antiviral treatment for injection drug user populations. Hepatology 2012; 55: 49–57.
25. Cousien A., Tran V. C., Deuffic-Burban S., Jauffret-Roustide M., Dhersin J. S., Yazdanpanah Y. Hepatitis C treatment as prevention of viral transmission and liver-related morbidity in persons who inject drugs. Hepatology 2016; 63: 1090–1101.
26. Durham D. P., Skrip L. A., Bruce R. D., Vilarinho S., Elbasha E. H., Galvani A. P. et al. The impact of enhanced screening and treatment on hepatitis C in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62: 298–304.
27. He T., Li K., Roberts M. S., Spaulding A. C., Ayer T., Grefenstette J. J. et al. Prevention of hepatitis C by screening and treatment in US prisons. Ann Intern Med 2016; 164: 84–92.
28. Paraskevis D., Nikolopoulos G., Fotiou A., Tsiara C., Paraskeva D., Sypsa V. et al. Economic recession and emergence of an HIV-1 outbreak among drug injectors in Athens metropolitan area: a longitudinal study. PLOS ONE 2013; 8: e78941.
29. Health Protection Scotland (HPS). HPS Weekly Report, 2016. Glasgow: HPS; 2016: Volume 50 No. 2016/11.
30. Des Jarlais D. C., Kerr T., Carrieri P., Feelemyer J., Arasteh K. HIV infection among persons who inject drugs: ending old epidemics and addressing new outbreaks. AIDS 2016; 30: 815–826.
31. Tarján A., Dudás M., Wiessing L., Horváth G., Rusvai E., Tresó B. et al. HCV prevalence and risk behaviours among injectors of new psychoactive substances in a risk environment in Hungary—an expanding public health burden. Int J Drug Policy 2017; 41: 1–7.
32. Micallef J. M., Kaldor J. M., Dore G. J. Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Viral Hepatol 2006; 13: 34–41.
33. Spiller M. W., Shields J., Bradley H. M., Chapman E. L., Conrad C., Duwve J. M. et al. Network Analysis of a Contact Network from an Investigation of a Community Outbreak of HIV Infection Linked to Injection Drug Use—Indiana. Vancouver, Canada: IAS; 2015.
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance Data for Acute Viral Hepatitis – United States, 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2008surveillance/table2c.htm (accessed 30 August 2017) (Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6t6IMNqlr on 30 August 2017).
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for Viral Hepatitis – United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2013surveillance/index.htm (accessed 30 August 2017) (Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6t6IYsOJp on 30 August 2017).
36. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set—Admissions (TEDS-A)—Concatenated, 1992 to 2012 (ICPSR 25221). Ann Arbor, MI. Available at: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/56/studies/25221?archive=ICPSR&sortBy=7 (accessed 30 August 2017) (Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6t6OlRZld on 30 August 2017).
37. Havens J. R., Lofwall M. R., Frost S. D., Oser C. B., Leukefeld C. G., Crosby R. A. Individual and network factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C infection among rural Appalachian injection drug users. Am J Public Health 2013; 103: e44–e52.
38. Zibbell J. E., Hart-Malloy R., Barry J., Fan L., Flanigan C. Risk factors for HCV infection among young adults in rural New York who inject prescription opioid analgesics. Am J Public Health 2014; 104: 2226–2232.
39. Spiller M. W., Broz D., Wejnert C., Nerlander L., Paz-Bailey G. HIV infection and HIV-associated behaviors among persons who inject drugs—20 cities, United States, 2012. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64: 270–275.
40. Mathers B. M., Degenhardt L., Bucello C., Lemon J., Wiessing L., Hickman M. Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Org 2013; 91: 102–123.
41. Xu J., Murphy S., Kochanek D., Bastianm B. Deaths: Final Data for 2013. Hyattsville, MD: National Vital Statistic Reports; 2016.
42. Bao Y. P., Liu Z. M., Epstein D. H., Du C., Shi J., Lu L. A meta-analysis of retention in methadone maintenance by dose and dosing strategy. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2009; 35: 28–33.
43. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. America IDSo. Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C. Available at: http://www.hcvguidelines.org/contents (accessed 30 August 2017) (Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6t6OPVwIZ on 30 August 2017).
44. Briggs A., Claxton K., Sculpher M. Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2006.
45. Des Jarlais D. C., Perlis T., Arasteh K., Torian L. V., Hagan H., Beatrice S. et al. Reductions in hepatitis C virus and HIV infections among injecting drug users in new York City, 1990–2001. AIDS 2005; 19: S20–5.
46. Mehta S. H., Astemborski J., Kirk G. D., Strathdee S. A., Nelson K. E., Vlahov D. et al. Changes in blood-borne infection risk among injection drug users. J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 587–594.
47. Hellard M., Rolls D. A., Sacks-Davis R., Robins G., Pattison P., Higgs P. et al. The impact of injecting networks on hepatitis C transmission and treatment in people who inject drugs. Hepatology 2014; 60: 1861–1870.
48. Mattick R. P., Breen C., Kimber J., Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; Issue 3. Art. No.: CD002209. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002209.pub2.
49. Canary L. A., Klevens R. M., Holmberg S. D. Limited access to new hepatitis C virus treatment under state Medicaid programs. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163: 226–228.
50. Young K., Rudowitz R., Garfield R., Musumeci M. Medicaid's most costly outpatient drugs. The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, California. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2016. Available at: http://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/medicaids-most-costly-outpatient-drugs/ (accessed 30 August 2017) (Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6t6JOzHIton30August2017).
51. Silverman E. Washington State told to lift restrictions on hepatitis C medicines. State News. 2016. Available at: https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2016/05/27/washington-state-hepatitis-drug-prices/ (accessed 30 August 2017) (Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6t6JgPLoG on 30 August 2017).
52. Center for Medicaid and CHIP Services. Assuring Medicaid beneficiaries access to hepatitis C (HCV) drugs. Med Drug Rebate Program Notice 2015. Available at: https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid-chip-program-information/by-topics/prescription-drugs/downloads/rx-releases/state-releases/state-rel-172.pdf (accessed 30 2017).
53. Jackson H., Mandell K., Johnson K., Chatterjee D., Vanness D. J. Cost-effectiveness of injectable extended-release naltrexone compared with methadone maintenance and buprenorphine maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Subst Abuse 2015; 36: 226–231.
54. Nguyen T. Q., Weir B. W., Des Jarlais D. C., Pinkerton S. D., Holtgrave D. R. Syringe exchange in the United States: a national level economic evaluation of hypothetical increases in investment. AIDS Behav 2014; 18: 2144–2155.
55. Tsui J. I., Evans J. L., Lum P. J., Hahn J. A., Page K. Association of opioid agonist therapy with lower incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174: 1974–1981.
56. White B., Dore G. J., Lloyd A. R., Rawlinson W. D., Maher L. Opioid substitution therapy protects against hepatitis C virus acquisition in people who inject drugs: the HITS-c study. Med J Aust 2014; 201: 326–329.
57. Van Handel M. M., Rose C. E., Hallisey E. J., Kolling J. L., Zibbell J. E., Lewis B. et al. County-level vulnerability assessment for rapid dissemination of HIV or HCV infections among persons who inject drugs, United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 73: 323–331.
58. Aspinall E. J., Nambiar D., Goldberg D. J., Hickman M., Weir A., Van Velzen E. et al. Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43: 235–248.
59. MacArthur G. J., Minozzi S., Martin N., Vickerman P., Deren S., Bruneau J. et al. Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 345: e5945.
60. Low A. J., Mburu G., Welton N. J., May M. T., Davies C. F., French C. et al. Impact of opioid substitution therapy on antiretroviral therapy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63: 1094–1104.
61. Connock M., Juarez-Garcia A., Jowett S., Frew E., Liu Z., Taylor R. et al. Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2007; 11: 1–171.