Disparities in liver cancer occurrence in the United States by race/ethnicity and state

CA Cancer Journal for Clinicians

Volumn 67, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 273-289

  Islami, Farhad ^a   Miller, Kimberly D ^a   Siegel, Rebecca L ^a   Fedewa, Stacey A ^a   Ward, Elizabeth M ^a   Jemal, Ahmedin ^a  

^a AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY   (United States)

Author keywords

cancer stage; death rates; incidence; liver cancer; mortality; surveillance; survival; United States

Indexed keywords

HEPATITIS B VACCINE; SORAFENIB;

ADULT; ADVANCED CANCER; AGED; ALASKA NATIVE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; AMERICAN INDIAN; ARTICLE; BODY WEIGHT; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; CAUCASIAN; CHRONIC HEPATITIS C; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH STATISTICS; HEALTH SURVEY; HEPATITIS B; HISPANIC; HUMAN; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NORTH DAKOTA; PATIENT CARE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; RACE DIFFERENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING CESSATION; SURVIVAL RATE; UNITED STATES; VERY ELDERLY; CANCER REGISTRY; CANCER STAGING; ETHNOLOGY; INCIDENCE; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MORTALITY; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REGISTER; SEX RATIO;

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (U.S.); FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MALE; NEOPLASM STAGING; PREVALENCE; REGISTRIES; RISK FACTORS; SEER PROGRAM; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SURVIVAL RATE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85020168296     PISSN: 00079235     EISSN: 15424863     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21402     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67:7-30.
2. Ryerson AB, Eheman CR, Altekruse SF, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2012, featuring the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Cancer. 2016;122:1312-1337.
3. Jemal A, Ward EM, Johnson CJ, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2014, featuring survival. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dx030.
4. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al, eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2013; based on the November 2015 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2016. Bethesda: MD: National Cancer Institute; 2016. Available at: seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2013/. Accessed April 12, 2017.
5. Petrick JL, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, McGlynn KA, Rosenberg PS. Future of hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States forecast through 2030. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1787-1794.
6. Denniston MM, Jiles RB, Drobeniuc J, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2010. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:293-300.
7. Campbell PT, Newton CC, Freedman ND, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference, diabetes, and risk of liver cancer for US adults. Cancer Res. 2016;76:6076-6083.
8. Li J, Hansen BE, Peppelenbosch MP, De Man RA, Pan Q, Sprengers D. Factors associated with ethnical disparity in overall survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:15193-15204.
9. Altekruse SF, McGlynn KA, Reichman ME. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1485-1491.
10. Njei B, Rotman Y, Ditah I, Lim JK. Emerging trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and mortality. Hepatology. 2015;61:191-199.
11. Altekruse SF, Henley SJ, Cucinelli JE, McGlynn KA. Changing hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and liver cancer mortality rates in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:542-553.
12. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. SEER*Stat Database: Mortality-All COD, Aggregated With State, Total US (1969-2014) . Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Surveillance Research Program, Surveillance Systems Branch; 2016; underlying mortality data provided by National Center for Health Statistics 2016 (cdc.gov/nchs).
13. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. SEER*Stat Database: Incidence-SEER 18 Regs Research Data + Hurricane Katrina Impacted Louisiana Cases, Nov 2015 Submission (1973-2013 varying)-Linked To County Attributes-Total US, 1969-2014 Counties, released April 2016. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Surveillance Research Program, Surveillance Systems Branch; 2016.
14. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. SEER*Stat Database: North American Association of Central Registries (NAACCR) Incidence Data-CiNA Analytic File, 1995-2013. Public Use (which includes data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC's] National Program of Cancer Registries [NPCR], the Canadian Council of Cancer Registries' [CCCR's] Provincial and Territorial Registries, and the National Cancer Institute's [NCI's] SEER Registries), certified by the NAACCR as meeting high-quality incidence data standards for the specified time periods, submitted December 2015. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Surveillance Research Program, Surveillance Systems Branch; 2016.
15. Fritz A, Percy C, Jack A, et al, eds. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2000.
16. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th Revision. Vol I-III. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011.
17. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Stat software (seer.cancer.gov/seerstat), version 8.3.2 [software program]. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2016.
18. Clegg LX, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN, Fay MP, Hankey BF. Impact of reporting delay and reporting error on cancer incidence rates and trends. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:1537-1545.
19. National Cancer Institute. Joinpoint Regression Program, Version 4.3.1.0 [software program]. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, Statistical Research and Applications Branch; 2016.
20. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 13 [software program]. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2013.
21. Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016;315:2284-2291.
22. Roberts H, Kruszon-Moran D, Ly KN, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in US households: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1988-2012. Hepatology. 2016;63:388-397.
23. Menke A, Casagrande S, Geiss L, Cowie CC. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012. JAMA. 2015;314:1021-1029.
24. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Fatty liver indices in the multiethnic United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41:65-76.
25. Jamal A, King BA, Neff LJ, Whitmill J, Babb SD, Graffunder CM. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2005-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1205-1211.
26. Han BH, Moore AA, Sherman S, Keyes KM, Palamar JJ. Demographic trends of binge alcohol use and alcohol use disorders among older adults in the United States, 2005-2014. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;170:198-207.
27. Ha J, Yan M, Aguilar M, et al. Race/ethnicity-specific disparities in cancer incidence, burden of disease, and overall survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 2016;122:2512-2523.
28. Makarova-Rusher OV, Altekruse SF, McNeel TS, et al. Population attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 2016;122:1757-1765.
29. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Quraishi S, et al. Population-attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1314-1321.
30. Siegel RL, Jacobs EJ, Newton CC, et al. Deaths due to cigarette smoking for 12 smoking-related cancers in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1574-1576.
31. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2014. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014. surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/. Accessed April 10, 2017.
32. Watt GP, Vatcheva KP, Beretta L, et al. Hepatitis C virus in Mexican Americans: a population-based study reveals relatively high prevalence and negative association with diabetes. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144:297-305.
33. Kallwitz ER, Daviglus ML, Allison MA, et al. Prevalence of suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Hispanic/Latino individuals differs by heritage. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:569-576.
34. Nguyen LH, Nguyen MH. Systematic review: Asian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37:921-936.
35. Kuniholm MH, Jung M, Everhart JE, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in US Hispanic/Latino adults: results from the NHANES 2007-2010 and HCHS/SOL studies. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:1585-1590.
36. Plummer M, de Martel C, Vignat J, Ferlay J, Bray F, Franceschi S. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4:e609-e616.
37. Thrift AP, El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Global epidemiology and burden of HCV infection and HCV-related disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14:122-132.
38. Edlin BR, Eckhardt BJ, Shu MA, Holmberg SD, Swan T. Toward a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology. 2015;62:1353-1363.
39. Allison RD, Hale SA, Harvey BJ, et al. The American College of Preventive Medicine position statement on hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50:419-426.
40. Yalamanchili K, Saadeh S, Lepe R, Davis GL. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Texas: implications for future health care. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2005;18:3-6.
41. Neumeister AS, Pilcher LE, Erickson JM, et al. Hepatitis-C prevalence in an urban Native-American clinic: a prospective screening study. J Natl Med Assoc. 2007;99:389-392.
42. Wisconsin Department of Health Services. Epidemiologic Profile of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Wisconsin 2014. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health; 2014. dhs.wisconsin.gov/publications/p0/p00860.pdf. Accessed April 10, 2017.
43. Takeuchi LC, Pham TK, Katz AR. Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence, demographics and associated factors among persons screened at Hawai'i community-based health settings, 2010-2013. Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2015;74:9-15.
44. Ott JJ, Stevens GA, Groeger J, Wiersma ST. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity. Vaccine. 2012;30:2212-2219.
45. Ott JJ, Horn J, Krause G, Mikolajczyk RT. Time trends of chronic HBV infection over prior decades—a global analysis. J Hepatol. 2017;66:48-54.
46. Kowdley KV, Wang CC, Welch S, Roberts H, Brosgart CL. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B among foreign-born persons living in the United States by country of origin. Hepatology. 2012;56:422-433.
47. McMahon BJ, Bulkow LR, Singleton RJ, et al. Elimination of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute hepatitis B in children 25 years after a hepatitis B newborn and catch-up immunization program. Hepatology. 2011;54:801-807.
48. Abara WE, Collier MG, Teshale EH. Impact of universal infant hepatitis B vaccination in the US-affiliated Pacific Islands, 1985-2015. Vaccine. 2017;35:997-1000.
49. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014;311:806-814.
50. Ogden CL, Carroll MD. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960-1962 Through 2007-2008. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Health E-Stats; 2010. cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.htm. Accessed April 10, 2017.
51. Beckles GL, Chou CF. Disparities in the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes—United States, 1999-2002 and 2011-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1265-1269.
52. Kanwal F, Kramer JR, Duan Z, Yu X, White D, El-Serag HB. Trends in the burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a United States cohort of veterans. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:301-308.e1-e2.
53. Sayiner M, Koenig A, Henry L, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States and the rest of the world. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20:205-214.
54. Chuang SC, Lee YC, Wu GJ, Straif K, Hashibe M. Alcohol consumption and liver cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26:1205-1231.
55. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Excessive Alcohol Use. Preventing a Leading Risk for Death, Disease, and Injury at a Glance 2016. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 2016. cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/alcohol.htm. Accessed April 10, 2017.
56. Islami F, Ward EM, Jacobs EJ, et al. Potentially preventable premature lung cancer deaths in the USA if overall population rates were reduced to those of educated whites in lower-risk states. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26:409-418.
57. Mitchell AE, Colvin HM, Palmer Beasley R. Institute of Medicine recommendations for the prevention and control of hepatitis B and C. Hepatology. 2010;51:729-733.
58. Jemal A, Fedewa SA. Recent hepatitis C virus testing patterns among Baby Boomers [published online ahead of print March 1, 2017]. Am J Prev Med. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.033.
59. Reilley B, Leston J, Hariri S, et al. Birth cohort testing for hepatitis C virus—Indian Health Service 2012-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:467-469.
60. He T, Li K, Roberts MS, et al. Prevention of hepatitis C by screening and treatment in US prisons. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:84-92.
61. Chhatwal J, Wang X, Ayer T, et al. Hepatitis C disease burden in the United States in the era of oral direct-acting antivirals. Hepatology. 2016;64:1442-1450.
62. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Eliminating the Public Health Problem of Hepatitis B and C in the United States: Phase One Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2016.
63. Revill P, Testoni B, Locarnini S, Zoulim F. Global strategies are required to cure and eliminate HBV infection. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13:239-248.
64. Wei L, Kao JH. Benefits of long-term therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33:495-504.
65. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B vaccination—United States, 1982-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:549-552, 563.
66. Qu C, Chen T, Fan C, et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong hepatitis B intervention study: a cluster randomized controlled trial [serial online]. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001774.
67. La Torre G, Mannocci A, Saulle R, et al. Economic evaluation of HBV vaccination: a systematic review of recent publications (2000-2013). Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:2299-2311.
68. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics; 2016.
69. Reagan-Steiner S, Yankey D, Jeyarajah J, et al. National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years—United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:850-858.
70. Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92:251-265.
71. Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1876-1885.
72. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Lawman HG, et al. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States, 1988-1994 through 2013-2014. JAMA. 2016;315:2292-2299.
73. Long MW, Ward ZJ, Resch SC, et al. State-level estimates of childhood obesity prevalence in the United States corrected for report bias. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016;40:1523-1528.
74. Cauchi D, Glonti K, Petticrew M, Knai C. Environmental components of childhood obesity prevention interventions: an overview of systematic reviews. Obes Rev. 2016;17:1116-1130.
75. Pulgaron ER, Delamater AM. Obesity and type 2 diabetes in children: epidemiology and treatment [serial online]. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14:508.
76. Ochoa A, Berge JM. Home Environmental influences on childhood obesity in the Latino population: a decade review of literature. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017;19:430-447.
77. Ward DS, Welker E, Choate A, et al. Strength of obesity prevention interventions in early care and education settings: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2017;95(suppl):S37-S52.
78. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.
79. Houston DK, Leng X, Bray GA, et al. A long-term intensive lifestyle intervention and physical function: the Look AHEAD Movement and Memory Study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23:77-84.
80. Wing RR, Tate DF, Espeland MA, et al. Innovative self-regulation strategies to reduce weight gain in young adults: the Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention (SNAP) randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:755-762.
81. Wadden TA, Butryn ML, Hong PS, Tsai AG. Behavioral treatment of obesity in patients encountered in primary care settings: a systematic review. JAMA. 2014;312:1779-1791.
82. Sim LA, Lebow J, Wang Z, Koball A, Murad MH. Brief primary care obesity interventions: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2016;138. pii: e20160149.
83. Wolfenden L, Jones J, Williams CM, et al. Strategies to improve the implementation of healthy eating, physical activity and obesity prevention policies, practices or programmes within childcare services [serial online]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:CD011779.
84. Batsis JA, Gill LE, Masutani RK, et al. Weight loss interventions in older adults with obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials since 2005. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65:257-268.
85. Alamuddin N, Bakizada Z, Wadden TA. Management of obesity. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:4295-4305.
86. Sherrington A, Newham JJ, Bell R, Adamson A, McColl E, Araujo-Soares V. Systematic review and meta-analysis of internet-delivered interventions providing personalized feedback for weight loss in overweight and obese adults. Obes Rev. 2016;17:541-551.
87. Harvey-Berino J, West D, Krukowski R, et al. Internet delivered behavioral obesity treatment. Prev Med. 2010;51:123-128.
88. Godino JG, Merchant G, Norman GJ, et al. Using social and mobile tools for weight loss in overweight and obese young adults (Project SMART): a 2 year, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:747-755.
89. Cecchini M, Sassi F, Lauer JA, Lee YY, Guajardo-Barron V, Chisholm D. Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness. Lancet. 2010;376:1775-1784.
90. Batis C, Rivera JA, Popkin BM, Taillie LS. First-year evaluation of Mexico's tax on nonessential energy-dense foods: an observational study [serial online]. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1002057.
91. Colchero MA, Popkin BM, Rivera JA, Ng SW. Beverage purchases from stores in Mexico under the excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages: observational study [serial online]. BMJ. 2016;352:h6704.
92. Sallis JF, Cerin E, Conway TL, et al. Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2016;387:2207-2217.
93. Golden SH, Brown A, Cauley JA, et al. Health disparities in endocrine disorders: biological, clinical, and nonclinical factors—an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1579-E1639.
94. Lopez L, Golden SH. A new era in understanding diabetes disparities among US Latinos—all are not equal. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2081-2083.
95. Sohn MW, Kang H, Park JS, et al. Disparities in recommended preventive care usage among persons living with diabetes in the Appalachian region [serial online]. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2016;4:e000284.
96. Islami F, Stoklosa M, Drope J, Jemal A. Global and regional patterns of tobacco smoking and tobacco control policies. Eur Urol Focus. 2015;1:3-16.
97. Lortet-Tieulent J, Goding Sauer A, Siegel RL, et al. State-level cancer mortality attributable to cigarette smoking in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:1792-1798.
98. Khalaf N, Ying J, Mittal S, et al. Natural history of untreated hepatocellular carcinoma in a US cohort and the role of cancer surveillance. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:273-281.e1.
99. Grandhi MS, Kim AK, Ronnekleiv-Kelly SM, Kamel IR, Ghasebeh MA, Pawlik TM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: from diagnosis to treatment. Surg Oncol. 2016;25:74-85.
100. Llovet JM, Zucman-Rossi J, Pikarsky E, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma [serial online]. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16018.
101. Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:835-853.
102. PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ): Health Professional Version. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2017.
103. Yang JD, Larson JJ, Watt KD, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common indication for liver transplantation and placement on the waitlist in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:767-775.e3.
104. Lanza E, Donadon M, Poretti D, et al. Transarterial therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer. 2016;6:27-33.
105. Hoehn RS, Hanseman DJ, Jernigan PL, et al. Disparities in care for patients with curable hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Oxford). 2015;17:747-752.
106. Wong RJ, Devaki P, Nguyen L, Cheung R, Nguyen MH. Ethnic disparities and liver transplantation rates in hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the recent era: results from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Liver Transpl. 2014;20:528-535.
107. Stewart SL, Kwong SL, Bowlus CL, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment and survival in California, 1988-2012. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:8584-8595.
108. Johnson P, Berhane S, Kagebayashi C, et al. Impact of disease stage and aetiology on survival in hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for surveillance. Br J Cancer. 2017;116:441-447.
109. Cadier B, Bulsei J, Nahon P, et al. Early detection and curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis in France and in the United States. Hepatology. 2017;65:1237-1248.
110. PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening (PDQ): Health Professional Version. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2016.
111. Pinheiro PS, Morris CR, Liu L, Bungum TJ, Altekruse SF. The impact of follow-up type and missed deaths on population-based cancer survival studies for Hispanics and Asians. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014;2014:210-217.