Toward a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of hepatitis C in the United States

Hepatology

Volumn 62, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 1353-1363

  Edlin, Brian R ^a,b   Eckhardt, Benjamin J ^a   Shu, Marla A ^c   Holmberg, Scott D ^d   Swan, Tracy ^e  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES   (United States)

^c BETH ISRAEL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^e Treatment Action Group   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VIRUS ANTIBODY; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY;

ARTICLE; HEALTH SURVEY; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; NONRESPONSE BIAS; NURSING HOME PATIENT; POPULATION GROUP; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRISONER; SAMPLING; SEROPREVALENCE; SOLDIER; UNITED STATES; BLOOD; FEMALE; MALE;

FEMALE; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODIES; HUMANS; MALE; PREVALENCE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84945177224     PISSN: 02709139     EISSN: 15273350     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hep.27978     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. Accessed September 22, 2014.
2. Zipf G, Porter KS, Ostchega Y, Lewis BG, Dostal J. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Plan and operations, 1999-2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2013;1(56):1-28. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_01/sr01_056.pdf.
3. Denniston MM, Jiles RB, Drobeniuc J, Klevens RM, Ward JW, McQuillan GM, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2010. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:293-300.
4. McQuillan GM, Khare M, Karon JM, Schable CA, Vlahov D. Update on the seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States household population: NHANES III, 1988-1994. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;14:355-360.
5. Kuniholm MH, Jung M, Everhart JE, Cotler S, Heiss G, McQuillan G, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in US Hispanic/Latino adults: results from the NHANES 2007-2010 and HCHS/SOL studies. J Infect Dis 2014;209:1585-1590.
6. Waksberg J, Levine D, Marker D. Assessment of Major Federal Data Sets for Analyses of Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander Subgroups and Native Americans. Table 3-3. Rockville MD: Westat; 2000. http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/minority-db00/task3/section3.htm.
7. Perumalswami P, Factor S, Kapelusznik L, Friedman SL, Pan CQ, Chang C, et al. Hepatitis Outreach Network: a practical strategy for hepatitis screening with linkage to care in foreign-born communities. J Hepatol 2013;58:890-897.
8. Shire AM, Sandhu DS, Kaiya JK, Oseini AM, Yang JD, Chaiteerakij R, et al. Viral hepatitis among Somali immigrants in Minnesota: association of hepatitis C with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 2012;87:17-24.
9. Batash S, Khaykis I, Raicht RF, Bini EJ. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the New York City metropolitan area: results of a community-based screening program. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:922-927.
10. Armstrong G, Wasley A, Simard E, McQuillan G, Kuhnert W, Alter M. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:705-714.
11. Holmberg S, Spradling P, Moorman A, Denniston MM. Hepatitis C in the United States. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1859-1861.
12. Glaze LE, Herberman EJ. Correctional Populations in the United States, 2012. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2013. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus12.pdf.
13. National Alliance to End Homelessness. The state of homelessness in America 2013. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness. http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/the-state-of-homelessness-2013. Published April 8, 2013.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Hospital Discharge Survey. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhds.htm.
15. National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. Selected Veterans Health Administration Characteristics: FY2002 to FY2013. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs; 2013. https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/selected-veterans-health-administration-characteristics-fy2002-fy2013.
16. Jones AL, Dwyer LL, Bercovitz AR, Strahan GW. The National Nursing Home Survey: 2004 overview. Vital Health Stat 2009;13(167):1-155.
17. US Census. National security and veterans affairs. In: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 2012. http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/12statab/defense.pdf.
18. US Census. Health and nutrition. In: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012. Washington DC: United States Census Bureau; 2012. http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/health_nutrition.html.
19. Norris T, Vines PL, Hoeffel EM. The American Indian and Alaska Native population: 2010. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 2012. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf.
20. Varan AK, Mercer DW, Stein MS, Spaulding AC. Hepatitis C seroprevalence among prison inmates since 2001: still high but declining. Public Health Rep 2014;129:187-195.
21. Harrison PM, Beck AJ. Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2005. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2006. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pjim05.pdf.
22. West HC, Sabol WJ. Prison inmates at midyear 2008-statistical tables. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2009. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pim08st.pdf.
23. Tseng FC, Edlin BR, Zhang M, Kral A, Busch MP, Ortiz-Conde BA, et al. The inverse relationship between chronic HBV and HCV infections among injection drug users is associated with decades of age and drug use. J Viral Hepat 2008;15:690-698.
24. Edlin BR. Five million Americans infected with the hepatitis C virus: a corrected estimate. Hepatology 2005;42(4 Suppl. 1):213A.
25. Ruiz JD, Molitor F, Sun RK, Mikanda J, Facer M, Colford JM Jr, et al. Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus infection among inmates entering the California correctional system. West J Med 1999;170:156-160.
26. Ruiz JD, Molitor F, Plagenhoef JA. Trends in hepatitis C and HIV infection among inmates entering prisons in California, 1994 versus 1999. AIDS 2002;16:2236-2238.
27. Hennessey K, Kim A, Griffin V, Collins NT, Weinbaum CM, Sabin K. Prevalence of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses and co-infection with HIV in three jails: a case for viral hepatitis prevention in jails in the United States. J Urban Health 2009;86:93-105.
28. Fox RK, Currie SL, Evans J, Wright TL, Tobler L, Phelps B, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection among prisoners in the California State correctional system. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:177-186.
29. Spaulding A, Greene C, Davidson K, Schneidermann M, Rich J. Hepatitis C in state correctional facilities. Prev Med (Baltim) 1999;28:92-100.
30. - female prisoners [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the XI International Conference on AIDS. Geneva: International AIDS Society; 1996. Abstract Tu.C.2655.
31. Spaulding A, Bowden C, Miller L, Mbaba M, Church J. An IIDDEALL program for jails: integrating infectious disease detection at entry and linkage to care. Presentation at National HIV Prevention Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, August 14-17, 2011.
32. Solomon L, Flynn C, Muck K, Vertefeuille J. Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among entrants to Maryland correctional facilities. J Urban Health 2004;81:25-37.
33. Cocoros N, Nettle E, Church D, Bourassa L, Sherwin V, Cranston K, et al. Screening for Hepatitis C as a Prevention Enhancement (SHAPE) for HIV: an integration pilot initiative in a Massachusetts County correctional facility. Public Health Rep 2014;129:S5-S11.
34. Lincoln T, Tuthill RW, DePietro SL, Tocco MJ, Keough K, Conklin TJ. Viral hepatitis, risk behaviors, aminotransferase levels, and screening options at a county correctional center. J Correct Health Care 2006;12:249-261.
35. Eastman E, Rappaport E, DeMaria A, Werner B. Validation of self-reported risk as a method for identifying anti-hepatitis C positive individuals at time of intake physical examination at Massachusetts Department of Correction facilities [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 129th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2001. Abstract 30003. https://apha.confex.com/apha/129am/techprogram/paper_30003.htm.
36. Wenger PJ, Rottnek F, Parker T, Crippin JS. Assessment of hepatitis C risk factors and infection prevalence in a jail population. Am J Public Health 2014;104:1722-1727.
37. Chen L, Salcido B, Whitley R, Forero M. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C markers among inmates entering Nevada State Correctional system [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 130th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2002. Abstract 48667. https://apha.confex.com/apha/130am/techprogram/paper_48667.htm.
38. Alvarez KJ, Befus M, Herzig CT, Larson E. Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus infection among inmates at two New York State correctional facilities. J Infect Public Health 2014;7:517-521.
39. Wang L, Smith L, Wright LN, Birkhead GS, Zhu B, Young ME, et al. Changing dynamics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and injection drug use (IDU) as predictors of HIV infection among inmates entering the New York State (NYS) prison system from 2000 to 2007 [Abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 2010;171(Suppl.):S134. Abstract 536.
40. Smith L, Wang L, Wright L, Sabin K, Glebatis D, Smith P. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence in incoming inmates in New York State (NYS), 2000-2001 [Abstract]. In: Programs and Abstracts of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Alexandria, VA: Infectious Diseases Society of America; 2002. Abstract 793.
41. Larney S, Mahowald MK, Scharff N, Flanigan TP, Beckwith CG, Zaller ND. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Pennsylvania state prisons, 2004-2012: limitations of 1945-1965 birth cohort screening in correctional settings. Am J Public Health 2014;104:e69-e74.
42. Macalino GE, Vlahov D, Dickinson BP, Schwartzapfel B, Rich JD. Community incidence of hepatitis B and C among reincarcerated women. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:998-1002.
43. Macalino GE, Vlahov D, Sanford-Colby S, Patel S, Sabin K, Salas C, et al. Prevalence and incidence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections among males in Rhode Island prisons. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1218-1223.
44. Baillargeon J, Wu H, Kelley MJ, Grady J, Linthicum L, Dunn K. Hepatitis C seroprevalence among newly incarcerated inmates in the Texas correctional system. Public Health 2003;117:43-48.
45. Pfister JR, Haase B, State W, Hurie M. Targeted hepatitis C virus screening of inmates on admission to the Wisconsin adult correctional system. Wisconsin AIDS/HIV Update 2001;(spring):43-46.
46. Desai RA, Rosenheck RA, Agnello V. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in a sample of homeless veterans. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2003;38:396-401.
47. Nyamathi AM, Dixon EL, Wiley D, Christiani A, Lowe A. Hepatitis C virus infection among homeless men referred from a community clinic. West J Nurs Res 2006;28:475-488.
48. Cheung RC, Hanson AK, Maganti K, Keeffe EB, Matsui SM. Viral hepatitis and other infectious diseases in a homeless population. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002;34:476-480.
49. Rosenblum A, Nuttbrock L, McQuistion HL, Magura S, Joseph H. Hepatitis C and substance use in a sample of homeless people in New York City. J Addict Dis 2001;20:15-25.
50. Schwarz KB, Garrett B, Alter MJ, Thompson D, Strathdee SA. Seroprevalence of HCV infection in homeless Baltimore families. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2008;19:580-587.
51. Stein JA, Nyamathi A. Correlates of hepatitis C virus infection in homeless men: a latent variable approach. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;75:89-95.
52. Gelberg L, Robertson MJ, Arangua L, Leake BD, Sumner G, Moe A, et al. Prevalence, distribution, and correlates of hepatitis C virus infection among homeless adults in Los Angeles. Public Health Rep 2012;127:407-421.
53. Strehlow AJ, Robertson MJ, Zerger S, Rongey C, Arangua L, Farrell E, et al. Hepatitis C among clients of health care for the homeless primary care clinics. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2012;23:811-833.
54. Boyce DE, Tice AD, Ona F, Akinaka K, Lusk H. Viral hepatitis in a homeless shelter in Hawai'i. Hawaii Med J 2009;68:113-115.
55. Austin GE, Jensen B, Leete J, De l'Aune W, Bhatnagar J, Racine M, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus seropositivity among hospitalized US veterans. Am J Med Sci 2000;319:353-359.
56. Pham D, Walshe D, Montgomery J, Buskell-Bales Z, Collier K. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis C and B in an urban VA medical center. Hepatology 1994;20(Suppl.):236A.
57. Cheung RC. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in American veterans. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:740-747.
58. Brillman JC, Crandall CS, Florence CS, Jacobs JL. Prevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis C in ED patients. Am J Emerg Med 2002;20:476-480.
59. Meyer JM. Prevalence of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and HIV among hepatitis C-seropositive state hospital patients: results from oregon state hospital. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:540-545.
60. Tabibian JH, Wirshing D, Pierre JM, Guzik LH, Kisicki MD, Danovitch I, et al. Hepatitis B and C among veterans on a psychiatric ward. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:1693-1698.
61. Hall MR, Ray D, Payne J. Prevalence of hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus in a Grand Rapids, Michigan emergency department. J Emerg Med 2010;38:401-405.
62. Calore BL, Cheung RC, Giori NJ. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the veteran population undergoing total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2012;27:1772-1776.
63. Chien NT, Dundoo G, Horani MH, Osmack P, Morley JH, Di Bisceglie AM. Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis in an older nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:1110-1113.
64. Hyams KC, Riddle J, Rubertone M, Trump D, Alter MJ, Cruess DF, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in the US military: a seroepidemiologic survey of 21, 000 troops. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:764-770.
65. Hakre S, Peel S, O'Connell RJ, Sanders-Buell EE, Jagodzinski LL, Eggleston JC, et al. Transfusion-transmissible viral infections among US military recipients of whole blood and platelets during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Transfusion 2011;51:473-485.
66. Neumeister AS, Pilcher LE, Erickson JM, Langley LL, Murphy MM, Haukaas NM, et al. Hepatitis C prevalence in an urban Native American clinic: a prospective screening study. J Natl Med Assoc 2007;99:389-392.
67. Burt M. Helping America's Homeless: Emergency Shelter or Affordable Housing? Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press; 2001.
68. Grant R, Gracy D, Goldsmith G, Shapiro A, Redlener I. Twenty-five years of child and family homelessness: where are we now? Am J Public Health 2013;103(Suppl. 2):e1-e10.
69. US Census Bureau. Accuracy and Limitations of Census Data. In: 2007 American Indian and Alaska Native Tribal Consultations Final Report. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 2008:13-17.
70. DeWeaver N. American community survey data on the American Indian/Alaska Native population: a look behind the numbers. Washington, DC: National Congress of American Indians; 2013. http://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/ACS_data_on_the_AIAN_Population_paper_by_Norm_DeWeaver.pdf.
71. Montana 2008 annual report: STDs including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C. Helena, MT: Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services; 2009. http://www.dphhs.mt.gov/Portals/85/publichealth/documents/HIVSTD/HIVSTD2008AnnualReport.pdf.
72. Division of Viral Hepatitis. Viral Hepatitis Surveillance, United States, 2012. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/Statistics/2012Surveillance/index.htm.
73. Burgard S, Seefeldt KS, Zelner S. Housing instability and health: findings from the Michigan recession and recovery study. Soc Sci Med 2012;75:2215-2224.
74. Witte P. The State of Homelessness in America 2012. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness. http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/the-state-of-homelessness-in-america-2012. Published January 17, 2012.
75. Smith BD, Morgan RL, Beckett GA, Falck-Ytter Y, Holtzman D, Teo CG, et al. Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945-1965. MMWR Recomm Rep 2012;61:1-32.
76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pilot study of a household survey to determine HIV seroprevalence. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991;40:1-5.
77. Mohd Hanafiah K, Groeger J, Flaxman AD, Wiersma ST. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence. Hepatology 2013;57:1333-1342.
78. Ericksen E. An evaluation of the 2000 census. In: Final Report to Congress. Suitland, MD: US Census Monitoring Board; 2001:15-85.
79. Bell RM, Cohen ML, National Research Council, eds. Coverage Measurement in the 2010 Census. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12524/coverage-measurement-in-the-2010-census.
80. Suryaprasad AG, White JZ, Xu F, Eichler BA, Hamilton J, Patel A, et al. Emerging epidemic of hepatitis C virus infections among young non-urban persons who inject drugs in the United States, 2006-2012. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:1411-1419.
81. Zibbell JE, Hart-Malloy R, Barry J, Fan L, Flanigan C. Risk factors for HCV infection among young adults in rural New York who inject prescription opioid analgesics. Am J Public Health 2014:e1-e7.
82. Zibbell JE, Iqbal K, Patel RC, Suryaprasad A, Sanders KJ, Moore-Moravian L, et al. Increases in hepatitis C virus infection related to injection drug use among persons aged ≤30 years-Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, 2006-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:453-458.
83. Conrad C, Bradley HM, Broz D, Buddha S, Chapman EL, Galang RR, et al. Community outbreak of HIV infection linked to injection drug use of oxymorphone-Indiana, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:443-444.
84. Lansky A, Brooks JT, DiNenno E, Heffelfinger J, Hall HI, Mermin J. Epidemiology of HIV in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;55(Suppl. 2):S64-S68.
85. Karon JM, Rosenberg PS, McQuillan G, Khare M, Gwinn M, Petersen LR. Prevalence of HIV infection in the United States, 1984 to 1992. JAMA 1996;276:126-131.
86. Tempalski B, Pouget ER, Cleland CM, Brady JE, Cooper HL, Hall HI, et al. Trends in the population prevalence of people who inject drugs in US metropolitan areas 1992-2007. PLoS One 2013;8:e64789.
87. Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Phillips B, Wiessing L, Hickman M, Strathdee SA, et al. Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet 2008;372:1733-1745.
88. Tseng F-C, O'Brien TR, Zhang M, Kral AH, Ortiz-Conde BA, Lorvick J, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus among San Francisco injection drug users, 1998 to 2000. Hepatology 2007;46:666-671.
89. Edlin BR. Perspective: test and treat this silent killer. Nature 2011;474:S18-S19.
90. Rein DB, Wittenborn JS, Weinbaum CM, Sabin M, Smith BD, Lesesne SB. Forecasting the morbidity and mortality associated with prevalent cases of pre-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis C in the United States. Dig Liver Dis 2011;43:66-72.
91. Davis GL, Alter MJ, El-Serag H, Poynard T, Jennings LW. Aging of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons in the United States: a multiple cohort model of HCV prevalence and disease progression. Gastroenterology 2010;138:513-521.
92. Kabiri M, Jazwinski AB, Roberts MS, Schaefer AJ, Chhatwal J. The changing burden of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States: model-based predictions. Ann Intern Med 2014;161:170-180.
93. Razavi H, Elkhoury AC, Elbasha E, Estes C, Pasini K, Poynard T, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease burden and cost in the United States. Hepatology 2013;57:2164-2170.
94. Edlin BR, Winkelstein ER. Can hepatitis C be eradicated in the United States? Antiviral Res 2014;110:79-93.
95. Institute of Medicine. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2010.
96. Barua S, Greenwald R, Grebely J, Dore GJ, Swan T, Taylor LE. Restrictions for medicaid reimbursement of sofosbuvir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2015 Jun 30. doi: 10.7326/M15-0406. [Epub ahead of print].
97. Canary LA, Klevens RM, Holmberg SD. Limited access to new hepatitis C virus treatment under state Medicaid programs. Ann Intern Med 2015 Jun 30. doi: 10.7326/M15-0320. [Epub ahead of print]
98. Carson EA. Prisoners in 2013. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2014. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p13.pdf. Published September 2014.