Staging in bipolar disorder: from theoretical framework to clinical utility

World Psychiatry

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 236-244

  Berk, Michael ^a,b,c,d,e   Post, Robert ^f   Ratheesh, Aswin ^c,d   Gliddon, Emma ^a   Singh, Ajeet ^a   Vieta, Eduard ^g   Carvalho, Andre F ^h,i   Ashton, Melanie M ^a   Berk, Lesley ^a,b   Cotton, Susan M ^c,d   McGorry, Patrick D ^c,d   Fernandes, Brisa S ^a   Yatham, Lakshmi N ^j   Dodd, Seetal ^a,b,c  

^a DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c THE NATIONAL CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^e FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^f GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^h FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF CEARÁ   (Brazil)

ⁱ Institute for Clinical Research and Education in Medicine   (Italy)

^j UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

biological markers; Bipolar disorder; clinical staging; cognitive functioning; early intervention; kindling; lithium; neuroprogression; neuroprotection; transdiagnostic framework; treatment outcome

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DISEASE COURSE; DISTILLATION; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HYPOTHESIS; NEUROPROTECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; STAGING; THEORETICAL MODEL; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 85029672957     PISSN: 17238617     EISSN: 20515545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wps.20441     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Cosci F, Fava GA. Staging of mental disorders: systematic review. Psychother Psychosom 2013;82:20-34.
2. Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B et al. Bipolar disorder. Lancet 2016;387:1561-72.
3. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Aerzte. Leipzig: Barth, 1896.
4. Fava GA, Kellner R. Staging: a neglected dimension in psychiatric classification. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993;87:225-30.
5. McGorry PD, Hickie IB, Yung AR et al. Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006;40:616-22.
6. Berk M, Conus P, Lucas N et al. Setting the stage: from prodrome to treatment resistance in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2007;9:671-8.
7. Berk M, Hallam KT, McGorry PD. The potential utility of a staging model as a course specifier: a bipolar disorder perspective. J Affect Disord 2007;100:279-81.
8. Kapczinski F, Dias VV, Kauer-Sant'Anna M et al. Clinical implications of a staging model for bipolar disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2009;9:957-66.
9. Vieta E, Reinares M, Rosa AR. Staging bipolar disorder. Neurotox Res 2011;19:279-85.
10. Post RM. Kindling and sensitization as models for affective episode recurrence, cyclicity, and tolerance phenomena. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007;31:858-73.
11. Post RM, Rubinow DR, Ballenger JC. Conditioning and sensitisation in the longitudinal course of affective illness. Br J Psychiatry 1986;149:191-201.
12. le Grange D, Loeb KL, Van Orman S et al. Bulimia nervosa in adolescents: a disorder in evolution? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:478-82.
13. Fava GA, Rafanelli C, Tossani E et al. Agoraphobia is a disease: a tribute to Sir Martin Roth. Psychother Psychosom 2008;77:133-8.
14. Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:280-92.
15. Hickie IB, Scott EM, Hermens DF et al. Applying clinical staging to young people who present for mental health care. Early Interv Psychiatry 2013;7:31-43.
16. Duffy A, Malhi GS, Grof P. Do the trajectories of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia follow a universal staging model? Can J Psychiatry 2017;62:115-22.
17. McGorry P, Keshavan M, Goldstone S et al. Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2014;13:211-23.
18. Duffy A, Horrocks J, Doucette S et al. The developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2014;204:122-8.
19. Kapczinski F, Dias VV, Kauer-Sant'Anna M et al. The potential use of biomarkers as an adjunctive tool for staging bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33:1366-71.
20. Vieta E. Staging and psychosocial early intervention in bipolar disorder. Lancet Psychiatry 2015;2:483-5.
21. Kapczinski F, Magalhães PV, Balanzá-Martinez V et al. Staging systems in bipolar disorder: an International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force Report. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;130:354-63.
22. Agius M, Goh C, Ulhaq S et al. The staging model in schizophrenia, and its clinical implications. Psychiatr Danub 2010;22:211-20.
23. Francey SM, Nelson B, Thompson A et al. Who needs antipsychotic medication in the earliest stages of psychosis? A reconsideration of benefits, risks, neurobiology and ethics in the era of early intervention. Schizophr Res 2010;119:1-10.
24. Miklowitz DJ, Schneck CD, Singh MK et al. Early intervention for symptomatic youth at risk for bipolar disorder: a randomized trial of family-focused therapy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;52:121-31.
25. Dodd S, Maes M, Anderson G et al. Putative neuroprotective agents in neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013;42:135-45.
26. McGorry PD, Nelson B, Markulev C et al. Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in young people at ultrahigh risk for psychotic disorders: the NEURAPRO randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2017;74:19-27.
27. Reinares M, Colom F, Rosa AR et al. The impact of staging bipolar disorder on treatment outcome of family psychoeducation. J Affect Disord 2010;123:81-6.
28. Macneil CA, Hasty M, Cotton S et al. Can a targeted psychological intervention be effective for young people following a first manic episode? Results from an 18-month pilot study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2012;6:380-8.
29. Berk M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC et al. Pathways underlying neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;35:804-17.
30. McGorry PD, Nelson B, Goldstone S et al. Clinical staging: a heuristic and practical strategy for new research and better health and social outcomes for psychotic and related mood disorders. Can J Psychiatry 2010;55:486-97.
31. Simeonsson RJ. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in early intervention. J Early Interv 1991;15:124-34.
32. Kessing LV, Forman JL, Andersen PK. Does lithium protect against dementia? Bipolar Disord 2010;12:87-94.
33. Morris G, Berk M. The putative use of lithium in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016;13:853-61.
34. Berk M, Conus P, Kapczinski F et al. From neuroprogression to neuroprotection: implications for clinical care. Med J Aust 2010;193(Suppl. 4):S36-40.
35. Berk M, Daglas R, Dandash O et al. Quetiapine v. lithium in the maintenance phase following a first episode of mania: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2017;210:413-21.
36. Berk M, Dandash O, Daglas R et al. Neuroprotection after a first episode of mania: a randomized controlled maintenance trial comparing the effects of lithium and quetiapine on grey and white matter volume. Transl Psychiatry 2017;7:e1011.
37. Hibar DP, Westlye LT, van Erp TG et al. Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2016;21:1710-6.
38. Martinowich K, Manji H, Lu B. New insights into BDNF function in depression and anxiety. Nat Neurosci 2007;10:1089-93.
39. Miskowiak KW, Carvalho AF, Vieta E et al. Cognitive enhancement treatments for bipolar disorder: a systematic review and methodological recommendations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016;26:1541-61.
40. Post RM. Epigenetic basis of sensitization to stress, affective episodes, and stimulants: implications for illness progression and prevention. Bipolar Disord 2016;18:315-24.
41. McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:2093-101.
42. Kapczinski F, Vieta E, Andreazza AC et al. Allostatic load in bipolar disorder: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008;32:675-92.
43. Watson S, Thompson JM, Ritchie JC et al. Neuropsychological impairment in bipolar disorder: the relationship with glucocorticoid receptor function. Bipolar Disord 2006;8:85-90.
44. Evans SJ, Bassis CM, Hein R et al. The gut microbiome composition associates with bipolar disorder and illness severity. J Psychiatr Res 2017;87:23-9.
45. Salagre E, Vieta E, Grande I. The visceral brain: bipolar disorder and microbiota. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment 2017;10:67-9.
46. Magalhaes PV, Dodd S, Nierenberg AA et al. Cumulative morbidity and prognostic staging of illness in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2012;46:1058-67.
47. Davis J, Eyre H, Jacka FN et al. A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: beyond the two hit hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016;65:185-94.
48. Gelenberg AJ, Kane JM, Keller MB et al. Comparison of standard and low serum levels of lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1489-93.
49. Swann AC, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR et al. Differential effect of number of previous episodes of affective disorder on response to lithium or divalproex in acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1264-6.
50. Franchini L, Zanardi R, Smeraldi E et al. Early onset of lithium prophylaxis as a predictor of good long-term outcome. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;249:227-30.
51. Berk M, Brnabic A, Dodd S et al. Does stage of illness impact treatment response in bipolar disorder? Empirical treatment data and their implication for the staging model and early intervention. Bipolar Disord 2011;13:87-98.
52. McIntyre RS, Earley W, Cheng-Tao C et al. Impact of the number of lifetime episodes on cariprazine efficacy in patients with bipolar mania. Presented at the 19th Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders, Washington, May 2017.
53. Post RM, Weiss SR. Tolerance to the prophylactic effects of carbamazepine and related mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011;17:649-60.
54. Goi PD, Bücker J, Vianna-Sulzbach M et al. Pharmacological treatment and staging in bipolar disorder: evidence from clinical practice. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2015;37:121-5.
55. Scott J, Paykel E, Morriss R et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:313-20.
56. Colom F, Reinares M, Pacchiarotti I et al. Has number of previous episodes any effect on response to group psychoeducation in bipolar patients? A 5-year follow-up post hoc analysis. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2010;22:50-3.
57. Lisy ME, Jarvis KB, DelBello MP et al. Progressive neurostructural changes in adolescent and adult patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2011;13:396-405.
58. Kozicky JM, McGirr A, Bond DJ et al. Neuroprogression and episode recurrence in bipolar I disorder: a study of gray matter volume changes in first-episode mania and association with clinical outcome. Bipolar Disord 2016;18:511-9.
59. Lopez-Jaramillo C, Lopera-Vásquez J, Gallo A et al. Effects of recurrence on the cognitive performance of patients with bipolar I disorder: implications for relapse prevention and treatment adherence. Bipolar Disord 2010;12:557-67.
60. Mwangi B, Wu MJ, Cao B et al. Individualized prediction and clinical staging of bipolar disorders using neuroanatomical biomarkers. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2016;1:186-94.
61. Lyoo IK, Sung YH, Dager SR et al. Regional cerebral cortical thinning in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2006;8:65-74.
62. Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Zimmerman ME et al. Ventricular and periventricular structural volumes in first- versus multiple-episode bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1841-7.
63. Bechdolf A, Wood SJ, Nelson B et al. Amygdala and insula volumes prior to illness onset in bipolar disorder: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2012;201:34-9.
64. Fornito A, Malhi GS, Lagopoulos J et al. In vivo evidence for early neurodevelopmental anomaly of the anterior cingulate cortex in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007;116:467-72.
65. Bora E, Yucel M, Pantelis C. Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. J Affect Disord 2009;113:1-20.
66. El-Badri SM, Ashton CH, Moore PB et al. Electrophysiological and cognitive function in young euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord 2001;3:79-87.
67. Robinson LJ, Ferrier IN. Evolution of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of cross-sectional evidence. Bipolar Disord 2006;8:103-16.
68. Kozicky JM, Torres IJ, Silveira LE et al. Cognitive change in the year after a first manic episode: association between clinical outcome and cognitive performance early in the course of bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75:e587-93.
69. Rosa AR, Magalhães PV, Czepielewski L et al. Clinical staging in bipolar disorder: focus on cognition and functioning. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75:e450-6.
70. Reinares M, Papachristou E, Harvey P et al. Towards a clinical staging for bipolar disorder: defining patient subtypes based on functional outcome. J Affect Disord 2013;144:65-71.
71. Grande I, Magalhães PV, Chendo I et al. Staging bipolar disorder: clinical, biochemical, and functional correlates. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;129:437-44.
72. Wadee AA, Kuschke RH, Wood LA et al. Serological observations in patients suffering from acute manic episodes. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:175-9.
73. Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers in patients with early- vs. late-stage bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;12:447-58.
74. Kapczinski F, Fernandes BS, Kauer-Sant'Anna M et al. The concept of staging in bipolar disorder: the role of BDNF and TNF-alpha as biomarkers. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2009;21:272-4.
75. Andreazza AC, Kapczinski F, Kauer-Sant'Anna M et al. 3-nitrotyrosine and glutathione antioxidant system in patients in the early and late stages of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009;34:263-71.
76. Reininghaus EZ, Lackner N, Birner A et al. Extracellular matrix proteins matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) and correlations with clinical staging in euthymic bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2016;18:155-63.
77. Moylan S, Maes M, Wray NR et al. The neuroprogressive nature of major depressive disorder: pathways to disease evolution and resistance, and therapeutic implications. Mol Psychiatry 2013;18:595-606.
78. Martino DJ, Samamé C, Marengo E et al. A critical overview of the clinical evidence supporting the concept of neuroprogression in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016;235:1-6.
79. Malhi GS, Berk M. Diagnosing bipolar disorder: defining thresholds and setting boundaries. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014;48:500-4.
80. Kupfer DJ. Neuroscience-informed nosology in psychiatry: are we there yet? Asian J Psychiatry 2014;7:2-3.
81. Bauer IE, Gálvez JF, Hamilton JE et al. Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2016;74:1-7.
82. Bechdolf A, Nelson B, Cotton SM et al. A preliminary evaluation of the validity of at-risk criteria for bipolar disorders in help-seeking adolescents and young adults. J Affect Disord 2010;127:316-20.
83. Bechdolf A, Ratheesh A, Wood SJ et al. Rationale and first results of developing at-risk (prodromal) criteria for bipolar disorder. Curr Pharm Des 2012;18:358-75.
84. Leopold K, Ritter P, Correll CU et al. Risk constellations prior to the development of bipolar disorders: rationale of a new risk assessment tool. J Affect Disord 2012;136:1000-10.
85. Berk M, Dodd S, Callaly P et al. History of illness prior to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder. J Affect Disord 2007;103:181-6.
86. Malhi GS, Chengappa KN, Gershon S et al. Hypomania: hype or mania? Bipolar Disord 2010;12:758-63.
87. Axelson D, Goldstein B, Goldstein T et al. Diagnostic precursors to bipolar disorder in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: a longitudinal study. Am J Psychiatry 2015;172:638-46.
88. Birmaher B. Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2013;18.
89. Post RM, Chang K, Frye MA. Paradigm shift: preliminary clinical categorization of ultrahigh risk for childhood bipolar disorder to facilitate studies on prevention. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74:167-9.
90. Goodman M, Hazlett EA, New AS et al. Quieting the affective storm of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:522-8.
91. Post RM, Altshuler LL, Kupka R et al. More childhood onset bipolar disorder in the United States than Canada or Europe: implications for treatment and prevention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017;74:204-13.
92. Conus P, Berk M, Cotton SM et al. Olanzapine or chlorpromazine plus lithium in first episode psychotic mania: an 8-week randomised controlled trial. Eur Psychiatry 2015;30:975-82.
93. Nierenberg AA, McElroy SL, Friedman ES et al. Bipolar CHOICE (Clinical Health Outcomes Initiative in Comparative Effectiveness): a pragmatic 6-month trial of lithium versus quetiapine for bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2016;77:90-9.
94. Murray G, Leitan ND, Berk M et al. Online mindfulness-based intervention for late-stage bipolar disorder: pilot evidence for feasibility and effectiveness. J Affect Disord 2015;178:46-51.
95. Macneil CA, Hallam K, Conus P et al. Are we missing opportunities for early intervention in bipolar disorder? Expert Rev Neurother 2012;12:5-7.
96. Kessing LV, Hansen HV, Hvenegaard A et al. Treatment in a specialised out-patient mood disorder clinic v. standard out-patient treatment in the early course of bipolar disorder: randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry 2013;202:212-9.
97. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L et al. Five-year follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness: the OPUS trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:762-71.
98. Vieta E, Torrent C. Functional remediation: the pathway from remission to recovery in bipolar disorder. World Psychiatry 2016;15:288-9.
99. Macneil CA, Hasty M, Cotton S et al. Can a targeted psychological intervention be effective for young people following a first manic episode? Results from an 18-month pilot study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2012;6:380-8.
100. Macneil CA, Hasty MK, Berk M et al. Psychological needs of adolescents in the early phase of bipolar disorder: implications for early intervention. Early Interv Psychiatry 2011;5:100-7.
101. Berk L, Jorm AF, Kelly CM et al. Development of guidelines for caregivers of people with bipolar disorder: a Delphi expert consensus study. Bipolar Disord 2011;13:556-70.
102. Malla A, Iyer S, McGorry P et al. From early intervention in psychosis to youth mental health reform: a review of the evolution and transformation of mental health services for young people. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016;51:319-26.
103. O'Neil A, Jacka FN, Quirk SE et al. A shared framework for the common mental disorders and non-communicable disease: key considerations for disease prevention and control. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:15.