Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 584-585, Issue , 2017, Pages 1040-1055

  Gunawardena, K R ^a   Wells, M J ^b   Kershaw, T ^a  

^a University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^b Biodiversity by Design Ltd   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Blue infrastructure; Bluespace; Evapotranspiration; Green infrastructure; Greenspace; Urban heat island

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION COOLING; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; BOUNDARY LAYERS; CLIMATOLOGY; EVAPORATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; HEAT CONVECTION; PLANNING; POPULATION STATISTICS; RURAL AREAS; STRESS RELIEF; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; THERMAL POLLUTION; WATER ABSORPTION;

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE; BLUESPACE; GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE; GREENSPACE; URBAN HEAT ISLAND;

URBAN GROWTH;

WATER;

BOUNDARY LAYER; CLIMATOLOGY; COOLING; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; GREENSPACE; HEAT ISLAND; INFRASTRUCTURE; URBAN PLANNING;

ARTICLE; CANOPY; CITY PLANNING; CLIMATE; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EVAPORATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; HEAT STRESS; MICROCLIMATE; POPULATION DENSITY; SOLAR RADIATION; SURFACE PROPERTY; THERMODYNAMICS; URBAN HEAD ISLAND; URBAN RURAL DIFFERENCE; URBANIZATION; VEGETATION; WARMING; BOUNDARY LAYER; CLIMATE RESILIENCE; COOLING; GEOMETRY; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS;

EID: 85027929139     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Abis, K.L., Mara, D., Temperature measurement and stratification in facultative waste stabilisation ponds in the UK climate. Environ. Monit. Assess. 114 (2006), 35–47.
2. Armson, D., Stringer, P., Ennos, A.R., The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area. Urban For. Urban Green. 11 (2012), 245–255.
3. ARUP, Reducing Urban Heat Risk: A Study on Urban Heat Risk Mapping and Visualisation. (London), 2014.
4. Bernatzky, A., The contribution of trees and green spaces to a town climate. Energ. Buildings 5 (1982), 1–10.
5. Bernatzky, A., Tree Ecology and Preservation. vol. 2, 1989, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
6. Bohnenstengel, S.I., Evans, S., Clark, P.A., Belcher, S.E., Simulations of the London urban heat island. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137 (2011), 1625–1640.
7. Bowler, D.E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T.M., Pullin, A.S., Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landsc. Urban Plan. 97 (2010), 147–155.
8. Brosofske, K.D., Chen, J., Naiman, R.J., Franklin, J.F., Harvesting effects on microclimatic gradients from small streams to uplands in western Washington. Ecol. Appl. 7 (1997), 1188–1200.
9. Bruegmann, R., Sprawl: A Compact History. 2005, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
10. Caissie, D., The thermal regime of rivers: a review. Freshw. Biol. 51 (2006), 1389–1406.
11. CCC, Managing climate risks to well-being and the economy. Progress Report 2014, 2014, Committee on Climate Change, London.
12. Chandler, T.J., The Climate of London. 1965, Hutchinson & Co Ltd, London.
13. Coates, M.J., Folkard, A.M., The effects of littoral zone vegetation on turbulent mixing in lakes. Ecol. Model. 220 (2009), 2714–2726.
14. Coutts, A.M., Tapper, N.J., Beringer, J., Loughnan, M., Demuzere, M., Watering our cities: the capacity for water sensitive urban design to support urban cooling and improve human thermal comfort in the Australian context. Prog. Phys. Geogr., 2012 (0309133312461032).
15. Doick, K., Hutchings, T., Air Temperature Regulation by Urban Trees and Green Infrastructure. (Research Note), 2013, The Forestry Commission, Farnham.
16. Doick, K.J., Peace, A., Hutchings, T.R., The role of one large greenspace in mitigating London's nocturnal urban heat island. Sci. Total Environ. 493 (2014), 662–671.
17. Dong, J., Chen, J., Brosofske, K., Naiman, R., Modelling air temperature gradients across managed small streams in western Washington. J. Environ. Manag. 53 (1998), 309–321.
18. Echenique, M.H., Hargreaves, A.J., Mitchell, G., Namdeo, A., Growing cities sustainably: does urban form really matter?. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 78 (2012), 121–137.
19. Emmanuel, R., Loconsole, A., Green infrastructure as an adaptation approach to tackling urban overheating in the Glasgow Clyde Valley Region, UK. Landsc. Urban Plan. 138 (2015), 71–86.
20. Evans, E., McGregor, G.R., Petts, G.E., River energy budgets with special reference to river bed processes. Hydrol. Process. 12 (1998), 575–595.
21. Folkard, A.M., Sherborne, A.J., Coates, M.J., Turbulence and stratification in Priest Pot, a productive pond in a sheltered environment. Limnology 8 (2007), 113–120.
22. Galli, J., Thermal Impacts Associated with Urbanization and Stormwater Management Best Management Practices. 1991, Department of Environmental Programs, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Washington DC.
23. GiGL, Greenspace Information for Greater London (GiGL). 2016, GiGL, London, 2016.
24. Gill, S., Handley, J., Ennos, A., Pauleit, S., Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure. Built Environ. 33 (2007), 115–133.
25. Gill, S.E., Rahman, M.A., Handley, J.F., Ennos, A.R., Modelling water stress to urban amenity grass in Manchester UK under climate change and its potential impacts in reducing urban cooling. Urban For. Urban Green. 12 (2013), 350–358.
26. GLA, Green infrastructure and open environments: the all London Green Grid. London Plan 2011. Supplementary Planning Guidance, 2012, Greater London Authority, London.
27. Google Maps, Image Data. 2016, Google Inc., 22 (February 2016 [Online]).
28. Grimmond, C., Roth, M., Oke, T.R., Au, Y., Best, M., Betts, R., et al. Climate and more sustainable cities: climate information for improved planning and management of cities (producers/capabilities perspective). Prog. Environ. Sci. 1 (2010), 247–274.
29. Groffman, P.M., Bain, D.J., Band, L.E., Belt, K.T., Brush, G.S., Grove, J.M., et al. Down by the riverside: urban riparian ecology. Front. Ecol. Environ. 1 (2003), 315–321.
30. Gu, R., Montgomery, S., Austin, T.A., Quantifying the effects of stream discharge on summer river temperature. Hydrol. Sci. J. 43 (1998), 885–904.
31. Hathway, E.A., Sharples, S., The interaction of rivers and urban form in mitigating the urban heat island effect: a UK case study. Build. Environ. 58 (2012), 14–22.
32. Herb, W.R., Stefan, H.G., Dynamics of vertical mixing in a shallow lake with submersed macrophytes. Water Resour. Res., 41, 2005.
33. Hipsey, M.R., Sivapalan, M., Parameterizing the effect of a wind shelter on evaporation from small water bodies. Water Resour. Res., 39, 2003.
34. Honjo, T., Takakura, T., Simulation of thermal effects of urban green areas on their surrounding areas. Energ. Buildings 15 (1990), 443–446.
35. Howard, L., The climate of London: deduced from meteorological observations made in the metropolis and at various places around it. Harvey, Darton, J., Arch, A., Longman, Hatchard, S., Highley, Hunter, R., (eds.) London, 1833.
36. Huang, Y., Akbari, H., Taha, H., Rosenfeld, A.H., The potential of vegetation in reducing summer cooling loads in residential buildings. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 26 (1987), 1103–1116.
37. IPCC, Climate change. Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Summary for Policymakers, 2014, 2014 (New York).
38. Jansson, C., Jansson, P.E., Gustafsson, D., Near surface climate in an urban vegetated park and its surroundings. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 89 (2006), 185–193.
39. Kalkstein, L.S., Davis, R.E., Weather and human mortality - an evaluation of demographic and interregional responses in the United-States. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 79 (1989), 44–64.
40. Kasanko, M., Barredo, J.I., Lavalle, C., Demicheli, L., Sagris, V., Brezger, A., Are European cities becoming dispersed? A comparative analysis of 15 European urban areas. Landsc. Urban Plan. 77 (2006), 111–130.
41. Keeler, J.M., Kristovich, D.A., Observations of urban heat island influence on lake-breeze frontal movement. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 51 (2012), 702–710.
42. Keeley, M., The green area ratio: an urban site sustainability metric. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 54 (2011), 937–958.
43. Keen, C.S., Lyons, W.A., Lake/land breeze circulations on the western shore of Lake Michigan. J. Appl. Meteorol. 17 (1978), 1843–1855.
44. Kellert, S.R., Heerwagen, J., Mador, M., Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. 2011, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
45. Li, C., Yu, C.W., Mitigation of urban heat development by cool island effect of green space and water body. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, 2014, Springer, 551–561.
46. LVRPA, Lee Valley Regional Park Authority. 2016, 2016, Lee Valley Regional Park Authority, London.
47. Lyons, W.A., The climatology and prediction of the Chicago lake breeze. J. Appl. Meteorol. 11 (1972), 1259–1270.
48. Masson, V., Marchadier, C., Adolphe, L., Aguejdad, R., Avner, P., Bonhomme, M., et al. Adapting cities to climate change: a systemic modelling approach. Urban Climate 10 (2014), 407–429.
49. Matthews, T., Lo, A.Y., Byrne, J.A., Reconceptualizing green infrastructure for climate change adaptation: barriers to adoption and drivers for uptake by spatial planners. Landsc. Urban Plan. 138 (2015), 155–163.
50. Mavrogianni, A., Davies, M., Batty, M., Belcher, S.E., Bohnenstengel, S.I., Carruthers, D., et al. The comfort, energy and health implications of London's urban heat island. Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 32 (2011), 35–52.
51. Mazumder, A., Taylor, W.D., Thermal structure of lakes varying in size and water clarity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39 (1994), 968–976.
52. McDonald, A., Bealey, W., Fowler, D., Dragosits, U., Skiba, U., Smith, R., et al. Quantifying the effect of urban tree planting on concentrations and depositions of PM 10 in two UK conurbations. Atmos. Environ. 41 (2007), 8455–8467.
53. McPherson, G.E., Nowak, D.J., Rowntree, R.A., Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. 1994, Forest Service - Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA.
54. Met Office, Southern England: Climate. 2012, Met Office, Exeter.
55. Monteith, J., Unsworth, M., Principles of Environmental Physics. 2013, Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, Oxford.
56. Ng, E., Chen, L., Wang, Y.N., Yuan, C., A study on the cooling effects of greening in a high-density city: an experience from Hong Kong. Build. Environ. 47 (2012), 256–271.
57. Oke, T.R., The distinction between canopy and boundary-layer urban heat islands. Atmosfera 14 (1976), 268–277.
58. Oke, T.R., Boundary Layer Climates. 1987, Routledge, New York.
59. Oke, T.R., The urban energy-balance. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 12 (1988), 471–508.
60. Oke, T.R., The micrometeorology of the urban forest. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 324 (1989), 335–349.
61. ONS, Office for National Statistics, London. 2015, 2015.
62. Parliament UK, Hansard: written answers for 7 February 2002. Bound Volume Hansard - Written Answers, 2002, 2016, UK Parliament, London.
63. Paul, M.J., Meyer, J.L., Streams in the urban landscape. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 2001, 333–365.
64. Peng, S., Piao, S., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Ottle, C., Breon, F.M., et al. Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012), 696–703.
65. Perini, K., Ottele, M., Fraaij, A.L.A., Haas, E.M., Raiteri, R., Vertical greening systems and the effect on air flow and temperature on the building envelope. Build. Environ. 46 (2011), 2287–2294.
66. Pluhowski, E.J., Urbanization and Its Effect on the Temperature of the Streams on Long Island. 1970, US Government Printing Office, New York.
67. Qiu, G.Y., Li, H.Y., Zhang, Q.T., Chen, W., Liang, X.J., Li, X.Z., Effects of evapotranspiration on mitigation of urban temperature by vegetation and urban agriculture. J. Integr. Agric. 12 (2013), 1307–1315.
68. Rogers, R.G., Towards an Urban Renaissance: Final Report of the Urban Task Force. 1999, E & FN Spon, London.
69. Rogers, R.G., Towards a strong urban renaissance. Rogers, R.G., (eds.) Urban Task Force, London, 2005.
70. Ryznar, E., Touma, J.S., Characteristics of true lake breezes along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Atmos. Environ. (1967) 15 (1981), 1201–1205.
71. Sailor, D.J., Elley, T.B., Gibson, M., Exploring the building energy impacts of green roof design decisions–a modeling study of buildings in four distinct climates. J. Build. Phys., 2011 (1744259111420076).
72. Santamouris, M., Cooling the cities - a review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Sol. Energy 103 (2014), 682–703.
73. Shashua-Bar, L., Hoffman, M.E., Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street - an empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees. Energ. Buildings 31 (2000), 221–235.
74. Shashua-Bar, L., Hoffman, M.E., The green CTTC model for predicting the air temperature in small urban wooded sites. Build. Environ. 37 (2002), 1279–1288.
75. Shi, J., Deng, J., Wang, X., Luo, C., Qiu, X., Thermal effect and adjusting mechanism of rural landscape patterns. Sci. Silvae Sin. 47 (2011), 7–15.
76. Song, K., Xenopoulos, M.A., Buttle, J.M., Marsalek, J., Wagner, N.D., Pick, F.R., et al. Thermal stratification patterns in urban ponds and their relationships with vertical nutrient gradients. J. Environ. Manag. 127 (2013), 317–323.
77. Steeneveld, G.J., Koopmans, S., Heusinkveld, B.G., Theeuwes, N.E., Refreshing the role of open water surfaces on mitigating the maximum urban heat island effect. Landsc. Urban Plan. 121 (2014), 92–96.
78. Stefan, H., Horsch, G., Barko, J., A model for the estimation of convective exchange in the littoral region of a shallow lake during cooling. Hydrobiologia 174 (1989), 225–234.
79. Stewart, R.B., Rouse, W.R., A simple method for determining the evaporation from shallow lakes and ponds. Water Resour. Res. 12 (1976), 623–628.
80. Stone, B., Hess, J.J., Frum, H., Urban form and extreme heat events: are sprawling cities more vulnerable to climate change than compact cities. Environ. Health Perspect. 118 (2010), 1425–1428.
81. Sun, R., Chen, L., How can urban water bodies be designed for climate adaptation?. Landsc. Urban Plan. 105 (2012), 27–33.
82. Sundborg, A.A., Climatological Studies in Uppsala. With Special Regard to the Temperature Conditions in the Urban Area. 1951, Appelbergs Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, Uppsala.
83. Taha, H., Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat. Energ. Buildings 25 (1997), 99–103.
84. Taha, H., Akbari, H., Rosenfeld, A., Huang, J., Residential cooling loads and the urban heat-island - the effects of albedo. Build. Environ. 23 (1988), 271–283.
85. Theeuwes, N.E., Solcerova, A., Steeneveld, G.J., Modeling the influence of open water surfaces on the summertime temperature and thermal comfort in the city. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 118 (2013), 8881–8896.
86. UN, World Urbanization Prospects: Highlights. 2014 Revision. 2014, United Nations, New York.
87. Vidrih, B., Medved, S., Multiparametric model of urban park cooling island. Urban For. Urban Green. 12 (2013), 220–229.
88. Volker, S., Baumeister, H., Classen, T., Hornberg, C., Kistemann, T., Evidence for the temperature-mitigating capacity of urban blue space - a health geographic perspective. Erdkunde 67 (2013), 355–371.
89. Webb, B., Zhang, Y., Spatial and seasonal variability in the components of the river heat budget. Hydrol. Process. 11 (1997), 79–101.
90. William, R., Goodwell, A., Richardson, M., Le, P.V., Kumar, P., Stillwell, A.S., An environmental cost-benefit analysis of alternative green roofing strategies. Ecol. Eng. 95 (2016), 1–9.
91. Williams, K., Urban form and infrastructure, a morphological review. Future of Cities, 2014, working paper, London.
92. Wong, N.H., Tan, A.Y.K., Chen, Y., Sekar, K., Tan, P.Y., Chan, D., et al. Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls. Build. Environ. 45 (2010), 663–672.
93. Xu, J., Wei, Q., Huang, X., Zhu, X., Li, G., Evaluation of human thermal comfort near urban waterbody during summer. Build. Environ. 45 (2010), 1072–1080.
94. Yoshikado, H., Vertical structure of the sea breeze penetrating through a large urban complex. J. Appl. Meteorol. 29 (1990), 878–891.
95. Yoshikado, H., Kondo, H., Inland penetration of the sea breeze over the suburban area of Tokyo. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 48 (1989), 389–407.
96. Zhao, L., Lee, X., Smith, R.B., Oleson, K., Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands. Nature 511 (2014), 216–219.
97. Zhu, C., Li, S., Ji, P., Ren, B., Li, X., Effects of the different width of urban green belts on the temperature and humidity. Acta Ecol. Sin. 31 (2011), 0383–0394.