The secret to happiness: Feeling good or feeling right?

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Volumn 146, Issue 10, 2017, Pages 1448-1459

  Tamir, Maya ^a   Schwartz, Shalom ^a,b   Oishi, Shige ^c   Kim, Min ^d  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (Russian Federation)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^d Keimyung University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Culture; Emotion; Happiness; Motivation; Well being

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DEPRESSION; EMOTION; FEMALE; HAPPINESS; HUMAN; MALE; MOTIVATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; SATISFACTION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; CULTURE; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HAPPINESS; HUMANS; MALE; MOTIVATION; PERSONAL SATISFACTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85027369618     PISSN: 00963445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/xge0000303     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10, 77-84.
2. Bastian, B., Kuppens, P., De Roover, K., & Diener, E. (2014). Is valuing positive emotion associated with life satisfaction? Emotion, 14, 639-645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036466.
3. Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456.
4. de Leersnyder, J., Kim, H., & Mesquita, B. (2015). Feeling right is feeling good: Psychological well-being and emotional fit with culture in autonomy-versus relatedness-promoting situations. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00630.
5. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542.
6. Diener, E. (2013). The remarkable changes in the science of subjective well-being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 663-666. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691613507583.
7. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
8. Diener, E., Sapyta, J. J., & Suh, E. (1998). Subjective well-being is essential to well-being. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 33-37. http://dx.doi .org/10.1207/s15327965pli0901_3.
9. Dyrenforth, P. S., Kashy, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2010). Predicting relationship and life satisfaction from personality in nationally representative samples from three countries: The relative importance of actor, partner, and similarity effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 690-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020385.
10. Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter- and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 869-885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514 .81.5.869.
11. Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058-1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058.
12. Ford, B. Q., Dmitrieva, J. O., Heller, D., Chentsova-Dutton, Y., Grossmann, I., Tamir, M., Mauss, I. B. (2015). Culture shapes whether the pursuit of happiness predicts higher or lower well-being. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, 1053-1062. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/xge0000108.
13. Fulmer, C. A., Gelfand, M. J., Kruglanski, A. W., Kim-Prieto, C., Diener, E., Pierro, A., & Higgins, E. T. (2010). On "feeling right" in cultural contexts: How person-culture match affects self-esteem and subjective well-being. Psychological Science, 21, 1563-1569. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1177/0956797610384742.
14. Griffin, D., Murray, S., & Gonzalez, R. (1999). Difference score correlations in relationship research: A conceptual primer. Personal Relationships, 6, 505-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00206.x.
15. Happiness. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/happiness.
16. Hardin, E. E., & Larsen, J. T. (2014). Distinct sources of selfdiscrepancies: Effects of being who you want to be and wanting to be who you are on well-being. Emotion, 14, 214-226. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1037/a0033893.
17. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033- 295X.94.3.319.
18. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705 519909540118.
19. Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural Change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65, 19-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2657288.
20. Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 3-25). New York, NY: Sage.
21. Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being. The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. New York, NY: Sage.
22. Kämpfe, N., & Mitte, K. (2009). What you wish is what you get? The meaning of individual variability in desired affect and affective discrepancy. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 409-418. http://dx.doi .org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.007.
23. Kitayama, S., Ishii, K., Imada, T., Takemura, K., & Ramaswamy, J. (2006). Voluntary settlement and the spirit of independence: Evidence from Japan's "Northern frontier". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 369-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.369.
24. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 93-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999300379003.
25. Koopmann-Holm, B., & Tsai, J. L. (2014). Focusing on the negative: Cultural differences in expressions of sympathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 1092-1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0037684.
26. Kuppens, P., Realo, A., & Diener, E. (2008). The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgment across nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 66-75. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1037/0022-3514.95.1.66.
27. Larsen, J. T., & McKibban, A. R. (2008). Is happiness having what you want, wanting what you have, or both? Psychological Science, 19, 371-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02095.x.
28. Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.616.
29. Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999). Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ s15328007sem1103_2.
30. Mesquita, B., de Leersnyder, J., & Albert, D. (2014). The cultural regulation of emotions. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 284-301). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
31. Millgram, Y., Joormann, J., Huppert, J. D., & Tamir, M. (2015). Sad as a matter of choice? Emotion-regulation goals in depression. Psychological Science, 26, 1216-1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797615583295.
32. Miyamoto, Y., Ma, X., & Petermann, A. G. (2014). Cultural differences in hedonic emotion regulation after a negative event. Emotion, 14, 804-815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036257.
33. Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6, 10-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x.
34. Oishi, S., Diener, E. F., Lucas, R. E., & Suh, E. M. (1999). Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: Perspectives from needs and values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 980-990. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511006.
35. Oishi, S., Diener, E. F., Suh, E. M., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Value as a moderator in subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 67, 157-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00051.
36. Oishi, S., Schimmack, U., & Colcombe, S. (2003). The Contextual and systematic nature of life satisfaction judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 232-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022- 1031(03)00016-7.
37. Oishi, S., Schimmack, U., & Diener, E. (2001). Pleasures and subjective well-being. European Journal of Personality, 15, 153-167. http://dx.doi .org/10.1002/per.406.
38. Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Cheong, Y. F., Congdon, R. T., & Du Toit, M. (2011). HLM 7. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International Inc.
39. Rice, R. W., McFarlin, D. B., & Bennett, D. E. (1989). Standards of comparison and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 591-598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.591.
40. Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (1995). Moods as sources of stimulation: Relationships between personality and desired mood states. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 321-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ 0191-8869(94)00157.N.
41. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev .psych.52.1.141.
42. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6 .1069.
43. Schwartz, S. H. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. Comparative Sociology, 5, 137-182. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1163/156913306778667357.
44. Schwartz, S. H. (2011). Values: Individual and cultural. In S. M. Breugelmans, A. Chasiotis, & F. J. R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Fundamental questions in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 463-493). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO97805 11974090.019.
45. Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., Konty, M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 663-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029393.
46. Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531-543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.531.
47. Sims, T., Tsai, J. L., Jiang, D., Wang, Y., Fung, H. H., & Zhang, X. (2015). Wanting to maximize the positive and minimize the negative: Implications for mixed affective experience in American and Chinese contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 292-315. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/a0039276.
48. Tamir, M. (2016). Why do people regulate their emotions? A taxonomy of motives in emotion regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 199-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868315586325.
49. Tamir, M., Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Riediger, M., Torres, C., Scollon, C., Vishkin, A. (2016). Desired emotions across cultures: A valuebased account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111, 67-82. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ pspp0000072.
50. Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 354-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023779.
51. Thomson, J. A. K. (1955). The ethics of Aristotle-The Nicomachean ethics. Baltimore, MD: Penguin.
52. Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 288-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.288.
53. United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Human development report. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/2014-report.
54. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 2, 4-70.
55. Waterman, A. S. (1984). The psychology of individualism. New York, NY: Praeger.
56. Zuckerman, M., Gagné, M., Nafshi, I., Knee, C. R., & Kieffer, S. C. (2002). Testing discrepancy effects: A critique, a suggestion, and an illustration. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34, 291-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03195457.