Allostatic load as a predictor of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the general population: Evidence from the Scottish Health Survey

PLoS ONE

Volumn 12, Issue 8, 2017, Pages

  Robertson, Tony ^a   Beveridge, Gayle ^b   Bromley, Catherine ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c UK Statistics Authority   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAUSE OF DEATH; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; SCOTSMAN; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALLOSTASIS; MIDDLE AGED; SCOTLAND; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALLOSTASIS; CAUSE OF DEATH; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; SCOTLAND; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85027550609     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183297     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. McEwen BS, Gianaros PJ. Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010; 1186: 190–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x PMID: 20201874
2. Seeman TE, Singer BH, Rowe JW, Horwitz RI, McEwen BS. Price of adaptation—allostatic load and its health consequences. MacArthur studies of successful aging. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157: 2259–2268. PMID: 9343003
3. Seeman T, Gruenewald T, Karlamangla A, Sidney S, Liu K, McEwen B, et al. Modeling multisystem biological risk in young adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Am J Hum Biol. 2010; 22: 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.21018 PMID: 20039257
4. Levine ME, Crimmins EM. A comparison of methods for assessing mortality risk. Am J Hum Biol. 2014; 26: 768–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22595 PMID: 25088793
5. Hwang AC, Peng LN, Wen YW, Tsai YW, Chang LC, Chiou ST, et al. Predicting all-cause and cause-specific mortality by static and dynamic measurements of allostatic load: a 10-year population-based cohort study in Taiwan. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014; 15: 490–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2014.02.001 PMID: 24631353
6. Karlamangla AS, Singer BH, McEwen BS, Rowe JW, Seeman TE. Allostatic load as a predictor of functional decline. MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002; 55: 696–710. PMID: 12160918
7. National Records of Scotland. Vital Events Reference Tables [Internet]. 2017 [cited 26 Mar 2017]. Available: https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-events/vital-events-reference-tables
8. Gray L, Batty GD, Craig P, Stewart C, Whyte B, Finlayson A, et al. Cohort profile: the Scottish health surveys cohort: linkage of study participants to routinely collected records for mortality, hospital discharge, cancer and offspring birth characteristics in three nationwide studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2010; 39: 345–350. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp155 PMID: 19349480
9. UK Data Service. Scottish Health Survey, 2003 [Internet]. 2011 [cited 18 Jul 2016]. Available: https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=5318&type=Data catalogue
10. World Health Organization. ICD-10 Version:2016 [Internet]. 2016 [cited 18 Jul 2016]. Available: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en
11. Robertson T, Watts E. The importance of age, sex and place in understanding socioeconomic inequalities in allostatic load: Evidence from the Scottish Health Survey (2008–2011). BMC Public Health. 2016; 16: 1–13.
12. Seeman TE, Crimmins E, Huang MH, Singer B, Bucur A, Gruenewald T, et al. Cumulative biological risk and socio-economic differences in mortality: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Soc Sci Med. 2004; 58: 1985–1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00402-7 PMID: 15020014
13. Geronimus AT, Hicken M, Keene D, Bound J. “Weathering” and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States. Am J Public Heal. 2006; 96: 826–833.
14. Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ. 2003/06/28. 2003; 326: 1427. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1427 PMID: 12829555
15. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003/06/28. 2003; 326: 1423. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1423 PMID: 12829554
16. Weir MR, Moser M. Diuretics and beta-blockers: is there a risk for dyslipidemia? Am Heart J. 2000; 139: 174–183. PMID: 10618579
17. Sherifali D, Nerenberg K, Pullenayegum E, Cheng JE, Gerstein HC. The effect of oral antidiabetic agents on A1C levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. United States; 2010; 33: 1859–1864. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1727 PMID: 20484130
18. Scottish Government. Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2012: A National Statistics Publication for Scotland [Internet]. Edinburgh UK; 2012. Available: http://22fa0f74501b902c9f118b3fbddfa1e1fab453a8e75cb14f3396.r26.cf3.rackcdn.com/simd_448749_v7_20121217.pdf
19. Rubin DB. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. New York: Wiley; 1987.
20. Hardt J, Herke M, Leonhart R. Auxiliary variables in multiple imputation in regression with missing X: a warning against including too many in small sample research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012; 12: 1–13.
21. Graham JW, Olchowski AE, Gilreath TD. How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prev Sci. United States; 2007; 8: 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-007-0070-9 PMID: 17549635
22. Horton NJ, Lipsitz SR. Multiple Imputation in Practice. Am Stat. 2001; 55: 244–254.
23. Borrell LN, Dallo FJ, Nguyen N. Racial/ethnic disparities in all-cause mortality in U.S. adults: the effect of allostatic load. Public Heal Rep. 2010; 125: 810–816.
24. Howard JT, Sparks PJ. The Effects of Allostatic Load on Racial/Ethnic Mortality Differences in the United States. Popul Res Policy Rev. 2016; 35: 421–443.
25. Seeman TE, McEwen BS, Rowe JW, Singer BH. Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 4770–4775. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.081072698 PMID: 11287659
26. Karlamangla AS, Singer BH, Seeman TE. Reduction in allostatic load in older adults is associated with lower all-cause mortality risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychosom Med. 2006; 68: 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000221270.93985.82 PMID: 16738085
27. Crimmins EM, Johnston M, Hayward M, Seeman T. Age differences in allostatic load: an index of physiological dysregulation. Exp Gerontol. 2003; 38: 731–734. PMID: 12855278
28. McEwen BS. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998; 840: 33–44. PMID: 9629234
29. McEwen BS. Allostasis and allostatic load: implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000; 22: 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00129-3 PMID: 10649824
30. Dowd JB, Simanek AM, Aiello AE. Socio-economic status, cortisol and allostatic load: a review of the literature. Int J Epidemiol. 2009; 38: 1297–1309. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp277 PMID: 19720725
31. Read S, Grundy E. Allostatic load—a challenge to measure multisystem physiological dysregulation. London, UK: National Centre for Research Methods; 2012.
32. Duong MT, Bingham BA, Aldana PC, Chung ST, Sumner AE. Variation in the Calculation of Allostatic Load Score: 21 Examples from NHANES. J Racial Ethn Heal Disparities. 2016; 1–7.
33. Scottish Government. Health Checks Across Scotland [Internet]. 2011 [cited 16 Jul 2016]. Available: http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2011/02/21091044
34. Capewell S, McCartney M, Holland W. Invited debate: NHS Health Checks-a naked emperor? J Public Heal. 2015; 37: 187–192.
35. Geue C, Lewsey JD, MacKay DF, Antony G, Fischbacher CM, Muirie J, et al. Scottish Keep Well health check programme: an interrupted time series analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016; 70: 924–929. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206926 PMID: 27072868
36. Glover DA, Stuber M, Poland RE. Allostatic load in women with and without PTSD symptoms. Psychiatry. 2006; 69: 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2006.69.3.191 PMID: 17040172