Risk constellations prior to the development of bipolar disorders: Rationale of a new risk assessment tool

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 136, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 1000-1010

  Leopold, Karolina ^a   Ritter, Philipp ^a   Correll, Christoph U ^b   Marx, Carolin ^a   Özgürdal, Seza ^c   Juckel, Georg ^c   Bauer, Michael ^a   Pfennig, Andrea ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CARL GUSTAV CARUS   (Germany)

^b ZUCKER HILLSIDE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorders; Early recognition; Prevention; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

ADDICTION; ANXIETY; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DISEASE COURSE; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; MOOD CHANGE; PANIC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SLEEP; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

EID: 84857360419     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: 15732517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.043     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. H.S. Akiskal, J. Downs, P. Jordan, S. Watson, D. Daugherty, and D.B. Pruitt Affective disorders in referred children and younger siblings of manic-depressives: mode of onset and prospective course Archives of General Psychiatry 42 10 1985 996 1003
2. H.S. Akiskal, J.D. Maser, P.J. Zeller, J. Endicott, W. Coryell, M. Keller, M. Warshaw, P. Clayton, and F. Goodwin Switching from 'unipolar' to bipolar II: an 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients Archives of General Psychiatry 52 2 1995 114 123
3. H.S. Akiskal, M.V. Mendlowicz, G. Jean-Louis, M.H. Rapaport, J.R. Kelsoe, J.C. Gillin, and T.L. Smith TEMPS-A: validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament Journal of Affective Disorders 85 1-2 2005 45 52
4. H.S. Akiskal, N. Kilzieh, J.D. Maser, P.J. Clayton, P.J. Schettler, M. Traci Shea, J. Endicott, W. Scheftner, R.M.A. Hirschfeld, and M.B. Keller The distinct temperament profiles of bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar patients Journal of Affective Disorders 92 1 2006 19 33
5. J. Angst, A. Gamma, and J. Endrass Risk factors for the bipolar and depression spectra Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108 2003 15 19
6. J. Angst, A. Gamma, J. Endrass, W. Rössler, V. Ajdacic-Gross, D. Eich, R. Herrell, and K.R. Merikangas Is the association of alcohol use disorders with major depressive disorder a consequence of undiagnosed bipolar-II disorder? European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256 7 2006 452 457
7. C. Baethge, J. Hennen, H.M.K. Khalsa, P. Salvatore, M. Tohen, and R.J. Baldessarini Sequencing of substance use and affective morbidity in 166 first-episode bipolar I disorder patients Bipolar Disorders 10 6 2008 738 741
8. R.J. Baldessarini, L. Tondo, and J. Hennen Treatment-latency and previous episodes: relationships to pretreatment morbidity and response to maintenance treatment in bipolar I and II disorders Bipolar Disorders 5 3 2003 169 179
9. F. Barron Barron-Welsh art scale, a Portion of the Welsh Figure Preference Test 1963 CA, Consulting Psychologists Press Palo Alto
10. M. Bauer, P. Grof, N. Rasgon, T. Bschor, T. Glenn, and P.C. Whybrow Temporal relation between sleep and mood in patients with bipolar disorder Bipolar Disorders 8 2 2006 160 167
11. A. Bechdolf, B. Nelson, S.M. Cotton, A. Chanen, A. Thompson, J. Kettle, P. Conus, G.P. Amminger, A.R. Yung, M. Berk, and P.D. McGorry A preliminary evaluation of the validity of at-risk criteria for bipolar disorders in help-seeking adolescents and young adults Journal of Affective Disorders 127 1-3 2010 316 320
12. K. Beesdo, A. Bittner, D.S. Pine, M.B. Stein, M. Hofler, R. Lieb, and H.U. Wittchen Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life Archives of General Psychiatry 64 8 2007 903 912
13. K. Beesdo, M. Hofler, E. Leibenluft, R. Lieb, M. Bauer, and A. Pfennig Mood episodes and mood disorders: patterns of incidence and conversion in the first three decades of life Bipolar Disorders 11 6 2009 637 649
14. S. Behrendt, K. Beesdo-Baum, P. Zimmermann, M. Höfler, A. Perkonigg, G. Bühringer, R. Lieb, and H.U. Wittchen The role of mental disorders in the risk and speed of transition to alcohol use disorders among community youth Psychological Medicine 41 05 2011 1073 1085
15. F. Benedetti, B. Barbini, C. Colombo, and E. Smeraldi Chronotherapeutics in a psychiatric ward Sleep Medicine Reviews 11 6 2007 509 522
16. M. Berk, S. Dodd, P. Callaly, L. Berk, P. Fitzgerald, A.R. De Castella, S. Filia, K. Filia, S. Tahtalian, F. Biffin, K. Kelin, M. Smith, W. Montgomery, and J. Kulkarni History of illness prior to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder star Journal of Affective Disorders 103 1-3 2007 181 186
17. M. Berk, G.S. Malhi, K. Hallam, C.S. Gama, S. Dodd, A.C. Andreazza, B.N. Frey, and F. Kapczinski Early intervention in bipolar disorders: clinical, biochemical and neuroimaging imperatives Journal of Affective Disorders 114 1-3 2009 1 13
18. M. Berk, A. Brnabic, S. Dodd, K. Kelin, M. Tohen, G.S. Malhi, L. Berk, P. Conus, and P.D. McGorry Does stage of illness impact treatment response in bipolar disorder? Empirical treatment data and their implication for the staging model and early intervention Bipolar Disorders 13 1 2011 87 98
19. E.M. Bernstein, and F.W. Putnam Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174 12 1986
20. B. Birmaher, D. Axelson, M. Strober, M.K. Gill, S. Valeri, L. Chiappetta, N. Ryan, H. Leonard, J. Hunt, S. Iyengar, and M. Keller Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders Archives of General Psychiatry 63 2 2006 175 183
21. A. Bittner, R.D. Goodwin, H.U. Wittchen, K. Beesdo, M. Hofler, and R. Lieb What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder? The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65 5 2004 618 626
22. J. Blechert, and T.D. Meyer Are measures of hypomanic personality, impulsive nonconformity and rigidity predictors of bipolar symptoms? British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44 1 2005 15 27
23. N. Breslau, T. Roth, L. Rosenthal, and P. Andreski Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults Biological Psychiatry 39 6 1996 411 418
24. L. Burns, and M. Teesson Alcohol use disorders comorbid with anxiety, depression and drug use disorders: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well Being Drug and Alcohol Dependence 68 3 2002 299 307
25. H.E. Cannon-Spoor, S.G. Potkin, and R.J. Wyatt Measurement of premorbid adjustment in chronic schizophrenia Schizophrenia Bulletin 8 3 1982 470 484
26. Y.W. Chen, and S.C. Dilsaver Comorbidity of panic disorder in bipolar illness: evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey The American Journal of Psychiatry 152 2 1995 280 282
27. C. Colombo, F. Benedetti, B. Barbini, E. Campori, and E. Smeraldi Rate of switch from depression into mania after therapeutic sleep deprivation in bipolar depression Psychiatry Research 86 3 1999 267 270
28. P. Conus, A. Abdel-Baki, S. Harrigan, M. Lambert, P.D. McGorry, and M. Berk Pre-morbid and outcome correlates of first episode mania with psychosis: Is a distinction between schizoaffective and bipolar I disorder valid in the early phase of psychotic disorders? Journal of Affective Disorders 126 1-2 2010 88 95
29. P. Conus, S. Cotton, B.G. Schimmelmann, M. Berk, R. Daglas, P.D. McGorry, and M. Lambert Pretreatment and outcome correlates of past sexual and physical trauma in 118 bipolar I disorder patients with a first episode of psychotic mania Bipolar Disorders 12 3 2010 244 252
30. P. Conus, J. Ward, N. Lucas, S. Cotton, A.R. Yung, M. Berk, and P.D. McGorry Characterisation of the prodrome to a first episode of psychotic mania: results of a retrospective study Journal of Affective Disorders 124 3 2010 341 345
31. C.U. Correll, J.B. Penzner, A.M. Frederickson, J.J. Richter, A.M. Auther, C.W. Smith, J.M. Kane, and B.A. Cornblatt Differentiation in the preonset phases of schizophrenia and mood disorders: evidence in support of a bipolar mania prodrome Schizophrenia Bulletin 33 3 2007 703 714
32. C.U. Correll, J.B. Penzner, T. Lencz, A. Auther, C.W. Smith, A.K. Malhotra, J.M. Kane, and B.A. Cornblatt Early identification and high-risk strategies for bipolar disorder Bipolar Disorders 9 4 2007 324 338
33. C.U. Correll, C.W. Smith, A.M. Auther, D. McLaughlin, M. Shah, C. Foley, R. Olsen, T. Lencz, J.M. Kane, and B.A. Cornblatt Predictors of remission, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder in adolescents with brief psychotic disorder or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified considered at very high risk for schizophrenia Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 18 5 2008 475 490
34. C.U. Correll, M. Hauser, A.M. Auther, and B.A. Cornblatt Research in people with psychosis risk syndrome: a review of the current evidence and future directions Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51 4 2010 390 431
35. R. Donfrancesco, S. Miano, F. Martines, L. Ferrante, M.G. Melegari, and G. Masi Bipolar disorder co-morbidity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Psychiatry Research 186 2-3 2011 333 337
36. A. Duffy, M. Alda, L. Crawford, R. Milin, and P. Grof The early manifestations of bipolar disorder: a longitudinal prospective study of the offspring of bipolar parents Bipolar Disorders 9 8 2007 828 838
37. A. Duffy, M. Alda, T. Hajek, S.B. Sherry, and P. Grof Early stages in the development of bipolar disorder Journal of Affective Disorders 121 1-2 2010 127 135
38. J.A. Egeland, A.M. Hostetter, D.L. Pauls, and J.N. Sussex Prodromal symptoms before onset of manic-depressive disorder suggested by first hospital admission histories Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39 10 2000 1245 1252
39. J.A. Egeland, J.A. Shaw, J. Endicott, D.L. Pauls, C.R. Allen, A.M. Hostetter, and J.N. Sussex Prospective study of prodromal features for bipolarity in well Amish children Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42 7 2003 786 796
40. L. Evans, H.S. Akiskal, J. Keck, S.L. McElroy, A.D. Sadovnick, R.A. Remick, and J.R. Kelsoe Familiality of temperament in bipolar disorder: support for a genetic spectrum Journal of Affective Disorders 85 1-2 2005 153 168
41. G.L. Faedda, R.J. Baldessarini, I.P. Glovinsky, and N.B. Austin Pediatric bipolar disorder: phenomenology and course of illness Bipolar Disorders 6 4 2004 305 313
42. E.L. Fergus, R.B. Miller, D.A. Luckenbaugh, G.S. Leverich, R.L. Findling, A.M. Speer, and R.M. Post Is there progression from irritability/dyscontrol to major depressive and manic symptoms? A retrospective community survey of parents of bipolar children Journal of Affective Disorders 77 1 2003 71 78
43. E. Frank, D.J. Kupfer, M.E. Thase, A.G. Mallinger, H.A. Swartz, A.M. Fagiolini, V. Grochocinski, P. Houck, J. Scott, W. Thompson, and T. Monk Two-year outcomes for interpersonal and social rhythm therapy in individuals with bipolar I disorder Archives of General Psychiatry 62 9 2005 996 1004
44. S.N. Ghaemi, D.J. Hsu, F. Soldani, and F.K. Goodwin Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution Bipolar Disorders 5 6 2003 421 433
45. B.I. Goldstein, and A.J. Levitt Prevalence and correlates of bipolar I disorder among adults with primary youth[hyphen (true graphic)]onset anxiety disorders Journal of Affective Disorders 103 1-3 2007 187 195
46. F.K. Goodwin, and K.R. Jamison Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression 2007 Oxford University Press New York
47. R.D. Goodwin, R. Lieb, M. Hoefler, H. Pfister, A. Bittner, K. Beesdo, and H.U. Wittchen Panic attack as a risk factor for severe psychopathology The American Journal of Psychiatry 161 12 2004 2207 2214
48. B.F. Grant, F.S. Stinson, D.A. Dawson, S.P. Chou, M.C. Dufour, W. Compton, R.P. Pickering, and K. Kaplan Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Archives of General Psychiatry 61 8 2004 807 816
49. G. Gross The onset of schizophrenia Schizophrenia Research 28 2-3 1997 187 198
50. W. Guy ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology 1976 US Department of Health and Human Services Publication (ADM) Rockville, MD 218 222
51. K.T. Hallam, D.P. Begg, J.S. Olver, and T.R. Norman Abnormal dose-response melatonin suppression by light in bipolar type I patients compared with healthy adult subjects Acta Neuropsychiatrica 21 5 2009 246 255
52. A.G. Harvey, D.A. Schmidt, A. Scarna, C.N. Semler, and G.M. Goodwin Sleep-related functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder, patients with insomnia, and subjects without sleep problems The American Journal of Psychiatry 162 1 2005 50 57
53. M. Hauser, A. Pfennig, S. Ízg3rdal, A. Heinz, M. Bauer, and G. Juckel Early recognition of bipolar disorder European Psychiatry 22 2 2007 92 98
54. M.H. Hillegers, C.G. Reichart, M. Wals, F.C. Verhulst, J. Ormel, and W.A. Nolen Five-year prospective outcome of psychopathology in the adolescent offspring of bipolar parents Bipolar Disorders 7 4 2005 344 350
55. R.M.A. Hirschfeld, L. Lewis, and L.A. Vornik Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: How far have we really come? Results of the National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 64 2 2003 161 174
56. O.D. Howes, S. Lim, G. Theologos, A.R. Yung, G.M. Goodwin, and P. McGuire A comprehensive review and model of putative prodromal features of bipolar affective disorder Psychological Medicine FirstView 2010 1 11
57. S.H. Jones, D.J. Hare, and K. Evershed Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder Bipolar Disorders 7 2 2005 176 186
58. T. Kieseppa, T. Partonen, J. Haukka, J. Kaprio, and J. Lonnqvist High concordance of bipolar I disorder in a nationwide sample of twins The American Journal of Psychiatry 161 10 2004 1814 1821
59. E.Y. Kim, and D.J. Miklowitz Childhood mania, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: a critical review of diagnostic dilemmas Bipolar Disorders 4 4 2002 215 225
60. J.B. Knowles, J. Cairns, A.W. MacLean, N. Delva, A. Prowse, J. Waldron, and F.J. Letemendia The sleep of remitted bipolar depressives: comparison with sex and age-matched controls Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 31 4 1986 295 298
61. F.J. Kochman, E.G. Hantouche, P. Ferrari, S. Lancrenon, D. Bayart, and H.S. Akiskal Cyclothymic temperament as a prospective predictor of bipolarity and suicidality in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder Journal of Affective Disorders 85 1-2 2005 181 189
62. U. Last, B. Mandel, E. Shapiro, and R.H. Belmaker In search of psychological markers of bipolar manic-depressive illness (Bmdi) - commonalities in psychological functioning between adult euthymic Bmdi patients and offspring of Bmdi-affected parents Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 26 1-2 1989 75 84
63. E. Leibenluft, P.S. Albert, N.E. Rosenthal, and T.A. Wehr Relationship between sleep and mood in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder Psychiatry Research 63 2-3 1996 161 168
64. P. Lichtenstein, B.H. Yip, C. Bjork, Y. Pawitan, T.D. Cannon, P.F. Sullivan, and C.M. Hultman Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study Lancet 373 9659 2009 234 239
65. R. Lieb, B. Isensee, S. von, and H.U. Wittchen The Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP): a methodological update European Addiction Research 6 4 2000 170 182
66. J.D. Lish, S. Dimemeenan, P.C. Whybrow, R.A. Price, and R.M.A. Hirschfeld The national depressive and manic-depressive association (Dmda) survey of bipolar members Journal of Affective Disorders 31 4 1994 281 294
67. J.H. MacCabe, M.P. Lambe, S. Cnattingius, P.C. Sham, A.S. David, A. Reichenberg, R.M. Murray, and C.M. Hultman Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study The British Journal of Psychiatry 196 2 2010 109 115
68. McGlashan A scale for the assessment of prodromal symptoms and states T.J. Miller, Early Intervention in Psychotic Disorders 2011 135 150
69. A. Millar, C.A. Espie, and J. Scott The sleep of remitted bipolar outpatients: a controlled naturalistic study using actigraphy Journal of Affective Disorders 80 2-3 2004 145 153
70. P.L. Morosini, L. Magliano, L. Brambilla, S. Ugolini, and R. Pioli Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social funtioning Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101 4 2000 323 329
71. E.R.S. Nijenhuis, R. van Dyck, P. Spinhoven, O. van der Hart, M. Chatrou, J. Vanderlinden, and F. Moene Somatoform dissociation discriminates among diagnostic categories over and above general psychopathology The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry 33 4 1999 511 520
72. J.I. Nurnberger Jr.; S. Adkins, D.K. Lahiri, A. Mayeda, K. Hu, A. Lewy, A. Miller, E.S. Bowman, M.J. Miller, N.L. Rau, C. Smiley, and D. Davis-Singh Melatonin suppression by light in euthymic bipolar and unipolar patients Archives of General Psychiatry 57 6 2000 572 579
73. K.J. Oedegaard, D. Neckelmann, F. Benazzi, V.E.G. Syrstad, H.S. Akiskal, and O.B. Fasmer Dissociative experiences differentiate bipolar-II from unipolar depressed patients: the mediating role of cyclothymia and the type A behaviour speed and impatience subscale Journal of Affective Disorders 108 3 2008 207 216
74. S. Ozgurdal, E. van Haren, M. Hauser, A. Strohle, M. Bauer, H.J. Assion, and G. Juckel Early mood swings as symptoms of the bipolar prodrome: preliminary results of a retrospective analysis Psychopathology 42 5 2009 337 342
75. R.H. Perlis, S. Miyahara, L.B. Marangell, S.R. Wisniewski, M. Ostacher, M.P. DelBello, C.L. Bowden, G.S. Sachs, and A.A. Nierenberg Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD) Biological Psychiatry 55 9 2004 875 881
76. C.A. Perlman, S.L. Johnson, and T.A. Mellman The prospective impact of sleep duration on depression and mania Bipolar Disorders 8 3 2006 271 274
77. G. Perugi, C. Micheli, H.S. Akiskal, D. Madaro, C. Socci, C. Quilici, and L. Musetti Polarity of the first episode, clinical characteristics, and course of manic depressive illness: a systematic retrospective investigation of 320 bipolar I patients Comprehensive Psychiatry 41 1 2001 13 18
78. U. Petermann, and F. Petermann Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren in der kindlichen Entwicklung Althammer Familienpolitik und soziale Sicherung 2005 Springer
79. A. Pfennig, and K. Leopold Early Phase Inventory for Bipolar Mood disorders Prediction 2010 Available from the authors, Ref Type: In Press
80. A. Pfennig, B. Jabs, S. Pfeiffer, B. Weikert, K. Leopold, and M. Bauer Versorgungserfahrungen bipolarer Patienten in Deutschland: Befragung vor Einführung der S3-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie bipolarer Störungen 2011 Nervenheilkunde
81. A. Pfennig, K. Leopold, G. Juckel, M. Lambert, M. Holtmann, A. Bechdolf, and M. Bauer Frühe kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei Hochrisikopersonen für die Entwicklung bipolarer Störungen Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN) 2010 2011 Ref Type: Abstract
82. R.M. Post, G.S. Leverich, R.W. Kupka, P.E. Keck, S.L. McElroy, L.L. Altshuler, M.A. Frye, D.A. Luckenbaugh, M. Rowe, H. Grunze, T. Suppes, and W.A. Nolen Early-onset bipolar disorder and treatment delay are risk factors for poor outcome in adulthood The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71 7 2010 864 872
83. C.G. Reichart, J. van der Ende, M. Wals, M.H. Hillegers, W.A. Nolen, J. Ormel, and F.C. Verhulst The use of the GBI as predictor of bipolar disorder in a population of adolescent offspring of parents with a bipolar disorder Journal of Affective Disorders 89 1-3 2005 147 155
84. P.S. Ritter, C. Marx, M. Bauer, K. Lepold, and A. Pfennig The role of disturbed sleep in the early recognition of bipolar disorder: a systematic review Bipolar Disord. 13 3 2011 227 237 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00917.x PubMed PMID: 21676126
85. J.J. Rucklidge Retrospective parent report of psychiatric histories: do checklists reveal specific prodromal indicators for postpubertal-onset pediatric bipolar disorder? Bipolar Disorders 10 1 2008 56 66
86. A. Rupp The economic consequences of not treating depression The British Journal of Psychiatry 166 Suppl 27 1995 29 33
87. J. Sanchez-Moreno, A. Martinez-Aran, R. Tabares-Seisdedos, C. Torrent, E. Vieta, and J.L. Ayuso-Mateos Functioning and disability in bipolar disorder: an extensive review Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 78 5 2009 285 297
88. C.M. Santosa, C.M. Strong, C. Nowakowska, P.W. Wang, C. Rennicke, and T.A. Ketter Enhanced creativity in bipolar disorder patients: a controlled study Journal of Affective Disorders 100 1-3 2007 31 39
89. J.A. Shaw, J.A. Egeland, J. Endicott, C.R. Allen, and A.M. Hostetter A 10-year prospective study of prodromal patterns for bipolar disorder among Amish youth Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 44 11 2005 1104 1111
90. P. Sierra, L. Livianos, and L. Rojo Quality of life for patients with bipolar disorder: relationship with clinical and demographic variables Bipolar Disorders 7 2 2005 159 165
91. D. Sit, K.L. Wisner, B.H. Hanusa, S. Stull, and M. Terman Light therapy for bipolar disorder: a case series in women Bipolar Disorders 9 8 2007 918 927
92. N. Sitaram, J.I. Nurnberger Jr.; E.S. Gershon, and J.C. Gillin Cholinergic regulation of mood and REM sleep: potential model and marker of vulnerability to affective disorder The American Journal of Psychiatry 139 5 1982 571 576
93. D.V. Skjelstad, U.F. Malt, and A. Holte Symptoms and signs of the initial prodrome of bipolar disorder: a systematic review Journal of Affective Disorders 126 1-2 2010 1 13
94. J.W. Smoller, and C.T. Finn Family, twin, and adoption studies of bipolar disorder American Journal of Medical Genetics 123C 1 2003 48 58
95. S. Srivastava, M.E. Childers, J.H. Baek, C.M. Strong, S.J. Hill, K.S. Warsett, P.W. Wang, H.S. Akiskal, K.K. Akiskal, and T.A. Ketter Toward interaction of affective and cognitive contributors to creativity in bipolar disorders: a controlled study Journal of Affective Disorders 125 1-3 2010 27 34
96. S. Stoleru, E.D. Nottelmann, B. Belmont, and D. Ronsaville Sleep problems in children of affectively ill mothers Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 38 7 1997 831 841
97. C.M. Strong, C. Nowakowska, C.M. Santosa, P.W. Wang, H.C. Kraemer, and T.A. Ketter Temperament-creativity relationships in mood disorder patients, healthy controls and highly creative individuals Journal of Affective Disorders 100 1-3 2007 41 48
98. L.S. Talbot, I.S. Hairston, P. Eidelman, J. Gruber, and A.G. Harvey The effect of mood on sleep onset latency and REM sleep in interepisode bipolar disorder Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118 3 2009 448 458
99. M.J.A. Tijssen, J. van Os, H.U. Wittchen, R. Lieb, K. Beesdo, R. Mengelers, and M. Wichers Prediction of transition from common adolescent bipolar experiences to bipolar disorder: 10-year study The British Journal of Psychiatry 196 2 2010 102 108
100. A.R. Yung, L.J. Phillips, P.D. McGorry, C.A. McFarlane, S. Francey, S. Harrigan, G.C. Patton, and H.J. Jackson Prediction of psychosis: a step towards indicated prevention of schizophrenia The British Journal of Psychiatry 172 Suppl 33 1998 14 20
101. A.R. Yung, H.P. Yuen, P.D. McGorry, L.J. Phillips, D. Kelly, M. Dell'Olio, S.M. Francey, E.M. Cosgrave, E. Killackey, C. Stanford, K. Godfrey, and J. Buckby Mapping the onset of psychosis: the comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry 39 11-12 2005 964 971