메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 88, Issue , 2017, Pages 14-20

Series: Pragmatic trials and real world evidence: Paper 2. Setting, sites, and investigator selection

Author keywords

Pragmatic; Real world; Research naive; Site selection; Study design; Trial; Usual care

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG USE; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; MEASUREMENT PRECISION; POPULATION AND POPULATION RELATED PHENOMENA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SITE SELECTION; STUDY DESIGN; VALIDITY; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH SURVEY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; PATIENT SELECTION; PROCEDURES; REPRODUCIBILITY; SAMPLE SIZE;

EID: 85020759003     PISSN: 08954356     EISSN: 18785921     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.05.003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 0014115513 scopus 로고
    • Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutic trials
    • Schwartz, D., Lelouch, J., Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutic trials. J Chronic Dis 20 (1967), 637–648.
    • (1967) J Chronic Dis , vol.20 , pp. 637-648
    • Schwartz, D.1    Lelouch, J.2
  • 2
    • 78650139118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombus Aspiration in ST-Elevation myocardial infarction in Scandinavia (TASTE trial). A multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical registry trial based on the Swedish angiography and angioplasty registry (SCAAR) platform. Study design and rationale
    • Fröbert, O., Lagerqvist, B., Gudnason, T., Thuesen, L., Svensson, R., Olivecrona, G.K., et al. Thrombus Aspiration in ST-Elevation myocardial infarction in Scandinavia (TASTE trial). A multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical registry trial based on the Swedish angiography and angioplasty registry (SCAAR) platform. Study design and rationale. Am Heart J 160 (2010), 1042–1048.
    • (2010) Am Heart J , vol.160 , pp. 1042-1048
    • Fröbert, O.1    Lagerqvist, B.2    Gudnason, T.3    Thuesen, L.4    Svensson, R.5    Olivecrona, G.K.6
  • 4
    • 55549120207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey of views of palliative care healthcare professionals towards referring cancer patients to participate in randomized controlled trials in palliative care
    • White, C., Gilshenan, K., Hardy, J., A survey of views of palliative care healthcare professionals towards referring cancer patients to participate in randomized controlled trials in palliative care. Support Cancer Care 16 (2008), 1397–1405.
    • (2008) Support Cancer Care , vol.16 , pp. 1397-1405
    • White, C.1    Gilshenan, K.2    Hardy, J.3
  • 6
    • 42549154261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Provider and center effect in multicenter randomized controlled trials of surgical specialties: an analysis on patient-level data
    • Biau, D.J., Halm, J.A., Ahmadieh, H., Capello, W.N., Jeekel, J., Boutron, I., et al. Provider and center effect in multicenter randomized controlled trials of surgical specialties: an analysis on patient-level data. Ann Surg 247 (2008), 892–898.
    • (2008) Ann Surg , vol.247 , pp. 892-898
    • Biau, D.J.1    Halm, J.A.2    Ahmadieh, H.3    Capello, W.N.4    Jeekel, J.5    Boutron, I.6
  • 7
    • 67349144087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multisite trial of mifepristone for the treatment of psychotic depression: a site-by-treatment interaction
    • Blasey, C.M., Debattista, C., Roe, R., Block, T., Belanoff, J.K., A multisite trial of mifepristone for the treatment of psychotic depression: a site-by-treatment interaction. Contemp Clin Trials 30 (2009), 284–288.
    • (2009) Contemp Clin Trials , vol.30 , pp. 284-288
    • Blasey, C.M.1    Debattista, C.2    Roe, R.3    Block, T.4    Belanoff, J.K.5
  • 8
    • 85028828027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflection paper on the extrapolation of results from clinical studies conducted outside the EU to the EU-population,Doc. Ref. EMEA/CHMP/EWP/692702/2008. Available at
    • Reflection paper on the extrapolation of results from clinical studies conducted outside the EU to the EU-population,Doc. Ref. EMEA/CHMP/EWP/692702/2008. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/11/WC500013468.pdf.
  • 9
    • 0028872014 scopus 로고
    • Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity
    • Fine, P.E.M., Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity. Lancet 346 (1995), 1339–1345.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1339-1345
    • Fine, P.E.M.1
  • 10
    • 0028936650 scopus 로고
    • Geographic latitude and the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine
    • Wilson, M.E., Fineberg, H.V., Colditz, G.A., Geographic latitude and the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 20 (1995), 982–991.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 982-991
    • Wilson, M.E.1    Fineberg, H.V.2    Colditz, G.A.3
  • 11
    • 33947579183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External validity of randomized controlled trials in asthma: to whom do the results of the trials apply?
    • Travers, J., Marsh, S., Williams, M., Weatherall, M., Caldwell, B., Shirtcliffe, P., et al. External validity of randomized controlled trials in asthma: to whom do the results of the trials apply?. Thorax 62 (2007), 219–223.
    • (2007) Thorax , vol.62 , pp. 219-223
    • Travers, J.1    Marsh, S.2    Williams, M.3    Weatherall, M.4    Caldwell, B.5    Shirtcliffe, P.6
  • 12
    • 84928882512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sjögren's renal tubular acidosis and osteomalacia—an Asian Indian series
    • Sandhya, P., Danda, D., Rajaratnam, S., Thomas, N., Sjögren's renal tubular acidosis and osteomalacia—an Asian Indian series. Open Rheumatol J 8 (2014), 103–109.
    • (2014) Open Rheumatol J , vol.8 , pp. 103-109
    • Sandhya, P.1    Danda, D.2    Rajaratnam, S.3    Thomas, N.4
  • 13
    • 34247530125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors that can affect the external validity of randomised controlled trials
    • Rothwell, P.M., Factors that can affect the external validity of randomised controlled trials. PLoS Clin Trials, 1, 2006, e9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pctr.0010009.
    • (2006) PLoS Clin Trials , vol.1 , pp. e9
    • Rothwell, P.M.1
  • 14
    • 84888118869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing clinical trial site selection in Europe: the survey of attitudes towards trial sites in Europe (the SAT-EU study)
    • Gehring, M., Taylor, R.S., Mellody, M., Casteels, B., Piazzi, A., Gensini, G., et al. Factors influencing clinical trial site selection in Europe: the survey of attitudes towards trial sites in Europe (the SAT-EU study). BMJ Open, 3, 2013, e002957.
    • (2013) BMJ Open , vol.3 , pp. e002957
    • Gehring, M.1    Taylor, R.S.2    Mellody, M.3    Casteels, B.4    Piazzi, A.5    Gensini, G.6
  • 15
    • 77649186879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation among institutional review boards in evaluating the design of a multicenter randomized trial
    • Stark, A.R., Tyson, J.E., Hibber, D., Variation among institutional review boards in evaluating the design of a multicenter randomized trial. J Perinatol 30 (2010), 163–169.
    • (2010) J Perinatol , vol.30 , pp. 163-169
    • Stark, A.R.1    Tyson, J.E.2    Hibber, D.3
  • 16
    • 67349264564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in institutional review board responses to a standard protocol for a multicenter randomized, controlled surgical trial
    • Helfand, B.T., Mongiu, A.K., Roehrborn, C.G., Donnell, R.F., Bruskewitz, R., Kaplan, S.A., et al., MIST Investigators. Variation in institutional review board responses to a standard protocol for a multicenter randomized, controlled surgical trial. J Urol 181 (2009), 2674–2679.
    • (2009) J Urol , vol.181 , pp. 2674-2679
    • Helfand, B.T.1    Mongiu, A.K.2    Roehrborn, C.G.3    Donnell, R.F.4    Bruskewitz, R.5    Kaplan, S.A.6
  • 17
    • 84893202282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in research ethics review of cluster randomised trials: a scenario-based survey in three countries
    • Taljaard, M., Brehaut, J.C., Weijer, C., Boruch, R., Donner, A., Eccles, M.P., et al. Variability in research ethics review of cluster randomised trials: a scenario-based survey in three countries. Trials, 15, 2014, 48.
    • (2014) Trials , vol.15 , pp. 48
    • Taljaard, M.1    Brehaut, J.C.2    Weijer, C.3    Boruch, R.4    Donner, A.5    Eccles, M.P.6
  • 18
    • 84948823604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behind the scenes of the PRIME intervention: designing a complex intervention to improve malaria care at public health centres in Uganda
    • DiLiberto, D.D., Staedke, S.G., Nankya, F., Maiteki-Sebuguzi, C., Taaka, L., Nayiga, S., et al. Behind the scenes of the PRIME intervention: designing a complex intervention to improve malaria care at public health centres in Uganda. Glob Health Action, 8, 2015, 29067.
    • (2015) Glob Health Action , vol.8 , pp. 29067
    • DiLiberto, D.D.1    Staedke, S.G.2    Nankya, F.3    Maiteki-Sebuguzi, C.4    Taaka, L.5    Nayiga, S.6
  • 19
    • 0037125874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is volume related to outcome in health care? A systematic review and methodologic critique of the literature
    • Halm, E.A., Lee, C., Chassin, M.R., Is volume related to outcome in health care? A systematic review and methodologic critique of the literature. Ann Intern Med 137 (2002), 511–520.
    • (2002) Ann Intern Med , vol.137 , pp. 511-520
    • Halm, E.A.1    Lee, C.2    Chassin, M.R.3
  • 20
    • 46449107330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury
    • The VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 359 (2008), 7–20.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 7-20
  • 21
    • 41649116334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter, randomized, controlled trials evaluating mortality in intensive care: doomed to fail?
    • Ospina-Tascon, G.A., Buchele, G.L., Vincent, J.L., Multicenter, randomized, controlled trials evaluating mortality in intensive care: doomed to fail?. Crit Care Med 36 (2008), 1311–1322.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 1311-1322
    • Ospina-Tascon, G.A.1    Buchele, G.L.2    Vincent, J.L.3
  • 24
    • 85028826480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive glycemic control in med-surg patients (European Glucontrol trial). Program and abstracts of the Society of Critical Care Medicine 36th Critical Care Congress, February 17–21, 2007; Orlando, FL.
    • Preiser J-C. Intensive glycemic control in med-surg patients (European Glucontrol trial). Program and abstracts of the Society of Critical Care Medicine 36th Critical Care Congress, February 17–21, 2007; Orlando, FL.
    • Preiser, J.-C.1
  • 25
    • 50449103607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis
    • Wiener, R.S., Wiener, D.C., Larson, R.J., Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 300 (2008), 933–944.
    • (2008) JAMA , vol.300 , pp. 933-944
    • Wiener, R.S.1    Wiener, D.C.2    Larson, R.J.3
  • 26
    • 84874338510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centre selection for clinical trials and generalisability of results: a mixed methods study
    • Gheroghe, A., Roberts, T.E., Ives, J.C., Fletcher, B.R., Calvert, M., Centre selection for clinical trials and generalisability of results: a mixed methods study. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e56560.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. e56560
    • Gheroghe, A.1    Roberts, T.E.2    Ives, J.C.3    Fletcher, B.R.4    Calvert, M.5
  • 27
    • 84884677486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The PRIME trial protocol: evaluating the impact of an intervention implemented in public health centres on management of malaria and health outcomes of children using a cluster-randomised design in Tororo, Uganda
    • Staedke, S.G., Chandler, C.I.R., DiLiberto, D., Maiteki-Sebuguzi, C., Nankya, F., Webb, E., et al. The PRIME trial protocol: evaluating the impact of an intervention implemented in public health centres on management of malaria and health outcomes of children using a cluster-randomised design in Tororo, Uganda. Implement Sci, 8, 2013, 114.
    • (2013) Implement Sci , vol.8 , pp. 114
    • Staedke, S.G.1    Chandler, C.I.R.2    DiLiberto, D.3    Maiteki-Sebuguzi, C.4    Nankya, F.5    Webb, E.6
  • 28
    • 84891548740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clear obstacles and hidden challenges: understanding recruiter perspective in six pragmatic randomised controlled trials
    • Donovan, J.L., Paramasivan, S., Toerien, M., Clear obstacles and hidden challenges: understanding recruiter perspective in six pragmatic randomised controlled trials. Trials, 15, 2014, 5.
    • (2014) Trials , vol.15 , pp. 5
    • Donovan, J.L.1    Paramasivan, S.2    Toerien, M.3
  • 29
    • 84868458218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • German ‘Clinical Trials in German General Practice Network’. General practice-based clinical trials in Germany—a problem analysis
    • Hummers-Pradier, E., Bleidorn, J., Schmiemann, G., Joos, S., Becker, A., Altiner, A., et al. German ‘Clinical Trials in German General Practice Network’. General practice-based clinical trials in Germany—a problem analysis. Trials, 13, 2012, 205.
    • (2012) Trials , vol.13 , pp. 205
    • Hummers-Pradier, E.1    Bleidorn, J.2    Schmiemann, G.3    Joos, S.4    Becker, A.5    Altiner, A.6
  • 30
    • 84904179088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The opportunities and challenges of pragmatic point-of-care randomised trials using routinely collected electronic records: evaluations of two exemplar trials
    • van Staa, T.P., Dyson, L., McCann, G., Padmanabhan, S., Belatri, R., Goldacre, B., et al. The opportunities and challenges of pragmatic point-of-care randomised trials using routinely collected electronic records: evaluations of two exemplar trials. Health Technol Assess 18 (2014), 1–146.
    • (2014) Health Technol Assess , vol.18 , pp. 1-146
    • van Staa, T.P.1    Dyson, L.2    McCann, G.3    Padmanabhan, S.4    Belatri, R.5    Goldacre, B.6
  • 32
    • 0034904451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General practitioner participation in the second Australian National Blood Pressure study (ANBP2)
    • Reid, C.M., Ryan, P., Nelson, M., Beckinsale, P., McMurchie, M., Gleave, D., et al., ANBP2 Management Committee. General practitioner participation in the second Australian National Blood Pressure study (ANBP2). Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 28 (2001), 663–667.
    • (2001) Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol , vol.28 , pp. 663-667
    • Reid, C.M.1    Ryan, P.2    Nelson, M.3    Beckinsale, P.4    McMurchie, M.5    Gleave, D.6
  • 34
    • 0034094715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are the attitudes of general practitioners towards research?
    • Robinson, G., Gould, M., What are the attitudes of general practitioners towards research?. Br J Gen Pract 50 (2000), 390–392.
    • (2000) Br J Gen Pract , vol.50 , pp. 390-392
    • Robinson, G.1    Gould, M.2
  • 35
    • 84901247037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Veterans Healthcare Administration providers' attitudes and perceptions regarding pragmatic trials embedded at the point of care
    • Weir, C.R., Butler, J., Thraen, I., Woods, P.A., Hermos, J., Ferguson, R., et al. Veterans Healthcare Administration providers' attitudes and perceptions regarding pragmatic trials embedded at the point of care. Clin Trials 11 (2014), 292–299.
    • (2014) Clin Trials , vol.11 , pp. 292-299
    • Weir, C.R.1    Butler, J.2    Thraen, I.3    Woods, P.A.4    Hermos, J.5    Ferguson, R.6
  • 36
    • 0032717613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barriers to participation in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review
    • Ross, S., Grant, A., Counsell, C., Gillespie, W., Russell, I., Prescott, R., Barriers to participation in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 52 (1999), 1143–1156.
    • (1999) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.52 , pp. 1143-1156
    • Ross, S.1    Grant, A.2    Counsell, C.3    Gillespie, W.4    Russell, I.5    Prescott, R.6
  • 37
    • 34547875742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peering through the barriers in GPs' explanations for declining to participate in research: the role of professional autonomy and the economy of time
    • Salmon, P., Peters, S., Rogers, A., Gask, L., Clifford, R., Iredale, W., et al. Peering through the barriers in GPs' explanations for declining to participate in research: the role of professional autonomy and the economy of time. Fam Pract 24 (2007), 269–275.
    • (2007) Fam Pract , vol.24 , pp. 269-275
    • Salmon, P.1    Peters, S.2    Rogers, A.3    Gask, L.4    Clifford, R.5    Iredale, W.6
  • 38
    • 14644444621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General practitioners' attitudes towards research in primary care: qualitative results of a cross sectional study
    • Rosemann, T., Szecsenyi, J., General practitioners' attitudes towards research in primary care: qualitative results of a cross sectional study. BMC Fam Pract, 5, 2004, 31.
    • (2004) BMC Fam Pract , vol.5 , pp. 31
    • Rosemann, T.1    Szecsenyi, J.2
  • 39
    • 84872308138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness research in the “real” world: lessons learned in a study of treatment-resistant hypertension
    • Laken, M.A., Dawson, R., Engelman, O., Lovelace, O., Way, C., Egan, B.M., Comparative effectiveness research in the “real” world: lessons learned in a study of treatment-resistant hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 7 (2013), 95–101.
    • (2013) J Am Soc Hypertens , vol.7 , pp. 95-101
    • Laken, M.A.1    Dawson, R.2    Engelman, O.3    Lovelace, O.4    Way, C.5    Egan, B.M.6
  • 40
    • 84862002023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective recruitment strategies in primary care research: a systematic review
    • Ngune, I., Jiwa, M., Dadich, J., Lotriet, J., Sriram, D., Effective recruitment strategies in primary care research: a systematic review. Qual Prim Care 20 (2012), 115–123.
    • (2012) Qual Prim Care , vol.20 , pp. 115-123
    • Ngune, I.1    Jiwa, M.2    Dadich, J.3    Lotriet, J.4    Sriram, D.5
  • 41
    • 85028881114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients testimonial of public/private partnership for unbiased BIOmarkers in PREDiction of respiratory disease outcomes
    • Flood, B., Patients testimonial of public/private partnership for unbiased BIOmarkers in PREDiction of respiratory disease outcomes. Eur Respir Soc Abstract, 3460, 2015.
    • (2015) Eur Respir Soc Abstract , vol.3460
    • Flood, B.1
  • 42
    • 0037567513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late-starter sites in randomized controlled trials
    • Haidich, A.B., Ioannidis, J.P., Late-starter sites in randomized controlled trials. J Clin Epidemiol 56 (2003), 408–415.
    • (2003) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.56 , pp. 408-415
    • Haidich, A.B.1    Ioannidis, J.P.2
  • 43
    • 0035500741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of early patient enrollment on the time to completion and publication of randomized controlled trials
    • Haidich, A.B., Ioannidis, J.P., Effect of early patient enrollment on the time to completion and publication of randomized controlled trials. Am J Epidemiol 154 (2001), 873–880.
    • (2001) Am J Epidemiol , vol.154 , pp. 873-880
    • Haidich, A.B.1    Ioannidis, J.P.2
  • 44
    • 84882373606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons learned from the conduct of a multisite cluster randomized practical trial of decision aids in rural and suburban primary care practices
    • Ruud, K.L., Leblanc, A., Mullan, R.J., Pencille, L.J., Tiedje, K., Branda, M.E., et al. Lessons learned from the conduct of a multisite cluster randomized practical trial of decision aids in rural and suburban primary care practices. Trials, 14, 2013, 267.
    • (2013) Trials , vol.14 , pp. 267
    • Ruud, K.L.1    Leblanc, A.2    Mullan, R.J.3    Pencille, L.J.4    Tiedje, K.5    Branda, M.E.6
  • 45
    • 84859004974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pragmatic randomised trials using routine electronic health records: putting them to the test
    • Van Staa, T.P., Goldacre, B., Gulliford, M., Cassell, J., Pirmohamed, M., Taweel, A., et al. Pragmatic randomised trials using routine electronic health records: putting them to the test. BMJ, 344, 2012, e55.
    • (2012) BMJ , vol.344 , pp. e55
    • Van Staa, T.P.1    Goldacre, B.2    Gulliford, M.3    Cassell, J.4    Pirmohamed, M.5    Taweel, A.6
  • 46
    • 84872460310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies to accelerate recruitment to NHMRC multi-centre clinical trials
    • Tarnow-Mordi, W., Simes, J., Cruz, M., Strategies to accelerate recruitment to NHMRC multi-centre clinical trials. J Paediatr Child Health 49 (2013), E103–E105.
    • (2013) J Paediatr Child Health , vol.49 , pp. E103-E105
    • Tarnow-Mordi, W.1    Simes, J.2    Cruz, M.3
  • 47
    • 85020297776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Salford Lung Study Protocol: a prospective, randomized real-world effectiveness trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Bakerly, N.D., The Salford Lung Study Protocol: a prospective, randomized real-world effectiveness trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 182, 2013, A2159.
    • (2013) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.182 , pp. A2159
    • Bakerly, N.D.1
  • 48
    • 85028867163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Salford Lung Study Protocol: a prospective, randomized real-world effectiveness trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Bakerly, N.D., Woodcock, A., New, J.P., Gibson, M., Wu, W., Leather, D., et al. The Salford Lung Study Protocol: a prospective, randomized real-world effectiveness trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Am J Respir Res, 16, 2015, 105.
    • (2015) Am J Respir Res , vol.16 , pp. 105
    • Bakerly, N.D.1    Woodcock, A.2    New, J.P.3    Gibson, M.4    Wu, W.5    Leather, D.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.