Atmospheric circulation dynamics and general circulation models

Atmospheric Circulation Dynamics and General Circulation Models

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-730

  Satoh, Masaki ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85026688958     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13574-3     Document Type: Book

References (369)

1. Batchelor, G. K., 1967: Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 615 pp.
2. de Groot, S.R. and Mazur, P., 1984: Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Dover, New York, 510 pp.
3. Landau, L. and Lifshitz, E.M., 1987: Fluid Mechanics, 2nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 539 pp.
4. Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, 710 pp.
5. Salmon, R., 1998: Lectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press, New York, 378 pp.
6. Shepherd, T.G., 1990: Symmetric conservation laws, and Hamiltonian structure in geophysical fluid dynamics. Advances in Geophys., 32, 287-338.
7. Chandrasekhar, S., 1961: Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. Oxford University Press, New York, 654 pp.
8. Charney, J.G., 1973: Planetary fluid dynamics. In: P.Morel (ed.), Dynamical Meteorology. Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 97-351.
9. Drazin, P.G. and Reid, W.H., 1981: Hydrodynamic Stability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 527 pp.
10. Lindzen, R. S., 1990: Dynamics in Atmospheric Physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 310 pp.
11. Andrews, D. G., Holton, J. R., and Leovy, C. B., 1987: Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, 489 pp.
12. Haynes, P.H. and McIntyre, M. E., 1990: On the conservation and impermeability theorems for potential vorticity. J.Atmos. Sci., 47, 2021-2031.
13. Held, I.M. and Phillips, P. J., 1990: A barotropic model of the interaction between the Hadley cell and a Rossby wave. J.Atmos. Sci., 47, 856-869.
14. Ogura, Y. and Phillips, A., 1962: Scale analysis of deep and shallow convection in the atmosphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 19, 173-179.
15. Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 710 pp.
16. Phillips, N.A., 1968: Reply. J.Atmos. Sci., 25, 1155-1157.
17. Schneider, T., Held, I.M., and Garner, S. T., 2002: Boundary effects in potential vorticity dynamics. J.Atmos. Sci., 60, 1024-1040.
18. Veronis, G., 1968: Large-amplitude Bénard convection in a rotating fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 31, 113-139.
19. Gill, A. E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 447-462.
20. Gill, A. E., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, 662 pp.
21. Hoskins, B. J., McIntyre, M. E., and Robertson, A.W., 1985: On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 111, 877-946.
22. Lighthill, M. J., 1978: Waves in Fluids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 504 pp.
23. Longuet-Higgins, M. S., 1968: The eigenfunctions of Laplace’s tidal equations over a sphere. Phil. Trans.Roy. Soc. Lond., A262, 511-607.
24. Matsuno, T., 1966: Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 44, 25-43.
25. Swarztrauber, P.N. and Kasahara, A., 1985: The vector harmonic analysis of Laplace’s tidal equations. SIAM J. Sci. and Stat.Comput., 6, 464-491.
26. Whitham, G. B., 1974: Linear and Nonlinear Waves. Wiley-Interscience. New York, 636 pp.
27. Chandrasekhar, S., 1961: Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. Oxford University Press, New York, 654 pp.
28. Charney, J.G., 1947: The dynamics of long waves in a baroclinic westerly current. J.Meteor., 4, 135-162.
29. Drazin, P.G. and Reid, W.H., 1981: Hydrodynamic Stability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 527 pp.
30. Eady, E.T., 1949: Long waves and cyclone waves. Tellus, 1, 35-52.
31. Hayashi, H., Shiotani, M., and Gille, J.C., 2002: Horizontal wind disturbances induced by inertial instability in the equatorial middle atmosphere as seen in rocketsonde observations. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4228, doi:10.1029/2001JD000922.
32. Held, I.M. and Hou, A.Y., 1980: Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 37, 515-533.
33. Hoskins, B. J., McIntyre, M. E., and Robertson, A.W., 1985: On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 111, 877-946.
34. Lin, C. C., 1955: The Theory of Hydrodynamic Stability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 155 pp.
35. Michalke, A., 1968: On the inviscid instability of the hyperbolic-tangent velocity profile. J.Fluid Mech., 19, 543-556.
36. Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, 710 pp.
37. Phillips, N.A., 1954: Energy transformations and meridional circulations associated with simple baroclinic waves in a two-level, quasi-geostrophic model. Tellus, 4, 273-286.
38. Tanaka, H., 1975: Quasi-linear and non-linear interactions of finite amplitude perturbation in a stably stratified fluid with hyperbolic tangent J.Meteor. Soc. Japan, 53, 1-31.
39. Emanuel, K., 1983: Elementary aspects of the interaction between cumulus convection and the large-scale environment. In: Lilly, D.K. and Gal-Chen, T. (eds.), Mesoscale Meteorology - Theories, observations and models. NATO ASI Series: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, C114, Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 551-575.
40. Eliassen, A., 1951: Slow thermally or frictionally controlled meridional circulation in a circular vortex. Astrophys.Norv., 5, 19-60.
41. Gill, A. E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 447-462.
42. Gill, A. E., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, 662 pp.
43. Hoskins, B. J. and Karoly, D., 1981: The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J.Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179-1196.
44. Matsuno, T., 1966: Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 44, 25-43.
45. Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, 710 pp.
46. Andrews, D.G. and McIntyre, M. E., 1976: Planetary waves in horizontal and vertical shear: The generalized Eliassen-Palm relation and the mean zonal acceleration. J.Atmos. Sci., 33, 2031-2048.
47. Andrews, D. G. and McIntyre, M. E., 1978a: Generalized Eliassen-Palm and Charney-Drazin theorems for waves on axisymmetric flows in compressible atmospheres. J.Atmos. Sci., 35, 175-185.
48. Andrews, D.G. and McIntyre, M. E., 1978b: An exact theory of nonlinear waves on a Lagrangian mean flow. J.Fluid Mech., 89, 609-646.
49. Andrews, D. G., Holton, J. R., and Leovy, C. B., 1987: Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, 489 pp.
50. Flierl, G.R., 1981: Particle motions in large-amplitude wave fields. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 18, 39-74.
51. Plumb, R.A., 1979: Eddy flux of conserved quantities by small-amplitude waves. J.Atmos. Sci., 36, 1699-1704.
52. Abe, Y. and Matsui, T., 1988: Evolution of an impact-generated H2O-CO2 atmosphere and formation of a hot proto-ocean on earth. J.Atmos. Sci., 45, 3081-3101.
53. Emanuel, K., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, New York, 580 pp.
54. Iribarne, J.V. and Godson, W. L., 1981: Atmospheric Thermodynamics, 2nd ed. D.Reidel, Dordrecht, 259 pp.
55. List, R. J., 1951: Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, 6th rev. ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., 527 pp.
56. Bannon, P. R., 2002: Theoretical foundations for models of moist convection. J.Atmos. Sci., 59, 1967-1982.
57. Berry, E.X., 1968: Modification of the warm rain process. In: Proceedings of the First National Conference on Weather Modification, Albany, NY, April 28-May 1, American Meteorological Soc., 81-85.
58. Grabowski, W.W., 1998: Toward cloud resolving modeling of large-scale tropical circulations: A simple cloud microphysics parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3283-3298.
59. de Groot, S.R. and Mazur, P., 1984: Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Dover, New York, 510 pp.
60. Kessler, E., 1969: On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations. Meteorological Monograph, No. 32, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1-84.
61. Marshall, J. S. and Palmer, W.M., 1948: The distribution of raindrops with size. J. Meteorol., 5, 165-166.
62. Landau, L. and Lifshitz, E.M., 1987: Fluid Mechanics, 2nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, 539 pp.
63. Lorenz, E.N., 1967: The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 161 pp.
64. Ooyama, K.V., 2001: A dynamic and thermodynamic foundation for modeling the moist atmosphere with parameterized microphysics. J.Atmos. Sci., 58, 2073-2102.
65. Pauluis, O. and Held, I., 2002: Entropy budget of an atmosphere in radiativeconvective equilibrium. Part II: Latent heat transport and moist processes. J.Atmos. Sci., 59, 140-149.
66. Pruppacher, H.D. and, Klett, J., 1997: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, 2nd edition, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 954 pp.
67. Suzuki, K., Stephens, G. L., van den Heever, S.C., and Nakajima, T.: 2011: Diagnosis of the warm rain process in cloud-resolving models using joint CloudSat and MODIS observation. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2655-2670.
68. Goody, R., 1995: Principles of Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry. Oxford University Press, New York, 324 pp.
69. Goody, R. and Yung, Y., 1989: Atmospheric Radiation, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, 528 pp.
70. Houghton, J.T., 2002: The Physics of Atmospheres, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 320 pp.
71. Kiehl, J.T. and Trenberth, K. E., 1997: Earth’s annual global mean energy budget. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 197-208.
72. Liou, K.N., 1992: Radiation and Cloud Processes in the Atmosphere. Oxford University Press, New York, 487 pp.
73. Liou, K.N., 2002: An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, 2nd ed., International Geophysics Series, No. 83. Academic Press, New York, 487 pp.
74. Batchelor, G. K., 1953: The Theory of Homogeneous Turbulence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 197 pp.
75. Batchelor, G. K., 1959: Small-scale variation of convected quantities like temperature in turbulent fluid. Part 1: General discussion and the case of small conductivity. J.Fluid Mech., 5, 113-133.
76. Deardorff, J.W., 1972: Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layers. J.Atmos. Sci., 29, 91-115.
77. Deardorff, J.W., 1980: Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a threedimensional model. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 18, 495-527.
78. Detering, H.W. and Etling, D., 1985: Application of the E-ε turbulence model to the atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 33, 113-133.
79. Fjørtoft, R., 1953: On the changes in the spectrum distribution of kinetic energy for two dimensional, nondivergent flow. Tellus, 5, 225-230.
80. Helfand, H.M. and Labraga, J. C., 1988: Design of a nonsingular level 2.5 secondorder closure model for the prediction of atmospheric turbulence. J.Atmos. Sci., 45, 113-132.
81. Launder, B. E. and Spalding, D. B., 1970: The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Comp.Meth.Appl.Mech. Eng., 3, 269-289.
82. Mellor, G. and Yamada, T., 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875.
83. Moeng, C.-H. and Wyngaard, J. C., 1988: Spectral analysis of large-eddy simulations of the convective boundary layer. J.Atmos. Sci., 45, 3573-3587.
84. Monin, A. and Yaglom, A., 1973: Statistical Fluid Mechanics. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 769 pp.
85. Nakanishi, M, and Niino, H., 2009: Development of an improved turbulence closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 87, 895-912.
86. Chandrasekhar, S., 1958: An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure. Dover, New York, 507 pp.
87. Chandrasekhar, S., 1961: A theorem on rotating polytropes. Astrophys. J., 134, 662-664.
88. Crowley, T. J. and North, G.R., 1991: Paleoclimatology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 339 pp.
89. Gierasch, P., Goody, R., and Stone, P., 1970: The energy balance of planetary atmosphere. Geophys. Fluid Dynamics, 1, 1-18.
90. Golitsyn, G. S., 1970: A similarity approach to the general circulation of planetary atmospheres. Icarus, 13, 1-24.
91. Held, I.M. and Soden, B. J., 2000: Water feedback and global warming. Ann.Rev. Energy Environ., 25, 441-475.
92. IPCC, 1996: Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.Houghton, L.G.Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A.Kattenberg, K.Maskell, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 572 pp.
93. IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001. The Science Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.Houghton, Y.Ding, D. J.Griggs, M.Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K.Maxwell, and C.A. Johnson, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 881 pp.
94. IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D.Qin, M.Manning, M.Marquis, K. Averyt, M.M.B.Tignor, H. L. Miller, Jr., and Z.Chen, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 996 pp.
95. Kiehl, J.T. and Trenberth, K. E., 1997: Earth’s annual global mean energy budget. Bull.Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 197-208.
96. Landau, L. and Lifshitz, E.M., 1996: Statistical Physics, 3rd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 544 pp.
97. Lebovitz, N.R., 1961: The virial tensor and its application to self-gravitational fluid. Astrophys. J., 134, 500-536.
98. Lorenz, E.N., 1957: Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation. Tellus, 7, 157-167.
99. Lorenz, E.N., 1967: The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 161 pp.
100. Matsuda, Y., 2000: Planetary Meteorology. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 205 pp. (in Japanese)
101. Peixoto, J.P., Oort, A.H., De Almeida, M., and Tome, A., 1991: Entropy budget of the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10981-10988.
102. Pauluis, O. and Held, I., 2002: Entropy budget of an atmosphere in radiativeconvective equilibrium. Part II: Latent heat transport and moist processes. J.Atmos. Sci., 59, 140-149.
103. Salmon, R., 1988: Hamiltonian Fluid Mechanics. Ann.Rev. Fluid Mech., 20, 225-256.
104. Shepherd, T.G., 1993: A unified theory of available potential energy. Atmosphere-Ocean, 31, 1-26.
105. Budyko, M. I., 1969: The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the earth. Tellus, 21, 611-619.
106. Bretherton, C. S. and Sobel, A.H., 2002: A simple model of a convectively coupled Walker circulation using the weak temperature gradient approximation. J.Climate, 15, 2907-2920.
107. Crowley, T. J. and North, G.R., 1991: Paleoclimatology. Oxford University Press, New York, 339 pp.
108. Gruber, A. and Krueger, A. F., 1984: The status of the NOAA outgoing longwave radiation data set. Bull.Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 65, 958-962.
109. Hartmann, D.G., 1994: Global Physical Climatology. Academic Press, San Diego, 408 pp.
110. Lindzen, R. S., 1990: Dynamics in Atmospheric Physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 310 pp.
111. North, G.R., 1975: Theory of energy-balance climate models. J.Atmos. Sci., 32, 2033-2043.
112. North, G.R., Chahalan, R. F., and Coakley, J.A. Jr., 1981: Energy balance climate models. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 19, 91-121.
113. Oort, A.H. and Peixoto, J.P., 1983: Global angular momentum and energy balance requirements from observations. Advances in Geophys., 25, 355-490.
114. Oort, A.H. and Vonder Haar, T.H., 1976: On the observed annual cycle in the ocean-atmosphere heat balance over the Northern Hemisphere. J.Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 781-800.
115. Peixoto, P. J. and Oort, A.H., 1992: Physics of Climate. American Institute of Physics, New York, 520 pp.
116. Satoh, M., 1994: Hadley circulations in radiative-convective equilibrium in an axially symmetric atmosphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 51, 1947-1968.
117. Sellers, W.D., 1969: A global climate model based on the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system. J.Appl.Meteorol., 8, 392-400.
118. Trenberth, K. E., 1979: Mean annual poleward energy transports by the oceans in the southern hemisphere. Dyn.Atmos. Oceans, 4, 57-64.
119. Abe, Y. and Matsui, T., 1988: Evolution of an impact-generated H2O-CO2 atmosphere and formation of a hot proto-ocean on earth. J.Atmos. Sci., 45, 3081-3101.
120. Gierasch, P. J. and Goody, R., 1968: A study of the thermal and dynamical structure of the Martian lower atmosphere. Planet. Space Sci., 16, 615-646.
121. Goody, R. and Yung, Y., 1989: Atmospheric Radiation, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, 528 pp.
122. Houghton, J.T., 2002: The Physics of Atmospheres, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 320 pp.
123. Hummel, J. R. and Kuhn, W. R., 1981: Comparison of radiative-convective models with constant and pressure-dependent lapse rates. Tellus, 33, 254-261.
124. Ingersoll, A.P., 1969: The runaway greenhouse: A history of water on Venus. J.Atmos. Sci., 26, 1191-1198.
125. Ishiwatari, M., Takehiro, S.-I., Nakajima, K., and Hayashi, Y.-Y., 2002: A numerical study on appearance of the runaway greenhouse state of a threedimensional gray atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3223-3238.
126. Kasting, J. F., 1989: Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus. Icarus, 74, 472-494.
127. Komabayashi, M., 1967: Discrete equilibrium temperatures of a hypothetical planet with the atmosphere and the hydrosphere of one component-two phase system under constant solar radiation. J.Met. Soc. Japan, 45, 137-139.
128. Manabe, S. and Möller, F., 1961: On the radiative equilibrium and heat balance of the atmosphere. Mon.Wea.Rev., 89, 503-532.
129. Manabe, S. and Strickler, R. F., 1964: Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment. J.Atmos. Sci., 21, 361-385.
130. Manabe, S., Smagorinsky, J., and Strickler, R. F., 1965: Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Mon. Wea.Rev., 93, 769-798.
131. Matsuda, Y. and Matsuno, T., 1978: Radiative-convective equilibrium of the Venusian atmosphere. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 60, 245-254.
132. Nakajima, S., Hayashi, Y.-Y., and Abe, Y., 1992: A study on the “runaway greenhouse effect” with a one-dimensional radiative-convective equilibrium model. J.Atmos. Sci., 49, 2256-2266.
133. Ramanathan, V. and Coakley, J.A., Jr., 1978: Climate modeling through radiativeconvective models. Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys., 16, 465-489.
134. U. S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976: U. S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
135. Arakawa, A., 2004: The cumulus parameterization problem: Past, present, and future. J.Climate, 17, 2493-2525.
136. Arakawa, A. and Schubert, W.H., 1974: Interactions of cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J.Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.
137. Emanuel, K.A. and Raymond, D. J., 1993: The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere, Meteorological Monograph No. 24. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 246 pp.
138. Emanuel, K., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, New York, 580 pp.
139. Lindzen, R. S., Hou, A.Y., and Farrell, B. F., 1982: The role of convective model choice in calculating the climate impact of doubling CO2. J.Atmos. Sci., 39, 1189-1205.
140. Nakajima, K. and Matsuno, T., 1988: Numerical experiments concerning the origin of cloud clusters in the tropical atmosphere. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 66, 309-329.
141. Pauluis, O. and Held, I., 2002: Entropy budget of an atmosphere in radiativeconvective equilibrium. Part I: Maximum work and frictional dissipation. J.Atmos. Sci., 59, 125-139.
142. Sarachik, E. S., 1978: Tropical sea surface temperature: An interactive one-dimensional atmosphere-ocean model. Dyn.Atmos. Oceans, 2, 455-469.
143. Satoh, M. and Hayashi, Y.-Y., 1992: Simple cumulus models in one-dimensional radiative convective equilibrium problems. J.Atmos. Sci., 49, 1202-1220.
144. Smith, R. K., 1997: The Physics and Parameterization of Moist Atmospheric Convection, NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Physics and Parameterization. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 498 pp.
145. Bretherton, C. S. and Sobel, A.H., 2002: A simple model of a convectively coupled Walker circulation using the weak temperature gradient approximation. J.Climate, 15, 2907-2920.
146. Emanuel, K.A., Neelin, J.D., and Bretherton, C. S., 1994: On large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 1111-1143.
147. Grabowski, W.W. and Moncrieff, M.W., 2002: Large-scale organization of tropical convection in two-dimensional explicit numerical simulations: Effects of interactive radiation. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 2349-2376.
148. Held, I.M. and Hou, A.Y., 1980: Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 37, 515-533.
149. Hide, R., 1969: Dynamics of the atmospheres of the major planets with an appendix on the viscous boundary layer at the rigid boundary surface of an electrically conducting rotating fluid in the presence of a magnetic field. J.Atmos. Sci., 26, 841-853.
150. Hou, A.Y. and Lindzen, R. S., 1992: The influence of concentrated heating on the Hadley circulation. J.Atmos. Sci., 49, 1233-1241.
151. Lindzen, R. S., 1990: Dynamics in Atmospheric Physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 310 pp.
152. Lindzen, R. S. and Hou, A.Y., 1988: Hadley circulations for zonally averaged heating centered off the equator. J.Atmos. Sci., 45, 2416-2427.
153. Philander, S.G., 1990: El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press, San Diego, 289 pp.
154. Satoh, M., 1994: Hadley circulations in radiative-convective equilibrium in an axially symmetric atmosphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 51, 1947-1968.
155. Satoh, M., Shiobara, M., and Takahashi, M., 1995: Hadley circulations and their roles in the global angular momentum budget in two- and three-dimensional models. Tellus, 47A, 548-560.
156. Schneider, E.K., 1977: Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. II: Nonlinear calculations. J.Atmos. Sci., 34, 280-296.
157. Tompkins, A.M., 2001: Organization of tropical convection in low vertical wind shears: The role of water vapor. J.Atmos. Sci., 58, 529-545.
158. Andrews, D. G., Holton, J. R., and Leovy, C. B., 1987: Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, 489 pp.
159. Held, I.M. and Hoskins, B. J., 1985: Large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the troposphere. Advances in Geophys., 28, 3-31.
160. Held, I.M. and Phillips, P. J., 1990: A barotropic model of the interaction between the Hadley cell and a Rossby wave. J.Atmos. Sci., 47, 856-869.
161. McWilliams, J., 1984: The emergence of isolated coherent vortices in turbulent flow. J.Fluid Mech., 146, 21-43.
162. Nastrom, G.D. and Gage, K. S., 1985: A climatology of atmospheric wavenumber spectra of wind and temperature observed by commercial aircraft. J.Atmos. Sci., 42, 950-960.
163. Nozawa, T. and Yoden, S., 1997: Formation of zonal band structure in forced two-dimensional turbulence on a rotating sphere. Phys. Fluids, 9, 2081-2093.
164. Rhines, P. B., 1975: Waves and turbulence on a beta-plane. J.Fluid Mech., 69, 417-443.
165. Williams, G.P., 1978: Planetary circulations. I: Barotropic representation of Jovian and terrestrial turbulence. J.Atmos. Sci., 35, 1399-1426.
166. Yoden, S. and Yamada, M., 1993: A numerical experiment on two-dimensional decaying turbulence on a rotating sphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 38, 631-643.
167. Andrews, D.G. and McIntyre, M. E., 1976: Planetary waves in horizontal and vertical shear: The generalized Eliassen-Palm relation and the mean zonal acceleration. J.Atmos. Sci., 33, 2031-2048.
168. Edmon, Jr., H. J., Hoskins, B. J., and McIntyre, M. E., 1980: Eliassen-Palm cross sections for the troposphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 37, 2600-2612.
169. Gutowski, Jr., W. J., 1985: Baroclinic adjustment and midlatitude temperature profiles. J.Atmos. Sci., 42, 1733-1745.
170. Held, I.M., 1982: On the height of the tropopause and the static stability of the troposphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 39, 412-417.
171. Held, I.M. and Hoskins, B. J., 1985: Large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the troposphere. Advances in Geophys., 28, 3-31.
172. Held, I.M. and Schneider, T., 1999: The surface branch of the zonally averaged mass transport circulation in the troposphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 56, 1688-1697.
173. Holton, J.R., 1992: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, 507 pp.
174. Lindzen, R. S. and Farrell, B., 1980: The role of polar regions in global climate, and a new parameterization of global heat transport. Mon.Wea.Rev., 108, 2064-2078.
175. Lorenz, E.N., 1967: The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 161 pp.
176. Palmén, E. and Newton, C.W., 1969: Atmospheric Circulation Systems. Academic Press, San Diego, 603 pp.
177. Peixoto, P. J. and Oort, A.H., 1992: Physics of Climate. American Institute of Physics, New York, 520 pp.
178. Simmons, A. J. and Hoskins, B. J., 1978: The life cycles of some nonlinear baroclinic waves. J.Atmos. Sci., 35, 414-432.
179. Stone, P.H., 1978: Baroclinic adjustment. J.Atmos. Sci., 35, 561-571.
180. Sun, D.-Z. and Lindzen, R. S., 1994: A PV view of the zonal mean distribution of temperature and wind in the extratropical troposphere. J.Atmos. Sci., 51, 757-772.
181. Thorncroft, C.D., Hoskins, B. J., and McIntyre, M.E., 1993: Two paradigms of baroclinic-wave life-cycle behavior. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 119, 17-55.
182. Townsend, R.D. and Johnson, D.R., 1985: A diagnostic study of the isentropic zonally averaged mass circulation during the first GARP global experiment. J.Atmos. Sci., 42, 1565-1579.
183. Appenzeller, C., Davies, H. C., and Norton, W.A., 1996: Fragmentation of stratospheric intrusions. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1435-1456.
184. Browning, K.A., 1997: The dry intrusion perspective of extra-tropical cyclone development. Meteorol.Appl., 4, 317-324.
185. Holton, J.R., Haynes, P.H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A.R., Rood, R.B., and Pfister, L., 1995: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 403-439.
186. Hoskins, B. J., 1991: Towards a PV-θ view of the general circulation. Tellus, 43A/B, 27-35.
187. Kida, H., 1977: A numerical investigation of the atmospheric general circulation and stratospheric-tropospheric mass exchange. II: Lagrangian motion of the atmosphere. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 55, 71-88.
188. Pierrehumbert, R. T., 1999: Subtropical water vapor as a mediator of rapid global climate change. in: Mechanisms of Global Change at Millennial Time Scales, (eds.) P. U. Clark, R. S. Webb, and L. D. Keigwin, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. Geophysical Monograph Series 112, 394 pp.
189. Satoh, M., 1999: Relation between the meridional distribution of potential vorticity and the Lagrangian mean circulation in the troposphere. Tellus, 51A, 833-853.
190. Durran, D.R., 2010: Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics with Applications to Geophysics, 2nd ed. Springer, New York, 516 pp.
191. Haltiner, G. J. and Williams, R.T., 1980: Numerical Prediction and Dynamic Meteorology, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 477 pp.
192. Krishnamurti, T.N., Bedi, H. S., and Hardiker, V.M., 1998: An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling. Oxford University Press, New York, 253 pp.
193. Lin, S.-J. and Rood, R.B., 1997: An explicit flux-form semi-Lagrangian shallowwater model on the sphere. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 2477-2498.
194. Staniforth, A. and Ĉoté, J., 1991: Semi-Lagrangian integration schemes for atmospheric models - A review. Mon. Wea.Rev., 119, 1847-1859.
195. Bourke, W., 1972: An efficient, one-level primitive-equation spectral model. Mon. Wea.Rev., 100, 683-689.
196. Bourke, W., MacAveney, K., Puri, K., and Thuring, R., 1977: Global modeling of atmospheric flow by spectral methods. Methods in Computational Physics, Vol. 17, Academic Press, New York, pp. 267-324.
197. Canuto, C., Hussaini, M.Y., Quarteroni, A., and Zang, T.A., 1988: Spectral Methods in Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 567 pp.
198. Eliassen, E., Machenhauer, B., and Rasmussen, E., 1970: On a numerical method for integration of the hydrodynamical equations with a spectral representation of the horizontal fields, Report No. 2. Department of Meteorology, Copenhagen University, Denmark, 35 pp.
199. Gottlieb, D. and Orszag, S.A., 1977: Numerical Analysis of Spectral Methods:Theory and Application, CBMS No. 26. SIAM, Philadelphia, 170 pp.
200. Krishnamurti, T.N., Bedi, H. S., and Hardiker, V.M., 1998: An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling. Oxford University Press, New York, 253 pp.
201. Orszag, S.A., 1970: Transform method for the calculation of vector-coupled sums:Application to the spectral form of the vorticity equation. J.Atmos. Sci., 27, 890-895.
202. Arakawa, A. and Suarez, M. J., 1983: Vertical differencing of the primitive equations in sigma coordinates. Mon.Wea.Rev., 111, 34-45.
203. Arakawa, A. and Moorthi, S., 1988: Baroclinic instability in vertically discrete system. J.Atmos. Sci., 45, 1688-1707.
204. Arakawa, A. and Konor, C., 1996: Vertical differencing of the primitive equations based on the Charney-Phillips grid in hybrid sigma-p vertical coordinates. Mon.Wea.Rev., 124, 511-528.
205. Asselin, R., 1972: Frequency filter for time integrations. Mon.Wea.Rev., 100, 487-490.
206. Durran, D.R., 1998: Numerical Methods for Wave Equations in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 465 pp.
207. Hoskins, B. J. and Simmons, A. J., 1975: A multi-layer spectral model and the semi-implicit method. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 101, 637-655.
208. Kanamitsu, M., Tada, K., Kudo, T., Sato, N., and Isa, S., 1983: Description of the JMA operational spectral model. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 61, 812-828.
209. Mesinger, F. and Arakawa, A., 1976: Numerical Methods Used in Atmospheric Models, GARP No. 170. WMO/ICSU Joint Organizing Committee, Geneva.
210. Simmons, A. J., Hoskins, B. J., and Burridge, D., 1978: Stability of the semiimplicit method of time integration. Mon.Wea.Rev., 106, 405-412.
211. Arakawa, A. and Lamb, V.R., 1977: Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. Methods in Computational Physics, 17, 173-265.
212. Arakawa, A. and Suarez, M. J., 1983: Vertical differencing of the primitive equations in sigma coordinates. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 34-45.
213. Doms, G. and Schättler, U., 1997: The nonhydrostatic limited-area model LM (Lokal-Modell) of DWD. Part I: Scientific Documentation. Deutscher Wetterdienst, 174 pp.
214. Durran, D.R., 2010: Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics with Applications to Geophysics, 2nd ed. Springer, New York, 516 pp.
215. Durran, D.R. and Klemp, J., 1983: A compressible model for the simulation of moist mountain waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 2341-2361.
216. Gallus, W. Jr. and Rančić, M., 1996: A non-hydrostatic version of the NMC’s regional Eta model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 495-513.
217. Held, I.M., Hemler, R. S., and Ramaswamy, V., 1993: Radiative-convective equilibrium with explicit two-dimensional moist convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3909-3927.
218. Juang, H.-M.H., 1992: A spectral fully compressible nonhydrostatic mesoscale model in hydrostatic sigma coordinates: Formulation and preliminary results. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 50, 75-88.
219. Klemp, J. B. and Wilhelmson, R.B., 1978: The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1070-1096.
220. Klemp, J.B., Skamarock, W. C., and Dudhia, J., 2007: Conservative split-explicit time integrationmethods for the compressible nonhydrostatic equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2897-2913.
221. Laprise, R., 1992: The Euler equations of motion with hydrostatic pressure as independent variable. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 197-207.
222. Ogura, Y. and Phillips, A., 1962: Scale analysis of deep and shallow convection in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 173-179.
223. Ooyama, K.V., 1990: A thermodynamic foundation for modeling the moist atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2580-2593.
224. Saito, K, Ishida, J., Aranami, K., Hara, T., Segawa, T., Narita, M., and Honda, Y., 2007: Nonhydrostatic atmospheric models and operational development at JMA. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 85B, 271-304.
225. Satoh, M., 2002: Conservative scheme for the compressible non-hydrostatic models with the horizontally explicit and vertically implicit time integration scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1227-1245.
226. Satoh, M., 2003: Conservative scheme for a compressible nonhydrostatic model with moist processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1033-1050.
227. Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J.B., 1992: The stability of time-split numerical methods for the hydrostatic and the nonhydrostatic elastic equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2109-2127.
228. Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J.B., 1994: Efficiency and accuracy of the Klemp-Wilhelmson time-splitting technique. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2623-2630.
229. Straka, J.M., Wilhelmson, R.B., Wicker, L. J., Anderson, J.R., and Droegemeier, K. K., 1993: Numerical solutions of a nonlinear density current: A benchmark solution and comparisons. Int. J. Num. Methods Fluids, 17, 1-22.
230. Taylor, K.E., 1984: A vertical finite-difference scheme for hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1398-1402.
231. Tompkins, A.M. and Craig, G. C., 1998a: Time-scales of adjustment to radiativeconvective equilibrium in the troposphere. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 2693-2713.
232. Tompkins, A. M. and Craig, G.C., 1998b: Radiative-convective equilibrium in a three-dimensional cloud ensemble model. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 2073-2097.
233. Tompkins, A.M. and Craig, G. C., 1999: Sensitivity of tropical convection to sea surface temperature in the absence of large-scale flow. J. Clim., 12, 462-476.
234. Xue, M., Droegemeier, K.K., and Wong, V., 2000: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) - A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction model. Part I: Model dynamics and verification. Meteor. Atmos. Physics, 75, 161-193.
235. Adcroft, A., Campin, J.-M., Hill, C., and Marshall, J., 2004: Implementation of an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model on the expanded spherical cube. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2845-2863.
236. Baba, Y., Takahashi, K., Sugimura, T., and Goto, K., 2010: Dynamical core of an atmospheric general circulation model on a Yin-Yang grid. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 3988-4005.
237. Baumgardner, J. R. and Frederickson, P. O., 1985: Icosahedral discretization of the two-sphere. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 22, 1107-1115.
238. Blackburn, M., Williamson, D. L, Nakajima, K., Ohfuchi, W., Takahashi, Y.O., Hayashi, Y.-Y., Nakamura, H., Ishiwatari, M., McGregor, J., Borth, H., Wirth, V., Frank, H., Bechtold, P., Wedi, N.P., Tomita, H., Satoh, M., Zhao, M., Held, I. M., Suarez, M. J., Lee, M.-I., Watanabe, M., Kimoto, M., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Molod, A., Rajendran, K., Kitoh A., and Stratton R., 2012: The Aqua Planet Experiment (APE): Control SST Simulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91A, in press, doi:10.2151/jmsj.2013-A02.
239. Cooley, J.W. and Turkey, J.W., 1965: An algorithm for the machine computation of complex Fourier series. Math. Comput., 19, 297-301.
240. Ĉoté, J., 1988: A Lagrange multiplier approach for the metric terms of semi-Lagrangian models on the sphere. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 1347-1352.
241. Cullen, M. J.P., 1974: Integration of the primitive equations on a sphere using the finite element method. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 555-562.
242. Cullen, M. J.P. and Hall, C.D., 1979: Forecasting and general circulation results from finite element models. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 105, 571-591.
243. Dudhia, J. and Bresch, J. F., 2002: A global version of PSU-NCAR mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2989-3007.
244. Gassmann, A., 2011: Inspection of hexagonal and triangular C-grid discretizations of the shallow water equations. J. Comp. Phys., 230, 2706-2721.
245. Heikes, R.H. and Randall, D.A., 1995a: Numerical integration of the shallowwater equations on a twisted icosahedral grid. Part I: Basic design and results of tests. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1862-1880.
246. Heikes, R.H. and Randall, D.A., 1995b: Numerical integration of the shallowwater equations on a twisted icosahedral grid. Part II: A detailed description of the grid and analysis of numerical accuracy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1881-1887.
247. Lin, S.-J., 2004: A “vertically Lagrangian” finite-volume dynamical core for global models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2293-2307.
248. Masuda, Y. and Ohnishi, H., 1986: An integration scheme of the primitive equation model with an icosahedral-hexagonal grid system and its application to the shallow water equations, Short- and Medium-Range Numerical Weather Prediction. Collection of Papers Presented at the WMO/IUGG NWP Symposium, Tokyo, Aug. 4-8 1986, Japan Meteorological Society, 317-326.
249. Majewski, D., Liermann, D., Prohl, P., Ritter, B., Buchhold, M., Hanisch, T., Paul, G., and Wergen, W., 2002: The operational global icosahedralhexagonal gridpoint model GME: description and high-resolution tests. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 319-338.
250. McGregor, J. L., 1996: Semi-Lagrangian advection on conformal-cubic grids, Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1311-1322.
251. Mesinger, D., 2000: Numerical methods: The Arakawa approach, horizontal grid, global, and limited-area modeling. In General Circulation Model Development, edited by D. A. Randall. Academic Press, 373-419.
252. Miura, H. and Kimoto, M., 2005: A comparison of grid quality of optimized spherical hexagonal-pentagonal geodesic grids. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2817-2833.
253. Phillips, N.A., 1959: Numerical integration of the primitive equation on the hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 87, 333-345.
254. Purser, R. J. and Rancic, M., 1998: Smooth quasi-homogeneous gridding of the sphere. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 124, 637-652.
255. Rancic, M., Purser, R. J., and Mesinger, F.,1996: A global shallow-water model using an expanded spherical cube: Gnomonic versus conformal coordinates. Q. J. R. Met. Soc., 122, 959-982.
256. Randall, D.A., 1994: Geostrophic adjustment and finite-difference shallow water equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1371-1377.
257. Ringler, T.D., Heikes, R.H. and Randall, D.A., 2000: Modeling the atmospheric general circulation using a spherical geodesic grid: A new class of dynamical cores. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2471-2490.
258. Ringler, T.D. and Randall, D.A., 2002a: A potential enstrophy and energy conserving numerical scheme for solution of the shallow-water equations on a geodesic grid, Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1397-1410.
259. Ringler, T.D. and Randall, D.A., 2002b: The ZM-grid: an alternative to the Z-grid. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1411-1422.
260. Ringler, T.D., Thuburn, J., Klemp, J., and Skamarock, W.C., 2010: A unified approach to energy conservation and potential vorticity dynamics for arbitrarilystructured C-grids. J. Comp. Phys., 229, 2065-2090.
261. Sadourny, R., Arakawa, A., and Mintz, Y., 1968: Integration of the nondivergent barotropic vorticity equation with an icosahedral hexagonal grid for the sphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 351-356.
262. Sadourny, R., 1969: Numerical integration of the primitive equations on a spherical grid with hexagonal cells. Proceedings of the WMO/IUGG Symposium on Numerical Weather Prediction in Tokyo, Tech. Rep. of JMA, VII45 - VII52.
263. Satoh, M., Tomita, H., Miura, H., Iga, S., and Nasuno, T., 2005: Development of a global cloud resolving model - a multi-scale structure of tropical convections. J. Earth Simulator, 3. 11-19.
264. Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J.B., Duda, M.G., Fowler, L.D., and Park, S.-H., 2012: A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric model using centroid Vornoi tesselations and C-grid staggering. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3090-3105.
265. Staniforth, A. and Thuburn, J, 2012; Horizontal grids for global weather and climate prediction models: a review. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 1-26.
266. Stuhne, G.R. and Peltier, W. R., 1996: Vortex erosion and amalgamation in a new model of large scale flow on the sphere. J. Comput. Phys., 128, 58-81.
267. Stuhne, G.R. and Peltier, W. R., 1999: New icosahedral grid-point discretizations of the shallow water equations on the sphere. J. Comput. Phys., 148, 23-58.
268. Swinbank, R., and Purser, R. J., 2006: Fibonacci grid: A novel approach to global modelling. Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 132, 1769-1793.
269. Thuburn, J., 1997: A PV-based shallow-water model on a hexagonal-icosahedral grid. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2328-2347.
270. Thuburn, J., Ringler, W.C., Skamarock, W. C., and Klemp, J.B., 2009: Numerical representation of geostrophic modes on arbitrarily structured C-grids. J. Comp. Phys., 228, 8321-8335.
271. Tomita, H., Tsugawa, M., Satoh, M., and Goto, K., 2001: Shallow water model on a modified icosahedral geodesic grid by using spring dynamics. J. Comp. Phys., 174, 579-613.
272. Tomita, H., Satoh, M., and Goto, K., 2002: An optimization of icosahedral grid modified by spring dynamics. J. Comp. Phys., 183, 307-331.
273. Tomita, H. and Satoh, M., 2004: A new dynamical framework of nonhydrostatic global model using the icosahedral grid. Fluid Dyn. Res., 34, 357-400.
274. Tomita, H., Goto, K., and Satoh, M., 2008: A new approach of atmospheric general circulation model - Global cloud resolving model NICAM and its computational performance -. SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 30, 2755-2776.
275. Williamson, D. L., 1968: Integration of the barotropic vorticity equation on a spherical geodesic grid. Tellus, 20, 642-653.
276. Williamson, D. L., 1970: Integration of the primitive barotropic model over a spherical geodesic grid. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 512-520.
277. Williamson, D. L., Drake, J. B., Hack, J. J., Jacob, R., and Swarztrauber, P. N., 1992: A standard test set for numerical approximations to the shallow water equations in spherical geometry. J. Comput. Phys., 102, 211-224.
278. Arakawa, A., 2004: The cumulus parameterization problem: Past, present, and future. J. Clim., 17, 2493-2525.
279. Arakawa, A. and Moorthi, S., 1988: Baroclinic instability in vertically discrete system. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1688-1707.
280. Blackburn, M., Williamson, D. L, Nakajima, K., Ohfuchi, W., Takahashi, Y.O., Hayashi, Y.-Y., Nakamura, H., Ishiwatari, M., McGregor, J., Borth, H., Wirth, V., Frank, H., Bechtold, P., Wedi, N.P., Tomita, H., Satoh, M., Zhao, M., Held, I. M., Suarez, M. J., Lee, M.-I., Watanabe, M., Kimoto, M., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Molod, A., Rajendran, K., Kitoh A., and Stratton R., 2012:The Aqua Planet Experiment (APE): Control SST Simulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91A, in press, doi:10.2151/jmsj.2013-A02.
281. Cheong, H.-B., 2006: A dynamical core with double Fourier series: comparison with the spherical harmonics method. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1299-1315.
282. Ĉoté, J., Gravel, S., Méthot, A., and Patoine, A., 1998: The operational CMCMRB global environmental multiscale (GEM) model. Part I: Design considerations and formulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1373-1395.
283. Cullen, M. J.P., Davies, T., Mawson, M. H., James, J. A., Coutler, S.C., and Malcolm, A., 1997: An overview of numerical methods for the next generation U. K. NWP and climate model. Numerical methods in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling. The Andrew J. Robert Memorial Volume. C. A. Lin et al Eds., NRC Research Press, 425-444.
284. Davies, T., Cullen, M. J.P., Malcolm, A. J., Mawson, M.H., Staniforth, A., White, A.A., and Wood, N., 2005: A new dynamical core for the Met Office’s global and regional modelling of the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 1759-1782.
285. Dudhia, J., 1993: A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State-NCAR mesoscale model: Validation tests and simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front, Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1493-1513.
286. Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., 1996: Computational dispersion properties of 3D staggered grids for a nonhydrostatic anelastic system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 498-510.
287. Gal-Chen, T. and Somerville, C. J., 1975: On the use of a coordinate transformation for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. J. Comput. Phys., 17 209-228.
288. Grabowski, W.W., 1998: Toward cloud resolving modeling of large-scale tropical circulations: A simple cloud microphysics parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3283-3298.
289. Grabowski, W.W., 1999: A parameterization of cloud microphysics for long-term cloud-resolving modeling of tropical convection. Atmos. Res., 52, 17-41.
290. Gross, E. S., Bonaventura, L., and Rosatti, G., 2002: Consistency with continuity in conservative advection schemes for free-surface models. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 38, 307-327.
291. Hayashi, Y.-Y. and Sumi, A., 1986: The 30-40 day oscillations simulated in an aqua-planet model. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 64, 451-467.
292. Iga, S., Tomita, H., Satoh, M., and Goto, K., 2007: Mountain-wave-like spurious waves due to inconsistency of horizontal and vertical resolution associated with cold fronts. Mon. Wea. Rev. (2007), 135, 2629-2641.
293. Inoue, T., Satoh, M., Miura, H. and Mapes, B., 2008: Characteristics of cloud size of deep convection simulated by a global cloud resolving model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 86A, 1-15.
294. Jöckel, P., von Kuhlmann, R., Lawrence, M. G., Steil, B., Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M., Crutzen, P. J., Rasch, P. J., and Eaton, B., 2001: On a fundamental problem in implementing flux-form advection schemes for tracer transport in 3- dimensional general circulation and chemistry transport models. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1035-1052.
295. Kessler, E., 1969: On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations. Meteorologial Monograph, 32, American Meteorogical Society, 84 pp.
296. Klemp, J. B. and Wilhelmson, R.B., 1978: The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1070-1096.
297. Laprise, R., 2008: Regional climate modelling. J. Comp. Phys., 227, 641-3666.
298. Lauritzen, P.H., Jablonowski, C., Taylor, M.A., and Nair, R.D, 2011: Numerical Techniques for Global Atmospheric Models, Springer, New York, 556 pp.
299. Lin, S.-J., 2004: A “vertically Lagrangian” finite-volume dynamical core for global models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2293-2307.
300. Lin, Y.-L., Farley, R.D., and Orville, H.D., 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Applied Meteorology, 22, 1065-1092.
301. Madden R.A. and Julian, P. R., 1971: Description of a 40-50 day oscillation in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-708.
302. Madden R.A. and Julian, P.R., 1972: Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109-1123.
303. Majewski, D., Liermann, D., Prohl, P., Ritter, B., Buchhold, M., Hanisch, T., Paul, G., andWergen, W., 2002: The operational global icosahedral-hexagonal gridpoint model GME: description and high-resolution tests. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 319-338.
304. Matsuno, T., Satoh, M., Tomita, H., Nasuno, T., Iga, S., Miura, H., Noda, A. T., Oouchi, K., Sato, T., Fudeyasu, H., and Yanase, W., 2011: Cloud-clusterresolving global atmosphere modeling. - A challenge for the new age of tropical meteorology. In The Global Monsoon System, Research and Forecast, 2nd Edition, edited by C.-P. Chang, Y. Ding, N.-C. Lau, R. H. Johnson, B. Wang, and T. Yasunari, World Scientific Pub Co Inc, pp.455-473.
305. Mesinger, D., 2000: Numerical methods: The Arakawa approach, horizontal grid, global, and limited-area modeling. In General Circulation Model Development, edited by D. A. Randall. Academic Press, 373-419.
306. Miura, H., Satoh, M., Nasuno, T., Noda, A.T., and Oouchi, K., 2007: A Madden-Julian Oscillation event realistically simulated by a global cloud-resolving model. Science, 318, 1763-1765.
307. Mizuta, R., Oouchi, K., Yoshimura, H., Noda, A., Katayama, K., Yukimoto, S., Hosaka, M., Kusunoki, S., Kawai, H., and Nakagawa, M., 2005: 20km-mesh global climate simulations using JMA-GSM model -mean climate states-. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 84, 165-185.
308. Nakazawa, T., 1988: Tropical super clusters within intraseasonal variations over the western Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 66, 823-839.
309. Nasuno, T., Tomita, H., Iga, S., Miura, H., and Satoh, M., 2007: Multi-scale organization of convection simulated with explicit cloud processes on an aqua planet. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1902-1921.
310. Neale R.B. and Hoskins, B. J., 2001: A standard test for AGCMs including their physical parameterizations: I: The proposal. Atmospheric Science Letter, 1, doi:10.1006/asle.2000.0019.
311. Niwa, Y., Tomita, H., Satoh, M., and Imasu, R., 2011: A three-dimensional icosahedral grid advection scheme preserving monotonicity and consistency with continuity for atmospheric tracer transport. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 89, 255-268.
312. Ohfuchi, W., Nakamura, H., Yoshioka, M. K. Enomoto, T., Takaya, K., Peng, X., Yamane, S., Nishimura, T., Kurihara, Y., and Ninomiya, K., 2004: 10-km mesh meso-scale resolving simulations of the global atmosphere on the Earth Simulator - Preliminary outcomes of AFES (AGCM for the Earth Simulator). J. Earth Simulator, 1, 8-34.
313. Ooyama, K.V. 2001: A dynamic and thermodynamic foundation for modeling the moist atmosphere with parameterized microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2073-2102.
314. Qian, J.-H., Semazzi, F.H.M., and Scroggs, J. S., 1998: A global nonhydrostatic semi-Lagrangian atmospheric model with orography. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 747-771.
315. Randall, D.A., Heikes, R., and Ringler, T., 2000: Global atmospheric modeling using a geodesic grid with an isentropic vertical coordinate. In General Circulation Model Development, edited by D. A. Randall. Academic Press, 509-538.
316. Ringler, T.D., Heikes, R.H., and Randall, D.A., 2000: Modeling the atmospheric general circulation using a spherical geodesic grid: A new class of dynamical cores. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2471-2490.
317. Saito, K., Fujita, T., Yamada, Y., Ishida, J., Kumagai, K., Aranami, K., Ohmori, S., Nagasawa, R., Kumagai, S., Muroi, C., Kato, T., Eito, H., and Yamazaki, Y., 2006: The operational JMA nonhydrostatic mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1266-1298.
318. Sato, T., Miura, H., Satoh, M., Takayabu, Y.N., and Wang, Y., 2009: Diurnal cycle of precipitation in the tropics simulated in a global cloud-resolving model. J. Clim., 22, 4809-4826.
319. Satoh, M., 2002: Conservative scheme for the compressible non-hydrostatic models with the horizontally explicit and vertically implicit time integration scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1227-1245.
320. Satoh, M., 2003: Conservative scheme for a compressible nonhydrostatic model with moist processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1033-1050.
321. Satoh, M., Tomita, H., Miura, H., Iga, S., and Nasuno, T., 2005: Development of a global cloud resolving model - a multi-scale structure of tropical convections -. J. Earth Simulator, 3. 11-19.
322. Satoh, M., Matsuno, T., Tomita, H., Miura, H., Nasuno, T., and Iga, S., 2008:Nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM) for global cloud resolving simulations. J. Comp. Phys., 227, 3486-3514.
323. Semazzi, F.H.M., Qian, J.-H., and Scroggs, J. S., 1995: A global nonhydrostatic semi-Lagrangian atmospheric model without orography. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2534-2550.
324. Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J.B., 1992: The stability of time-split numerical methods for the hydrostatic and the nonhydrostatic elastic equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2109-2127.
325. Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J.B., Duda, M.G., Fowler, L.D., and Park, S.-H., 2012:A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric model using centroid vornoi tesselations and C-grid staggering. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3090-3105.
326. Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Margolin, L.G., and Wyszogrodzki, A., 2001: A class of nonhydrostatic global models. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 349-364.
327. Staniforth, A., and Wood, N., 2008: Aspects of the dynamical core of a nonhydrostatic, deep-atmosphere, unified weather and climate-prediction model. J. Comp. Phys., 227, 3445-3464.
328. Staniforth, A., and Thuburn, J, 2012; Horizontal grids for global weather and climate prediction models: a review. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 1-26.
329. Stuhne, G.R. and Peltier, W. R.: 1996: Vortex erosion and amalgamation in a new model of large scale flow on the sphere. J. Comput. Phys., 128, 58-81.
330. Takayabu, Y. N., Iguchi, T., Kachi, M., Shibata, A., and Kanzawa, H., 1999:Abrupt termination of the 1997-98 El Niño in response to a Madden-Julian oscillation. Nature, 402, 279-282.
331. Taylor, M., Tribbia, J., and Iskandarani, M., 1997: The spectral element method for the shallow water equations on the sphere, J. Comput. Phys., 130, 92-108.
332. Thuburn, J., Wood, N., and Staniforth, A., 2002: Normal modes of deep atmospheres. I: Spherical geometry, Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 128, 1771-1792.
333. Thuburn, J. and Woollings, T. J., 2005: Vertical discretizations for compressible Euler equation atmospheric models giving optimal representation of normal modes. J. Comp. Phys., 203, 386-404.
334. Tomita, H., Tsugawa, M., Satoh, M., and Goto, K., 2001: Shallow water model on a modified icosahedral geodesic grid by using spring dynamics. J. Comp. Phys., 174, 579-613.
335. Tomita, H., Satoh, M., and Goto, K., 2002: An optimization of icosahedral grid modified by spring dynamics. J. Comp. Phys., 183, 307-331.
336. Tomita, H. and Satoh, M., 2004: A new dynamical framework of nonhydrostatic global model using the icosahedral grid. Fluid Dyn. Res., 34, 357-400.
337. Tomita, H., Miura, H., Iga, S., Nasuno, T., and Satoh, M., 2005: A global cloudresolving simulation: preliminary results from an aqua planet experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08805.
338. Tomita, H., Goto, K., and Satoh, M., 2008: A new approach of atmospheric general circulation model - Global cloud resolving model NICAM and its computational performance -. SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 30, 2755-2776.
339. Wedi, N. P. and Smolarkiewicz, P. K., 2004: Extending Gal-Chen and Somerville terrain-following coordinate transformation on time dependent curvilinear boundaries, J. Comput. Phys., 193 1-20.
340. Wedi, N. P. and Smolarkiewicz, P. K., 2009: A framework for testing global nonhydrostatic models. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 469-484.
341. Wicker, L. J. and Skamarock, W. C., 1998: Time-splitting scheme for the elastic equations incorporating second-order runge-Kutta time differencing. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1992-1999.
342. Wicker L. J. and Skamarock, W.C., 2002: Time-splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2088-2097.
343. Xiao, F., Okazaki, T., and Satoh, M., 2003: An accurate semi-Lagrangian scheme for rain drop sedimentation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 974-983.
344. Yeh, K.-S., Ĉoté, J., Gravel, S., Méthot, A., Patoine, A., Roch, M., and Staniforth, A., 2002: The CMC-MRB global environmental multiscale (GEM) model. Part III: Nonhydrostatic formulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 329-356.
345. Blackburn, M. and Hoskins, B. J., 2012: Context and aims of the Aqua Planet Experiment. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91A, in press, doi:10.2151/jmsj.2013-A01.
346. Boer, G. J. and Denis, B., 1997: Numerical convergence of the dynamics of a GCM. Climate Dynamics, 13, 359-374.
347. Gates, W. L., 1992: AMIP: The atmospheric model intercomparison project. Bull. Am.Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1962-1970.
348. Hayashi, Y.-Y. and Sumi, A., 1986: The 30-40 day oscillations simulated in an aqua-planet model. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 64, 451-467.
349. Held, I.M. and Suarez, M. J., 1994: A proposal for the intercomparison of the dynamical cores of atmospheric general circulation models. Bull.Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 1825-1830.
350. Iga, S., Tomita, H., Satoh, M., and Goto, K., 2007: Mountain-wave-like spurious waves associated with simulated cold fronts due to inconsistencies between horizontal and vertical resolutions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2629-2641.
351. Jablonowski, C. and Williamson, D. L., 2006: A baroclinic instability test case for atmospheric model dynamical cores. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 2943-2975.
352. Neale, R. B. and Hoskins, B. J., 2001a: A standard test for AGCMs including their physical parameterizations. I: The proposal. Atmospheric Science Letters, 1, doi:10.1006/asle.2000.0019.
353. Neale, R. B. and Hoskins, B. J., 2001b: A standard test for AGCMs including their physical parameterizations. II: Results for the Met Office Model. Atmospheric Science Letters, 1, doi:10.1006/asle.2000.0020.
354. Ohfuchi, W., Nakamura, H., Yoshioka, M., K. Enomoto, T., Takaya, K., Peng, X., Yamane, S., Nishimura, T., Kurihara, Y., and Ninomiya, K., 2004: 10-km mesh meso-scale resolving simulations of the global atmosphere on the Earth Simulator - Preliminary outcomes of AFES (AGCM for the Earth Simulator). J. Earth Simulator, 1, 8-34.
355. Phillips, T. J., 1996: Documentation of the AMIP models on the World Wide Web. Bull.Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 1191-1196.
356. Polvani, L.M., Scott, R. K., and Thomas, S. J., 2004: Numerically converged solutions of the global primitive equations for testing the dynamical core of atmospheric GCMs. Mon.Wea.Rev., 132, 2539-2552.
357. Simmons, A. J. and Hoskins, B. J., 1978: The life cycles of some nonlinear baroclinic waves. J.Atmos. Sci., 35, 414-432.
358. Thorncroft, C.D., Hoskins, B. J., and McIntyre, M.E., 1993: Two paradigms of baroclinic-wave life-cycle behavior. Q. J.Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 119, 17-55.
359. Tomita, H., Satoh, M., and Goto, K., 2003: Development of a nonhydrostatic general circulation model using an icosahedral grid. In: K.Matsuno, A.Ecer, J. Periaux, N. Satofuka, and P. Fox (eds.), Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics. Elsevier Science, pp. 115-123.
360. Williamson, D. L., Drake, J. B., Hack, J. J., Jakob, R., and Swarztrauber, P. N., 1992: A standard test set for numerical approximations to the shallow water equations in spherical geometry. J.Comp. Phys., 102, 211-224.
361. Williamson, L., Blackburn, M., Hoskins, B. J., Nakajima, K., Ohfuchi, W., Takahashi, Y. O., Hayashi, Y.-Y., Nakamura, H., Ishiwatari, M., McGregor, J. L., Borth, H., Wirth, V., Frank, H., Bechtold, P., Wedi, N.P., Tomita, H., Satoh, M., Zhao, M., Held, I. M., Suarez, M. J., Lee, M.-I., Watanabe, M., Kimoto, M., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Molod, A., Rajendran, K., Kitoh, A., and Stratton, R., 2012: The APE Atlas. Tech. Rep. NCAR/TN-484+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research. http://library.ucar.edu/collections/technotes.
362. Flanders, H., 1963: Differential Forms with Applications to the Physical Sciences. Dover, New York, 205 pp.
363. Schutz, B. F., 1980: Geometrical Methods of Mathematical Physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 264 pp.
364. Weinberg, S., 1972: Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 657 pp.
365. Committee on Data for Science and Technology, 1998: online at http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/bibliography.html
366. Emanuel, K., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, New York, 580 pp.
367. Iribarne, J.V. and Godson, W. L., 1981: Atmospheric Thermodynamics, 2nd ed. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 259 pp.
368. List, R.J., 1951: Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, 6th rev. ed., Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., 527 pp.
369. Yoder, C.F., 1995: Astrometric and geodetic properties of earth and the solar system. In: T. J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics. A Handbook of Physical Constants, AGU Reference Shelf 1, American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., pp. 1-31.