Desired emotions across cultures: A value-based account

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 111, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 67-82

  Tamir, Maya ^a   Cieciuch, Jan ^c   Torres, Claudio ^e   Dzokoto, Vivian ^g   Schwartz, Shalom H ^a,b   Riediger, Michaela ^d,i   Scollon, Christie ^f   Zhou, Xiaolu ^h   Vishkin, Allon ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (Russian Federation)

^c Cardinal Stefan Wyszy ski University   (Poland)

^d MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BRASILIA   (Brazil)

^f SINGAPORE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^g VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h SHANGHAI NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

ⁱ FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Culture; Emotion; Emotion regulation; Motivation; Values

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL FACTOR; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CULTURE; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SOCIAL VALUES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84946021374     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000072     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Arieli, S., Grant, A. M., & Sagiv, L. (2014). Convincing yourself to care about others: An intervention for enhancing benevolence values. Journal of Personality, 82, 15-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12029
2. Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
3. Bardi, A., & Schwartz, S. H. (2003). Values and behavior: Strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1207-1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254602
4. Barrett, L. F. (2012). Emotions are real. Emotion, 12, 413-429. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/a0027555
5. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a socialpsychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment: Attachment and Loss (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Basic Books.
7. Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthen, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456
8. Cabanac, M. (1992). Pleasure: The common currency. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 155, 173-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80594-6
9. Cameron, C. D., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Escaping affect: How motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021643
10. Caprara, G. V., Schwartz, S., Capanna, C., Vecchione, M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2006). Personality and politics: Values, traits, and political choice. Political Psychology, 27, 1-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00447.x
11. Carver, C. S. (2003). Pleasure as a sign you can attend to something else: Placing positive feelings within a general model of affect. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 241-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930302294
12. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174794
13. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000). On the structure of self-regulation. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 41-84). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. http://dx .doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50032-9
14. Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
15. Clore, G. L. (1994). Why emotions are felt. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions (pp. 103-111). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
16. DeRivera, J. H. (1984). The structure of emotional relationships. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 5. Special issue on emotions, relationships, and health (pp. 116-145). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
17. de Wall, F. (1982). Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
18. Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter-and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 869-885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.869
19. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91
20. Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In J. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 207-283). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
21. Ekman, P. (1994). All emotions are basic. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions (pp. 15-19). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
22. Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish & T. Power (Eds.), The handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 45-60). Sussex, England: Wiley.
23. Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1994). The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
24. Ellsworth, P. C., & Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 572-595). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
25. Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
26. Fischer, A. H., & Roseman, I. J. (2007). Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 103-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.103
27. Fischer, R., & Fontaine, J. R. (2011). Methods for investigating structural equivalence. In D. Matsumoto & E. van de Vijver (Eds.), Cross-cultural research methods in psychology (pp. 179-215). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
28. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
29. Frijda, N. H. (1993). The place of appraisal in emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 357-387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699939308409193
30. Frijda, N. H., & Mesquita, B. (1994). The social roles and functions of emotions. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 51-87). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10152-002
31. Geen, R. G. (1984). Preferred stimulation levels in introverts and extroverts: Effects on arousal and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1303-1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.6.1303
32. Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 351-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018807
33. Gollwitzer, P. M., Kappes, H. B., & Oettingen, G. (2012). Needs and incentives as sources of goals. In H. Aarts & A. J. Elliot (Eds.), Frontiers of social psychology. Goal-directed behavior (pp. 115-150). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
34. Harmon-Jones, E., Price, T. F., Gable, P. A., & Peterson, C. K. (2014). Approach motivation and its relationship to positive and negative emotions. In M. Tugade, M. L. Shiota, & L. D. Kirby (Eds.), Handbook of positive emotions (pp. 103-118). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
35. Heine, S. J. (2003). An exploration of cultural variation in self-enhancing and self-improving motivations. In V. Murphy-Berman & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 49. Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (pp. 101-128). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
36. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
37. Higgins, E. T. (2006). Value from hedonic experience and engagement. Psychological Review, 113, 439-460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.439
38. Higgins, E. T. (2014). Beyond pleasure and pain: How motivation works. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
39. Hoffman, M. L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg-Berg (Ed.), Development of prosocial behavior (pp. 281-313). New York, NY: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-234980-5.50016-X
40. Holmes, J. G., & Rempel, J. K. (1989). Trust in close relationships. In C. Hendrick (Ed.), Close relationships (pp. 187-220). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
41. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
42. Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65, 19-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2657288
43. Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotions. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
44. Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd ed., pp. 494-540). New York, NY: Wiley.
45. Keltner, D., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 467-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999399379140
46. Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 505-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999399379168
47. Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2001). Social functions of emotions. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Current issues and future directions (pp. 192-213). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
48. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 93-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999300379003
49. Kitayama, S., Mesquita, B., & Karasawa, M. (2006). Cultural affordances and emotional experience: Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 890-903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.890
50. Knutson, B., & Wimmer, G. E. (2007). Reward: Neural circuitry for social valuation. In E. Harmon-Jones & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Social neuroscience (pp. 157-175). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
51. Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., Chun, W. Y., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002). A theory of goal-systems. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 331-378). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
52. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819-834. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819
53. Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1996). Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
54. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behavior. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 89-130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
55. Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
56. Mesquita, B. (2010). Emoting: A contextualized process. In B. Mesquita, L. F. Barrett, & E. R. Smith (Eds.), The mind in context (pp. 83-104). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
57. Mesquita, B., & Ellsworth, P. (2001). The role of culture in appraisal. In K. R. Scherer & A. Schorr (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 233-248). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
58. Millgram, Y., Joormann, J., Huppert, J. D., & Tamir, M. (2015). Sad as a matter of choice? Emotion-regulation goals in depression. Psychological Science, 26, 1216-1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797615583295
59. Moskowitz, G. B., & Grant, H. (2009). The Psychology of Goals. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
60. Nelissen, R. M. A., Dijker, A. J. M., & De Vries, N. K. (2007). Emotions and goals: Assessing relations between values and emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 902-911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930600861330
61. Oveis, C., Horberg, E. J., & Keltner, D. (2010). Compassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 618-630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017628
62. Parrott, W. G. (2001). Implications of dysfunctional emotions for understanding how emotions function. Review of General Psychology, 5, 180-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.3.180
63. Piurko, Y., Schwartz, S. H., & Davidov, E. (2011). Basic personal values and the meaning of left-right political orientations in 20 countries. Political Psychology, 32, 537-561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00828.x
64. Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Theories of emotion (pp. 3-33). New York, NY: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-558701-3.50007-7
65. Porat, R., Halperin, E., & Tamir, M. (2015). What we want is what we get: Group-based emotional preferences and conflict resolution. Manuscript submitted for publication.
66. Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Cheong, Y. F., Congdon, R., & Du Toit, M. (2011). HLM 7: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
67. Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotions: A structural theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 11-36). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
68. Roseman, I. J. (2001). A model of appraisal in the emotion system: Integrating theory, research, and applications. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 68-91). Series in affective science Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
69. Ruby, M. B., Falk, C. F., Heine, S. J., Villa, C., & Silberstein, O. (2012). Not all collectivisms are equal: Opposing preferences for ideal affect between East Asians and Mexicans. Emotion, 12, 1206-1209. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/a0029118
70. Scherer, K. S. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293-317). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
71. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
72. Schwartz, S. H. (1990). Individualism-collectivism: Critique and proposed refinements. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21, 139-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022190212001
73. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
74. Schwartz, S. H. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. Comparative Sociology, 5, 137-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913306778667357
75. Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.550
76. Schwartz, S. H., & Butenko, T. (2014). Values and behavior: Validating the refined value theory in Russia. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 799-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2053
77. Schwartz, S. H., Caprara, G. V., & Vecchione, M. (2010). Basic personal values, core political values, and voting: A longitudinal analysis. Political Psychology, 31, 421-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00764.x
78. Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., . . . Konty, M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 663-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029393
79. Schwartz, S. H., & Rubel, T. (2005). Sex differences in value priorities: Cross-cultural and multimethod studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 1010-1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.1010
80. Shaver, P. R., Hazan, C., & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. In R. J. Sternberg & M. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 68-99). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
81. Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2006). A behavioral systems approach to romantic love relationships: Attachment, caregiving, and sex. In R. J. Sternberg & K. Weis (Eds.), The new psychology of love (pp. 35-64). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
82. Silvia, P. J. (2008). Interest-The curious emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 57-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00548.x
83. Sternberg, R. J. (1988). Triangulating love. In R. J. Sternberg & M. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 119-138). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
84. Tamir, M., Bigman, Y. E., Rhodes, E., Salerno, J., & Schreier, J. (2015). An expectancy-value model of emotion regulation: Implications for motivation, emotional experience, and decision making. Emotion, 15, 90-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000021
85. Tamir, M., & Ford, B. Q. (2012). When feeling bad is expected to be good: Emotion regulation and outcome expectancies in social conflicts. Emotion, 12, 807-816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024443
86. Tamir, M., Mitchell, C., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Hedonic and instrumental motives in anger regulation. Psychological Science, 19, 324-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02088.x
87. Tangney, J. P. (1999). The self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), A handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 541-568). New York, NY: Wiley. http://dx .doi.org/10.1002/0470013494.ch26
88. Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect imagery consciousness: Vol. I. The positive affects. London, England: Tavistock.
89. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007). Emerging insights into the nature and function of pride. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 147-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00493.x
90. Tracy, J. L., Weidman, A. C., Cheng, J. T., & Martens, J. P. (2014). Pride: The fundamental emotion of success, power, and status. In M. Tugade, M. Shiota, & L. Kirby (Eds.), Handbook of positive emotion (pp. 294-310). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
91. Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 288-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.288
92. Tsai, J. L., Miao, F. F., Seppala, E., Fung, H. H., & Yeung, D. Y. (2007). Influence and adjustment goals: Sources of cultural differences in ideal affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1102-1117.
93. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002
94. van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leung, K. (2011). Equivalence and bias: A review of concepts, models, and data analytic procedures. In D. Matsumoto & F. J. R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural research methods (pp. 17-45). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
95. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded form. Ames: University of Iowa.
96. Zuckerman, M. (1983). Biological bases of sensation seeking, impulsivity and anxiety. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.