Urban form and extreme heat events: Are sprawling cities more vulnerable to climate change than compact cities?

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 118, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 1425-1428

  Stone, Brian ^a   Hess, Jeremy J ^b,c,d   Frumkin, Howard ^b  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^c EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate change; Extreme heat events; Public health; Sprawl

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EXTREME HEAT EVENT; HEAT; HUMIDITY; LAND USE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPRAWL INDEX; URBANIZATION;

CLIMATE CHANGE; URBANIZATION;

EID: 77957914134     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901879     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Bernard SM, McGeehin MA. 2004. Municipal heat wave response plans. Am J Public Health 94(9):1520-1522.
2. Bouchama A, Dehbi M, Mohamed G, Matthies F, Shoukri M, Menne B. 2007. Prognostic factors in heat wave related deaths: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 167(20):2170-2176.
3. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1995. Heat-related illnesses and deaths-United States, 1994-1995. MMWR 44(25):465-468.
4. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1999. Heat-related illnesses and deaths-Missouri, 1998, and United States, 1979-1996. MMWR 48(22):469-472.
5. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2002a. Heat-related deaths-four states, July-August 2001, and United States, 1979-1999. MMWR 51(26):567-570.
6. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2002b. Heat-related deaths-four states, July-August 2001, and United States, 1979-1999. MMWR 51(26):567-570.
7. Clarke JF. 1972. Some effects of the urban structure on heat mortality. Environ Res 5(1):93-104.
8. Ewing R, Pendall R, Chen D. 2003a. Measuring sprawl and its transportation impacts. Transport Res Rec 1831:175-183.
9. Ewing R, Schieber RA, Zegeer CV. 2003c. Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities. Am J Public Health 93(9):1541-1545.
10. Ewing R, Schmid T, Killingsworth R, Zlot A, Raudenbush S. 2003b. Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity. Am J Health Promot 18(1):47-57.
11. Frumkin H, Frank L, Jackson RJ. 2004. Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing, Planning, and Building for Healthy Communities. Washington, DC: Island Press.
12. Gaffen DJ, Ross R. 1998. Increased summertime heat stress in the United States. Nature 396:529-530.
13. Garden FL, Jalaludin BB. 2009. Impact of urban sprawl on overweight, obesity, and physical activity in Sydney, Australia. J Urban Health 86(1):19-30.
14. Gershunov A, Cayan DR, Iacobellis SF. 2009. The great 2006 heat wave over California and Nevada: signal of an increasing trend. J Clim 22:6181-6203.
15. International Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Climate change 2007: The Physical Science Basis Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Marquis M, Averyt K, Tignor MMB, et al. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Kalkstein LS, Davis LE. 1989. Weather and human mortality: an evaluation of demographic and interregional responses in the United States. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 79(1):44-64.
17. Lopez R. 2004. Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese. Am J Public Health 94(9):1574-1579.
18. Lucy WH. 2003. Mortality risk associated with leaving home: recognizing the relevance of the built environment. Am J Public Health 93(9):1564-1569.
19. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009. U.S. Heat Stress Index. Heat Stress Datasets and Documentation. Available: http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/heat-stress.html#data [accessed 20 February 2009].
20. Naughton MP, Henderson A, Mirabelli MC, Kaiser R, Wilhelm JL, Kieszak SM, et al. 2002. Heat-related mortality during a 1999 heat wave in Chicago. Am J Prev Med 22(4):221-227.
21. Oke T. 1982. The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 108(455):1-24.
22. Rashad I. 2009. Associations of cycling with urban sprawl and the gasoline price. Am J Health Promot 24(1):27-36.
23. Robine JM, Cheung SL, le Roy S, Van Oyen H, Griffiths C, Michel JP, et al. 2008. Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. C R Biol 331(2):171-178.
24. Schlundt D, Warren R, Miller S. 2004. Reducing unintentional injuries on the nation's highways: a literature review. J Health Care Poor Underserved 15(1):76-98.
25. Silva HR, Phelan PE, Golden JS. 2010. Modeling effects of urban heat island mitigation strategies on heat-related morbidity: a case study for Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Int J Biometeorol 54(1):13-22.
26. Squires GD. 2002. Urban sprawl and the uneven development of metropolitan America. In: Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses (Squires GD, ed). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1-22.
27. Steadman RG. 1984. A universal scale of apparent temperature. J Appl Meteorol 23(12):1674-1687.
28. Stone B Jr. 2008. Urban sprawl and air quality in large U.S cities. J Environ Manage 86(4):688-698.
29. Stone B Jr, Norman J. 2006. Land use planning and surface heat island formation: a parcel-based radiation flux approach. Atmos Environ 40(2006):3561-3573.
30. Tan J, Zheng Y, Tang X, Guo C, Li L, Song G, et al. 2010. The urban heat island and its impact on heat waves and human health in Shanghai. Int J Biometeorol 54(1):75-84.
31. Trowbridge M, McDonald NC. 2008. Urban sprawl and miles driven daily by teenagers in the United States. Am J Prev Med 34(3):202-206.
32. Tu J, Xia ZG, Clarke KC, Frei A. 2007. Impact of urban sprawl on water quality in eastern Massachusetts, USA. Environ Manage 40(2):183-200.
33. U.S. Department of the Interior. 2009. National Land Cover Database. Available: http://www.mric.gov/ [accessed 20 February 2009].
34. Whitman S, Good G, Donoghue ER, Benbow N, Shou W, Mou S.1997. Mortality in Chicago attributed to the July 1995 heat wave. Am J Public Health 87(9):1515-1518.
35. Younger M, Morrow-Almeida HR, Vindigni SM, Dannenberg AL. 2008. The built environment, climate change, and health: opportunities for co-benefits. Am J Prev Med 35(5):517-526.