Conducting polymer-based flexible supercapacitor

Energy Science and Engineering

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 2-26

  Shown, Indrajit ^a   Ganguly, Abhijit ^a   Chen, Li Chyong ^b   Chen, Kuei Hsien ^a,b  

^a INSTITUTE OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SCIENCES   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Charge storage; Conducting polymers; Electro active materials; Flexible supercapacitor; Pseudocapacitor

Indexed keywords

CAPACITANCE; CONDUCTING POLYMERS; REDOX REACTIONS; STORAGE (MATERIALS);

CAPACITANCE PERFORMANCE; CHARGE STORAGE; CONVENTIONAL CAPACITORS; DEVICE FABRICATIONS; ELECTROACTIVE MATERIAL; ELECTRONIC APPLICATION; FABRICATION METHOD; SPECIFIC CAPACITANCE;

SUPERCAPACITOR;

EID: 85020157270     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20500505     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ese3.50     Document Type: Review

References (213)

1. Tarascon, J. M., and M. Armand. 2001. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 414:359-367
2. Nishide, H., and K. Oyaizu. 2008. Toward flexible batteries. Science 319:737-738
3. Rogers, J. A., T. Someya, and Y. Huang. 2010. Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics. Science 327:1603-1607
4. Lipomi, D. J., and Z. Bao. 2011. Stretchable, elastic materials and devices for solar energy conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 4:3314-3328
5. Miller, J. R., and P. Simon. 2008. Electrochemical capacitors for energy management. Science 321:651-652
6. Jennings, A., S. Hise, B. Kiedrowski, and C. Krouse. 2009. Urban battery litter. J. Environ. Eng. 135:46-57
7. Lee, J. A., M. K. Shin, S. H. Kim, H. U. Cho, G. M. Spinks, G. G. Wallace, et al. 2013. Ultrafast charge and discharge biscrolled yarn supercapacitors for textiles and microdevices. Nat. Commun. 4:1970. doi:10.1038/ncomms2970
8. Le, V. T., H. Kim, A. Ghosh, J. Kim, J. Chang, Q. A. Vu, et al. 2013. Coaxial fiber supercapacitor using all-carbon material electrodes. ACS Nano 7:5940-5947
9. Jost, K., C. R. Perez, J. K. McDonough, V. Presser, M. Heon, G. Dion, et al. 2011. Carbon coated textiles for flexible energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 4:5060-5067
10. Yang, Z., J. Deng, X. Chen, J. Ren, and H. Peng. 2013. A highly stretchable, fiber-shaped supercapacitor. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52:13453-13457
11. Pandolfo, A. G., and A. F. Hollenkamp. 2006. Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 157:11-27
12. Frackowiak, E., and F. Béguin. 2001. Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors. Carbon 39:937-950
13. Wu, T.-H., C.-T. Hsu, C.-C. Hu, and L. J. Hardwick. 2013. Important parameters affecting the cell voltage of aqueous electrical double-layer capacitors. J. Power Sources 242:289-298
14. Jiang, H., P. S. Lee, and C. Li. 2013. 3D carbon based nanostructures for advanced supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 6:41-53
15. Amali, A. J., J.-K. Sun, and Q. Xu. 2014. From assembled metal-organic framework nanoparticles to hierarchically porous carbon for electrochemical energy storage. Chem. Commun. 50:1519-1522
16. Sassin, M. B., C. N. Chervin, D. R. Rolison, and J. W. Long. 2013. Redox deposition of nanoscale metal oxides on carbon for next-generation electrochemical capacitors. Acc. Chem. Res. 46:1062-1074
17. Zhi, M., C. Xiang, J. Li, M. Li, and N. Wu. 2013. Nanostructured carbon-metal oxide composite electrodes for supercapacitors: a review. Nanoscale 5:72-88
18. Prasad, K. R., K. Koga, and N. Miura. 2004. Electrochemical deposition of nanostructured indium oxide: high-performance electrode material for redox supercapacitors. Chem. Mater. 16:1845-1847
19. Kalaji, M., P. J. Murphy, and G. O. Williams. 1999. The study of conducting polymers for use as redox supercapacitors. Synth. Met. 102:1360-1361
20. Wang, K., H. Wu, Y. Meng, and Z. Wei. 2014. Conducting polymer nanowire arrays for high performance supercapacitors. Small 10:14-31
21. Liu, T., L. Finn, M. Yu, H. Wang, T. Zhai, X. Lu, et al. 2014. Polyaniline and polypyrrole pseudocapacitor electrodes with excellent cycling stability. Nano Lett. 14:2522-2527
22. Snook, G. A., P. Kao, and A. S. Best. 2011. Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes. J. Power Sources 196:1-12
23. Mike, J. F., and J. L. Lutkenhaus. 2013. Recent advances in conjugated polymer energy storage. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 51:468-480
24. Ramya, R., R. Sivasubramanian, and M. V. Sangaranarayanan. 2013. Conducting polymers-based electrochemical supercapacitors-progress and prospects. Electrochim. Acta 101:109-129
25. Amarnath, C. A., J. H. Chang, D. Kim, R. S. Mane, S.-H. Han, and D. Sohn. 2009. Electrochemical supercapacitor application of electroless surface polymerization of polyaniline nanostructures. Mater. Chem. Phys. 113:14-17
26. Zhang, H., Q. Zhao, S. Zhou, N. Liu, X. Wang, J. Li, et al. 2011. Aqueous dispersed conducting polyaniline nanofibers: promising high specific capacity electrode materials for supercapacitor. J. Power Sources 196:10484-10489
27. Park, J. H., and O. O. Park. 2002. Hybrid electrochemical capacitors based on polyaniline and activated carbon electrodes. J. Power Sources 111:185-190
28. Prasad, K. R., and N. Munichandraiah. 2002. Fabrication and evaluation of 450 F electrochemical redox supercapacitors using inexpensive and high-performance, polyaniline coated, stainless-steel electrodes. J. Power Sources 112:443-451
29. Nyström, G., A. Razaq, M. Strømme, L. Nyholm, and A. Mihranyan. 2009. Ultrafast all-polymer paper-based batteries. Nano Lett. 9:3635-3639
30. Song, H. K., and G. T. R. Palmore. 2006. Redox-active polypyrrole: toward polymer-based batteries. Adv. Mater. 18:1764-1768
31. Nyström, G., A. Mihranyan, A. Razaq, T. Lindström, L. Nyholm, and M. Strømme. 2010. A nanocellulose polypyrrole composite based on microfibrillated cellulose from wood. J. Phys. Chem. B 114:4178-4182
32. Mihranyan, A., L. Nyholm, A. E. G. Bennett, and M. Strømme. 2008. A novel high specific surface area conducting paper material composed of polypyrrole and cladophora cellulose. J. Phys. Chem. B 112:12249-12255
33. Khomenko, V., E. Raymundo-Piñero, E. Frackowiak, and F. Béguin. 2006. High-voltage asymmetric supercapacitors operating in aqueous electrolyte. Appl. Phys. A 82:567-573
34. Shown, I., T. Imae, and S. Motojima. 2012. Fabrication of carbon microcoil/polyaniline composite by microemulsion polymerization for electrochemical functional enhancement. Chem. Eng. J. 187:380-384
35. Wang, K., Q. Meng, Y. Zhang, Z. Wei, and M. Miao. 2013. High-performance two-ply yarn supercapacitors based on carbon nanotubes and polyaniline nanowire arrays. Adv. Mater. 25:1494-1498
36. Zhou, H., G. Han, Y. Xiao, Y. Chang, and H.-J. Zhai. 2014. Facile preparation of polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanocomposites with large areal capacitance using electrochemical codeposition for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 263:259-267
37. Liu, M., S. He, W. Fan, Y.-E. Miao, and T. Liu. 2014. Filter paper-derived carbon fiber/polyaniline composite paper for high energy storage applications. Compos. Sci. Technol. 101:152-158
38. Simon, P., and Y. Gogotsi. 2008. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nat. Mater. 7:845-854
39. Hsu, H. C., C. H. Wang, S. K. Nataraj, H. C. Huang, H. Y. Du, S. T. Chang, et al. 2012. Stand-up structure of graphene-like carbon nanowalls on CNT directly grown on polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber paper as supercapacitor. Diam. Relat. Mater. 25:176-179
40. Yang, S.-Y., K.-H. Chang, H.-W. Tien, Y.-F. Lee, S.-M. Li, Y.-S. Wang, et al. 2011. Design and tailoring of a hierarchical graphene-carbon nanotube architecture for supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. 21:2374-2380
41. Naoi, K., W. Naoi, S. Aoyagi, J.-I. Miyamoto, and T. Kamino. 2012. New generation "nanohybrid supercapacitor". Acc. Chem. Res. 46:1075-1083
42. Naoi, K., S. Ishimoto, J.-I. Miyamoto, and W. Naoi. 2012. Second generation 'nanohybrid supercapacitor': evolution of capacitive energy storage devices. Energy Environ. Sci. 5:9363-9373
43. Ghosh, A., and Y. H. Lee. 2012. Carbon-based electrochemical capacitors. Chemsuschem 5:480-499
44. Zhang, H., G. Cao, Y. Yang, and Z. Gu. 2008. Comparison between electrochemical properties of aligned carbon nanotube array and entangled carbon nanotube electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155:K19-K22
45. Niu, Z., W. Zhou, J. Chen, G. Feng, H. Li, W. Ma, et al. 2011. Compact-designed supercapacitors using free-standing single-walled carbon nanotube films. Energy Environ. Sci. 4:1440-1446
46. Izadi-Najafabadi, A., S. Yasuda, K. Kobashi, T. Yamada, D. N. Futaba, H. Hatori, et al. 2010. Extracting the full potential of single-walled carbon nanotubes as durable supercapacitor electrodes operable at 4 V with high power and energy density. Adv. Mater. 22:E235-E241
47. Niu, C., E. K. Sichel, R. Hoch, D. Moy, and H. Tennent. 1997. High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotube electrodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 70:1480-1482
48. Dai, L., D. W. Chang, J.-B. Baek, and W. Lu. 2012. Carbon nanomaterials for advanced energy conversion and storage. Small 8:1130-1166
49. Chen, W., R. B. Rakhi, M. N. Hedhili, and H. N. Alshareef. 2014. Shape-controlled porous nanocarbons for high performance supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2:5236-5243
50. Ma, X., L. Gan, M. Liu, P. K. Tripathi, Y. Zhao, Z. Xu, et al. 2014. Mesoporous size controllable carbon microspheres and their electrochemical performances for supercapacitor electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 2:8407-8415
51. Huang, H.-S., K.-H. Chang, N. Suzuki, Y. Yamauchi, C.-C. Hu, and K. C. W. Wu. 2013. Evaporation-induced coating of hydrous ruthenium oxide on mesoporous silica nanoparticles to develop high-performance supercapacitors. Small 9:2520-2526
52. Lin, K.-M., K.-H. Chang, C.-C. Hu, and Y.-Y. Li. 2009. Mesoporous RuO2 for the next generation supercapacitors with an ultrahigh power density. Electrochim. Acta 54:4574-4581
53. Li, S.-M., Y.-S. Wang, S.-Y. Yang, C.-H. Liu, K.-H. Chang, H.-W. Tien, et al. 2013. Electrochemical deposition of nanostructured manganese oxide on hierarchically porous graphene-carbon nanotube structure for ultrahigh-performance electrochemical capacitors. J. Power Sources 225:347-355
54. Hu, C.-C., C.-W. Wang, T.-H. Wu, and K.-H. Chang. 2012. Anodic composite deposition of hydrous RuO2-TiO2 nanocomposites for electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim. Acta 85:90-98
55. Hu, C.-C., C.-Y. Hung, K.-H. Chang, and Y.-L. Yang. 2011. A hierarchical nanostructure consisting of amorphous MnO2, Mn3O4 nanocrystallites, and single-crystalline MnOOH nanowires for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 196:847-850
56. Chang, K.-H., C.-C. Hu, C.-M. Huang, Y.-L. Liu, and C.-I. Chang. 2011. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of crystalline WO3-WO3•0.5H2O mixtures for pseudocapacitors of the asymmetric type. J. Power Sources 196:2387-2392
57. Hsu, C.-T., and C.-C. Hu. 2013. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous spinel NiCo2O4 using surfactant-assembled dispersion for asymmetric supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 242:662-671
58. Hu, C.-C., H.-Y. Guo, K.-H. Chang, and C.-C. Huang. 2009. Anodic composite deposition of RuO2.xH2O-TiO2 for electrochemical supercapacitors. Electrochem. Commun. 11:1631-1634
59. Chen, Y.-C., Y.-K. Hsu, Y.-G. Lin, Y.-K. Lin, Y.-Y. Horng, L.-C. Chen, et al. 2011. Highly flexible supercapacitors with manganese oxide nanosheet/carbon cloth electrode. Electrochim. Acta 56:7124-7130
60. Zheng, J. P., P. J. Cygan, and T. R. Jow. 1995. Hydrous ruthenium oxide as an electrode material for electrochemical capacitors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 142:2699-2703
61. Wu, N.-L. 2002. Nanocrystalline oxide supercapacitors. Mater. Chem. Phys. 75:6-11
62. Liu, T. C., W. G. Pell, and B. E. Conway. 1999. Stages in the development of thick cobalt oxide films exhibiting reversible redox behavior and pseudocapacitance. Electrochim. Acta 44:2829-2842
63. Srinivasan, V., and J. W. Weidner. 2000. Studies on the capacitance of nickel oxide films: effect of heating temperature and electrolyte concentration. J. Electrochem. Soc. 147:880-885
64. Cottineau, T., M. Toupin, T. Delahaye, T. Brousse, and D. Bélanger. 2006. Nanostructured transition metal oxides for aqueous hybrid electrochemical supercapacitors. Appl. Phys. A 82:599-606
65. Zhai, T., F. Wang, M. Yu, S. Xie, C. Liang, C. Li, et al. 2013. 3D MnO2-graphene composites with large areal capacitance for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Nanoscale 5:6790-6796
66. Yang, P., Y. Li, Z. Lin, Y. Ding, S. Yue, C. P. Wong, et al. 2014. Worm-like amorphous MnO2 nanowires grown on textiles for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2:595-599
67. Hu, C.-C., and J.-Y. Lin. 2002. Effects of the loading and polymerization temperature on the capacitive performance of polyaniline in NaNO3. Electrochim. Acta 47:4055-4067
68. Ryu, K. S., K. M. Kim, N.-G. Park, Y. J. Park, and S. H. Chang. 2002. Symmetric redox supercapacitor with conducting polyaniline electrodes. J. Power Sources 103:305-309
69. Ryu, K. S., Y. Lee, K.-S. Han, Y. J. Park, M. G. Kang, N.-G. Park, et al. 2004. Electrochemical supercapacitor based on polyaniline doped with lithium salt and active carbon electrodes. Solid State Ionics 175:765-768
70. Chang, K.-W., Z.-Y. Lim, F.-Y. Du, Y.-L. Yang, C.-H. Chang, C.-C. Hu, et al. 2009. Synthesis of mesoporous carbon by using polymer blend as template for the high power supercapacitor. Diam. Relat. Mater. 18:448-451
71. Xu, Y., J. Wang, W. Sun, and S. Wang. 2006. Capacitance properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polypyrrole composites. J. Power Sources 159:370-373
72. Fan, L.-Z., and J. Maier. 2006. High-performance polypyrrole electrode materials for redox supercapacitors. Electrochem. Commun. 8:937-940
73. Hussain, A. M. P., and A. Kumar. 2006. Enhanced electrochemical stability of all-polymer redox supercapacitors with modified polypyrrole electrodes. J. Power Sources 161:1486-1492
74. Muthulakshmi, B., D. Kalpana, S. Pitchumani, and N. G. Renganathan. 2006. Electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole for symmetric supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 158:1533-1537
75. Noh, K. A., D.-W. Kim, C.-S. Jin, K.-H. Shin, J. H. Kim, and J. M. Ko. 2003. Synthesis and pseudo-capacitance of chemically-prepared polypyrrole powder. J. Power Sources 124:593-595
76. Yu, G., L. Hu, N. Liu, H. Wang, M. Vosgueritchian, Y. Yang, et al. 2011. Enhancing the supercapacitor performance of graphene/MnO2 nanostructured electrodes by conductive wrapping. Nano Lett. 11:4438-4442
77. Hou, Y., Y. Cheng, T. Hobson, and J. Liu. 2010. Design and synthesis of hierarchical MnO2 nanospheres/carbon nanotubes/conducting polymer ternary composite for high performance electrochemical electrodes. Nano Lett. 10:2727-2733
78. Li, Q., J. Liu, J. Zou, A. Chunder, Y. Chen, and L. Zhai. 2011. Synthesis and electrochemical performance of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyaniline/MnO2 ternary coaxial nanostructures for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 196:565-572
79. Wang, G., L. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2012. A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41:797-828
80. Dong, L., Z. Chen, D. Yang, and H. Lu. 2013. Hierarchically structured graphene-based supercapacitor electrodes. RSC Adv. 3:21183-21191
81. Chou, S.-L., J.-Z. Wang, S.-Y. Chew, H.-K. Liu, and S.-X. Dou. 2008. Electrodeposition of MnO2 nanowires on carbon nanotube paper as free-standing, flexible electrode for supercapacitors. Electrochem. Commun. 10:1724-1727
82. Fan, Z., J. Chen, B. Zhang, B. Liu, X. Zhong, and Y. Kuang. 2008. High dispersion of c-MnO2 on well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays and its application in supercapacitors. Diam. Relat. Mater. 17:1943-1948
83. Zhao, X., C. Johnston, and P. S. Grant. 2009. A novel hybrid supercapacitor with a carbon nanotube cathode and an iron oxide/carbon nanotube composite anode. J. Mater. Chem. 19:8755-8760
84. Qin, X., S. Durbach, and G. T. Wu. 2004. Electrochemical characterization on RuO2.xH2O/carbon nanotubes composite electrodes for high energy density supercapacitors. Carbon 42:451-453
85. Lee, J.-K., H. M. Pathan, K.-D. Jung, and O.-S. Joo. 2006. Electrochemical capacitance of nanocomposite films formed by loading carbon nanotubes with ruthenium oxide. J. Power Sources 159:1527-1531
86. Wang, W., S. Guo, I. Lee, K. Ahmed, J. Zhong, Z. Favors, et al. 2014. Hydrous ruthenium oxide nanoparticles anchored to graphene and carbon nanotube hybrid foam for supercapacitors. Sci. Rep. 4:4452. doi:4410.1038/srep04452
87. Jiang, Y., P. Wang, X. Zang, Y. Yang, A. Kozinda, and L. Lin. 2013. Uniformly embedded metal oxide nanoparticles in vertically aligned carbon nanotube forests as pseudocapacitor electrodes for enhanced energy storage. Nano Lett. 13:3524-3530
88. Hung, P.-J., K.-H. Chang, Y.-F. Lee, C.-C. Hu, and K.-M. Lin. 2010. Ideal asymmetric supercapacitors consisting of polyaniline nanofibers and graphene nanosheets with proper complementary potential windows. Electrochim. Acta 55:6015-6021
89. Wang, H., Q. Hao, X. Yang, L. Lu, and X. Wang. 2009. Graphene oxide doped polyaniline for supercapacitors. Electrochem. Commun. 11:1158-1161
90. Yan, J., T. Wei, B. Shao, Z. Fan, W. Qian, M. Zhang, et al. 2010. Preparation of a graphene nanosheet/polyaniline composite with high specific capacitance. Carbon 48:487-493
91. Yan, J., T. Wei, Z. Fan, W. Qian, M. Zhang, X. Shen, et al. 2010. Preparation of graphene nanosheet/carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite as electrode material for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 195:3041-3045
92. Diggikar, R. S., D. J. Late, and B. B. Kale. 2014. Unusual morphologies of reduced graphene oxide and polyaniline nanofibers-reduced graphene oxide composites for high performance supercapacitor applications. RSC Adv. 4:22551-22560
93. Frackowiak, E., V. Khomenko, K. Jurewicz, K. Lota, and F. Béguin. 2006. Supercapacitors based on conducting polymers/nanotubes composites. J. Power Sources 153:413-418
94. Lota, K., V. Khomenko, and E. Frackowiak. 2004. Capacitance properties of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotubes composites. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 65:295-301
95. Khomenko, V., E. Frackowiak, and F. Béguin. 2005. Determination of the specific capacitance of conducting polymer/nanotubes composite electrodes using different cell configurations. Electrochim. Acta 50:2499-2506
96. Gupta, V., and N. Miura. 2006. Polyaniline/single-wall carbon nanotube (PANI/SWCNT) composites for high performance supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 52:1721-1726
97. Hughes, M., M. S. P. Shaffer, A. C. Renouf, C. Singh, G. Z. Chen, D. J. Fray, et al. 2002. Electrochemical capacitance of nanocomposite films formed by coating aligned arrays of carbon nanotubes with polypyrrole. Adv. Mater. 14:382-385
98. Peng, C., S. Zhang, X. Zhou, and G. Z. Chen. 2010. Unequalisation of electrode capacitances for enhanced energy capacity in asymmetrical supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 3:1499-1502
99. Meng, C., C. Liu, and S. Fan. 2009. Flexible carbon nanotube/polyaniline paper-like films and their enhanced electrochemical properties. Electrochem. Commun. 11:186-189
100. Lachman, N., H. Xu, Y. Zhou, M. Ghaffari, M. Lin, D. Bhattacharyya, et al. 2014. Tailoring thickness of conformal conducting polymer decorated aligned carbon nanotube electrodes for energy storage. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 1:1400076. doi: 10.1002/admi.201400076
101. Zhou, Y., N. Lachman, M. Ghaffari, H. Xu, D. Bhattacharya, P. Fattahi, et al. 2014. A high performance hybrid asymmetric supercapacitor via nano-scale morphology control of graphene, conducting polymer, and carbon nanotube electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 2:9964-9969
102. Fu, H., Z.-J. Du, W. Zou, H.-Q. Li, and C. Zhang. 2013. Carbon nanotube reinforced polypyrrole nanowire network as a high-performance supercapacitor electrode. J. Mater. Chem. A 1:14943-14950
103. Sharma, R. K., A. C. Rastogi, and S. B. Desu. 2008. Manganese oxide embedded polypyrrole nanocomposites for electrochemical supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 53:7690-7695
104. Sivakkumar, S. R., J. M. Ko, D. Y. Kim, B. C. Kim, and G. G. Wallace. 2007. Performance evaluation of CNT/polypyrrole/MnO2 composite electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim. Acta 52:7377-7385
105. Su, Z., C. Yang, C. Xu, H. Wu, Z. Zhang, T. Liu, et al. 2013. Co-electro-deposition of the MnO2-PEDOT:PSS nanostructured composite for high areal mass, flexible asymmetric supercapacitor devices. J. Mater. Chem. A 1:12432-12440
106. Rodriguez-Moreno, J., E. Navarrete-Astorga, E. A. Dalchiele, R. Schrebler, J. R. Ramos-Barrado, and F. Martin. 2014. Vertically aligned ZnO@CuS@PEDOT core@shell nanorod arrays decorated with MnO2 nanoparticles for a high-performance and semi-transparent supercapacitor electrode. Chem. Commun. 50:5652-5655
107. Sun, C.-L., L.-C. Chen, M.-C. Su, L.-S. Hong, O. Chyan, C.-Y. Hsu, et al. 2005. Ultrafine platinum nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on arrayed CNx nanotubes with high electrochemical activity. Chem. Mater. 17:3749-3753
108. Chen, L. C., C. Y. Wen, C. H. Liang, W. K. Hong, K. J. Chen, H. C. Cheng, et al. 2002. Controlling steps during early stages of the aligned growth of carbon nanotubes using microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Adv. Funct. Mater. 12:687-692
109. Wang, C. H., H. Y. Du, Y. T. Tsai, C. P. Chen, C. J. Huang, L. C. Chen, et al. 2007. High performance of low electrocatalysts loading on CNT directly grown on carbon cloth for DMFC. J. Power Sources 171:55-62
110. Horng, Y.-Y., Y.-C. Lu, Y.-K. Hsu, C.-C. Chen, L.-C. Chen, and K.-H. Chen. 2010. Flexible supercapacitor based on polyaniline nanowires/carbon cloth with both high gravimetric and area-normalized capacitance. J. Power Sources 195:4418-4422
111. Rudge, A., I. Raistrick, S. Gottesfeld, and J. P. Ferraris. 1994. A study of the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers for application in electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim. Acta 39:273-287
112. Burke, A. 2007. R&D considerations for the performance and application of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim. Acta 53:1083-1091
113. Girija, T. C., and M. V. Sangaranarayanan. 2006. Analysis of polyaniline-based nickel electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 156:705-711
114. Kim, J.-Y., K. H. Kim, and K. B. Kim. 2008. Fabrication and electrochemical properties of carbon nanotube/polypyrrole composite film electrodes with controlled pore size. J. Power Sources 176:396-402
115. Zhang, H., G. Cao, W. Wang, K. Yuan, B. Xu, W. Zhang, et al. 2009. Influence of microstructure on the capacitive performance of polyaniline/carbon nanotube array composite electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 54:1153-1159
116. Zhang, H., G. Cao, Z. Wang, Y. Yang, Z. Shi, and Z. Gu. 2008. Tube-covering-tube nanostructured polyaniline/carbon nanotube array composite electrode with high capacitance and superior rate performance as well as good cycling stability. Electrochem. Commun. 10:1056-1059
117. Peng, C., S. Zhang, D. Jewell, and G. Z. Chen. 2008. Carbon nanotube and conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors. Prog. Nat. Sci. 18:777-788
118. Sivakkumar, S. R., and R. Saraswathi. 2004. Performance evaluation of poly(N-methylaniline) and polyisothianaphthene in charge-storage devices. J. Power Sources 137:322-328
119. Talbi, H., P. E. Just, and L. H. Dao. 2003. Electropolymerization of aniline on carbonized polyacrylonitrile aerogel electrodes: applications for supercapacitors. J. Appl. Electrochem. 33:465-473
120. Gómez-Romero, P., M. Chojak, K. Cuentas-Gallegos, J. A. Asensio, P. J. Kulesza, N. Casañ-Pastor, et al. 2003. Hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposite materials for application in solid state electrochemical supercapacitors. Electrochem. Commun. 5:149-153
121. Kulesza, P. J., M. Skunik, B. Baranowska, K. Miecznikowski, M. Chojak, K. Karnicka, et al. 2006. Fabrication of network films of conducting polymer-linked polyoxometallate-stabilized carbon nanostructures. Electrochim. Acta 51:2373-2379
122. Hussain, A. M. P., A. Kumar, F. Singh, and D. K. Avasthi. 2006. Effects of 160 MeV Ni 12+ ion irradiation on HCl doped polyaniline electrode. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39:750
123. Ryu, K. S., Y.-G. Lee, K. M. Kim, Y. J. Park, Y.-S. Hong, X. Wu, et al. 2005. Electrochemical capacitor with chemically polymerized conducting polymer based on activated carbon as hybrid electrodes. Synth. Met. 153:89-92
124. Jang, J., J. Bae, M. Choi, and S.-H. Yoon. 2005. Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline coated carbon nanofiber for supercapacitor. Carbon 43:2730-2736
125. Zhang, J., D. Shan, and S. Mu. 2006. A rechargeable Znpoly(aniline-co-m-aminophenol) battery. J. Power Sources 161:685-691
126. Wu, M., G. A. Snook, V. Gupta, M. Shaffer, D. J. Fray, and G. Z. Chen. 2005. Electrochemical fabrication and capacitance of composite films of carbon nanotubes and polyaniline. J. Mater. Chem. 15:2297-2303
127. Neves, S., and C. P. Fonseca. 2004. Mixed solid device based on conducting polymer composite and polymer electrolyte. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 15:395-399
128. Karami, H., M. F. Mousavi, and M. Shamsipur. 2003. A new design for dry polyaniline rechargeable batteries. J. Power Sources 117:255-259
129. Neves, S., and C. Polo Fonseca. 2002. Influence of template synthesis on the performance of polyaniline cathodes. J. Power Sources 107:13-17
130. Ryu, K. S., K. M. Kim, Y. J. Park, N.-G. Park, M. G. Kang, and S. H. Chang. 2002. Redox supercapacitor using polyaniline doped with Li salt as electrode. Solid State Ionics 152-153:861-866
131. Li, H., J. Wang, Q. Chu, Z. Wang, F. Zhang, and S. Wang. 2009. Theoretical and experimental specific capacitance of polyaniline in sulfuric acid. J. Power Sources 190:578-586
132. Li, Y., X. Zhao, Q. Xu, Q. Zhang, and D. Chen. 2011. Facile preparation and enhanced capacitance of the polyaniline/sodium alginate nanofiber network for supercapacitors. Langmuir 27:6458-6463
133. Girija, T. C., and M. V. Sangaranarayanan. 2006. Polyaniline-based nickel electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors-Influence of Triton X-100. J. Power Sources 159:1519-1526
134. Mondal, S. K., K. Barai, and N. Munichandraiah. 2007. High capacitance properties of polyaniline by electrochemical deposition on a porous carbon substrate. Electrochim. Acta 52:3258-3264
135. Chen, W., L. Qu, D. Chang, L. Dai, S. Ganguli, and A. Roy. 2008. Vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes infiltrated with temperature-responsive polymers: smart nanocomposite films for self-cleaning and controlled release. Chem. Commun. 2:163-165
136. Liang, L., J. Liu, J. C. F. Windisch, G. J. Exarhos, and Y. Lin. 2002. Direct assembly of large arrays of oriented conducting polymer nanowires. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41:3665-3668
137. Wang, Y. G., H. Q. Li, and Y. Y. Xia. 2006. Ordered Whiskerlike polyaniline grown on the surface of mesoporous carbon and its electrochemical capacitance performance. Adv. Mater. 18:2619-2623
138. Gupta, V., and N. Miura. 2005. Electrochemically deposited polyaniline nanowire's network: a high-performance electrode material for redox supercapacitor. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 8:A630-A632
139. Ismail, Y. A., J. Chang, S. R. Shin, R. S. Mane, S.-H. Han, and S. J. Kim. 2009. Hydrogel-assisted polyaniline microfiber as controllable electrochemical actuatable supercapacitor. J. Electrochem. Soc. 156:A313-A317
140. Kuila, B. K., B. Nandan, M. Bohme, A. Janke, and M. Stamm. 2009. Vertically oriented arrays of polyaniline nanorods and their super electrochemical properties. Chem. Commun. 38:5749-5751
141. Peng, C., D. Hu, and G. Z. Chen. 2011. Theoretical specific capacitance based on charge storage mechanisms of conducting polymers: comment on 'vertically oriented arrays of polyaniline nanorods and their super electrochemical properties'. Chem. Commun. 47:4105-4107
142. Kim, B. C., J. S. Kwon, J. M. Ko, J. H. Park, C. O. Too, and G. G. Wallace. 2010. Preparation and enhanced stability of flexible supercapacitor prepared from nafion/polyaniline nanofiber. Synth. Met. 160:94-98
143. An, H., Y. Wang, X. Wang, L. Zheng, X. Wang, L. Yi, et al. 2010. Polypyrrole/carbon aerogel composite materials for supercapacitor. J. Power Sources 195:6964-6969
144. Kim, B. C., J. M. Ko, and G. G. Wallace. 2008. A novel capacitor material based on Nafion-doped polypyrrole. J. Power Sources 177:665-668
145. Sultana, I., M. M. Rahman, S. Li, J. Wang, C. Wang, G. G. Wallace, et al. 2012. Electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy)/para (toluene sulfonic acid) (pTS) free-standing film for lithium secondary battery application. Electrochim. Acta 60:201-205
146. Wang, J., Y. Xu, X. Chen, and X. Du. 2007. Electrochemical supercapacitor electrode material based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polypyrrole composite. J. Power Sources 163:1120-1125
147. Wang, J., Y. Xu, J. Wang, and X. Du. 2011. Toward a high specific power and high stability polypyrrole supercapacitors. Synth. Met. 161:1141-1144
148. Suematsu, S., Y. Oura, H. Tsujimoto, H. Kanno, and K. Naoi. 2000. Conducting polymer films of cross-linked structure and their QCM analysis. Electrochim. Acta 45:3813-3821
149. Kumar, A., R. K. Singh, H. K. Singh, P. Srivastava, and R. Singh. 2014. Enhanced capacitance and stability of p-toluenesulfonate doped polypyrrole/carbon composite for electrode application in electrochemical capacitors. J. Power Sources 246:800-807
150. Nakayama, M., J. Yano, K. Nakaoka, and K. Ogura. 2002. Electrodeposition of composite films consisting of polypyrrole and mesoporous silica. Synth. Met. 128:57-62
151. Li, X., and I. Zhitomirsky. 2012. Capacitive behaviour of polypyrrole films prepared on stainless steel substrates by electropolymerization. Mater. Lett. 76:15-17
152. Dubal, D. P., S. H. Lee, J. G. Kim, W. B. Kim, and C. D. Lokhande. 2012. Porous polypyrrole clusters prepared by electropolymerization for a high performance supercapacitor. J. Mater. Chem. 22:3044-3052
153. Yuan, L., B. Yao, B. Hu, K. Huo, W. Chen, and J. Zhou. 2013. Polypyrrole-coated paper for flexible solid-state energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 6:470-476
154. Snook, G. A., and G. Z. Chen. 2008. The measurement of specific capacitances of conducting polymers using the quartz crystal microbalance. J. Electroanal. Chem. 612:140-146
155. Laforgue, A., P. Simon, C. Sarrazin, and J.-F. Fauvarque. 1999. Polythiophene-based supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 80:142-148
156. Mastragostino, M., C. Arbizzani, and F. Soavi. 2002. Conducting polymers as electrode materials in supercapacitors. Solid State Ionics 148:493-498
157. Li, W., J. Chen, J. Zhao, J. Zhang, and J. Zhu. 2005. Application of ultrasonic irradiation in preparing conducting polymer as active materials for supercapacitor. Mater. Lett. 59:800-803
158. Liu, K., Z. Hu, R. Xue, J. Zhang, and J. Zhu. 2008. Electropolymerization of high stable poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) in ionic liquids and its potential applications in electrochemical capacitor. J. Power Sources 179:858-862
159. Sivaraman, P., A. Thakur, R. K. Kushwaha, D. Ratna, and A. B. Samui. 2006. Poly(3-methyl thiophene)-activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor based on gel polymer electrolyte. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 9:A435-A438
160. Kearns, J. T., and M. E. Roberts. 2012. Enhanced performance of triarylamine redox electrodes through directed electrochemical polymerization. J. Mater. Chem. 22:2392-2394
161. Kearns, J. T., and M. E. Roberts. 2012. Synthesis of high-charge capacity triarylamine-thiophene redox electrodes using electrochemical copolymerization. J. Mater. Chem. 22:25447-25452
162. Roberts, M. E., D. R. Wheeler, B. B. McKenzie, and B. C. Bunker. 2009. High specific capacitance conducting polymer supercapacitor electrodes based on poly(tris (thiophenylphenyl)amine). J. Mater. Chem. 19:6977-6979
163. Österholm, A. M., D. E. Shen, A. L. Dyer, and J. R. Reynolds. 2013. Optimization of PEDOT Films in Ionic Liquid Supercapacitors: Demonstration As a Power Source for Polymer Electrochromic Devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5:13432-13440
164. Nejati, S., T. E. Minford, Y. Y. Smolin, and K. K. S. Lau. 2014. Enhanced charge storage of ultrathin polythiophene films within porous nanostructures. ACS Nano 8:5413-5422
165. D'Arcy, J. M., M. F. El-Kady, P. P. Khine, L. Zhang, S. H. Lee, N. R. Davis, et al. 2014. Vapor-phase polymerization of nanofibrillar poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for supercapacitors. ACS Nano 8:1500-1510
166. Xiao, Q., and X. Zhou. 2003. The study of multiwalled carbon nanotube deposited with conducting polymer for supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 48:575-580
167. An, K. H., K. K. Jeon, J. K. Heo, S. C. Lim, D. J. Bae, and Y. H. Lee. 2002. High-capacitance supercapacitor using a nanocomposite electrode of single-walled carbon nanotube and polypyrrole. J. Electrochem. Soc. 149: A1058-A1062
168. Zhou, C., S. Kumar, C. D. Doyle, and J. M. Tour. 2005. Functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes treated with pyrrole for electrochemical supercapacitor membranes. Chem. Mater. 17:1997-2002
169. Zhou, Y.-K., B.-L. He, W.-J. Zhou, and H.-L. Li. 2004. Preparation and electrochemistry of SWNT/PANI composite films for electrochemical capacitors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151:A1052-A1057
170. Mi, H., X. Zhang, S. An, X. Ye, and S. Yang. 2007. Microwave-assisted synthesis and electrochemical capacitance of polyaniline/multi-wall carbon nanotubes composite. Electrochem. Commun. 9:2859-2862
171. Wu, Q., Y. Xu, Z. Yao, A. Liu, and G. Shi. 2010. Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films. ACS Nano 4:1963-1970
172. Biswas, S., and L. T. Drzal. 2010. Multilayered nanoarchitecture of graphene nanosheets and polypyrrole nanowires for high performance supercapacitor electrodes. Chem. Mater. 22:5667-5671
173. Zhao, Y., J. Liu, Y. Hu, H. Cheng, C. Hu, C. Jiang, et al. 2013. Highly compression-tolerant supercapacitor based on polypyrrole-mediated graphene foam electrodes. Adv. Mater. 25:591-595
174. Davies, A., P. Audette, B. Farrow, F. Hassan, Z. Chen, J.-Y. Choi, et al. 2011. Graphene-based flexible supercapacitors: pulse-electropolymerization of polypyrrole on free-standing graphene films. J. Phys. Chem. C 115:17612-17620
175. Zhu, C., J. Zhai, D. Wen, and S. Dong. 2012. Graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposites: one-step electrochemical doping, coating and synergistic effect for energy storage. J. Mater. Chem. 22:6300-6306
176. Zhang, J., P. Chen, B. H. L. Oh, and M. B. Chan-Park. 2013. High capacitive performance of flexible and binder-free graphene-polypyrrole composite membrane based on in situ reduction of graphene oxide and self-assembly. Nanoscale 5:9860-9866
177. Chen, F., P. Liu, and Q. Zhao. 2012. Well-defined graphene/polyaniline flake composites for high performance supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 76:62-68
178. Basnayaka, P. A., M. K. Ram, E. K. Stefanakos, and A. Kumar. 2013. Supercapacitors based on graphene-polyaniline derivative nanocomposite electrode materials. Electrochim. Acta 92:376-382
179. Cheng, Q., J. Tang, J. Ma, H. Zhang, N. Shinya, and L.-C. Qin. 2011. Polyaniline-coated electro-etched carbon fiber cloth electrodes for supercapacitors. J. Phys. Chem. C 115:23584-23590
180. Hsu, Y.-K., Y.-C. Chen, Y.-G. Lin, L.-C. Chen, and K.-H. Chen. 2013. Direct-growth of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanowires/carbon cloth as hierarchical supercapacitor electrode in neutral aqueous solution. J. Power Sources 242:718-724
181. Yu, M., Y. Zeng, C. Zhang, X. Lu, C. Zeng, C. Yao, et al. 2013. Titanium dioxide@polypyrrole core-shell nanowires for all solid-state flexible supercapacitors. Nanoscale 5:10806-10810
182. Zang, J., and X. Li. 2011. In situ synthesis of ultrafine [small beta]-MnO2/polypyrrole nanorod composites for high-performance supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. 21:10965-10969
183. Zhou, C., Y. Zhang, Y. Li, and J. Liu. 2013. Construction of high-capacitance 3D CoO@polypyrrole nanowire array electrode for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor. Nano Lett. 13:2078-2085
184. Fan, H., H. Wang, N. Zhao, X. Zhang, and J. Xu. 2012. Hierarchical nanocomposite of polyaniline nanorods grown on the surface of carbon nanotubes for high-performance supercapacitor electrode. J. Mater. Chem. 22:2774-2780
185. Wu, T.-M., Y.-W. Lin, and C.-S. Liao. 2005. Preparation and characterization of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. Carbon 43:734-740
186. Gupta, V., and N. Miura. 2006. Influence of the microstructure on the supercapacitive behavior of polyaniline/single-wall carbon nanotube composites. J. Power Sources 157:616-620
187. Sivakkumar, S. R., W. J. Kim, J.-A. Choi, D. R. MacFarlane, M. Forsyth, and D.-W. Kim. 2007. Electrochemical performance of polyaniline nanofibres and polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite as an electrode material for aqueous redox supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 171:1062-1068
188. Li, P., E. Shi, Y. Yang, Y. Shang, Q. Peng, S. Wu, et al. 2014. Carbon nanotube-polypyrrole core-shell sponge and its application as highly compressible supercapacitor electrode. Nano Res. 7:209-218
189. Fang, Y., J. Liu, D. J. Yu, J. P. Wicksted, K. Kalkan, C. O. Topal, et al. 2010. Self-supported supercapacitor membranes: polypyrrole-coated carbon nanotube networks enabled by pulsed electrodeposition. J. Power Sources 195:674-679
190. Lin, H., L. Li, J. Ren, Z. Cai, L. Qiu, Z. Yang, et al. 2013. Conducting polymer composite film incorporated with aligned carbon nanotubes for transparent, flexible and efficient supercapacitor. Sci. Rep. 3
191. Stankovich, S., D. A. Dikin, G. H. B. Dommett, K. M. Kohlhaas, E. J. Zimney, E. A. Stach, et al. 2006. Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442:282-286
192. Xu, J., K. Wang, S.-Z. Zu, B.-H. Han, and Z. Wei. 2010. Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline nanowire arrays on graphene oxide sheets with synergistic effect for energy storage. ACS Nano 4:5019-5026
193. Wang, Y., X. Yang, L. Qiu, and D. Li. 2013. Revisiting the capacitance of polyaniline by using graphene hydrogel films as a substrate: the importance of nano-architecturing. Energy Environ. Sci. 6:477-481
194. Zang, J., S.-J. Bao, C. M. Li, H. Bian, X. Cui, Q. Bao, et al. 2008. Well-aligned cone-shaped nanostructure of polypyrrole/RuO2 and its electrochemical supercapacitor. J. Phys. Chem. C 112:14843-14847
195. Liu, R., and S. B. Lee. 2008. MnO2/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) coaxial nanowires by one-step coelectrodeposition for electrochemical energy storage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130:2942-2943
196. Zhang, H., G. Cao, and Y. Yang. 2009. Carbon nanotube arrays and their composites for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2:932-943
197. Sun, L.-J., and X.-X. Liu. 2008. Electrodepositions and capacitive properties of hybrid films of polyaniline and manganese dioxide with fibrous morphologies. Eur. Polymer J. 44:219-224
198. Li, P., Y. Yang, E. Shi, Q. Shen, Y. Shang, S. Wu, et al. 2014. Core-double-shell, carbon nanotube@polypyrrole@MnO2 sponge as freestanding, compressible supercapacitor electrode. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6:5228-5234
199. Wang, C., Y. Zhan, L. Wu, Y. Li, and J. Liu. 2014. High-voltage and high-rate symmetric supercapacitor based on MnO2-polypyrrole hybrid nanofilm. Nanotechnology 25:305401
200. Wang, D.-W., F. Li, J. Zhao, W. Ren, Z.-G. Chen, J. Tan, et al. 2009. Fabrication of graphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode. ACS Nano 3:1745-1752
201. Wang, K., P. Zhao, X. Zhou, H. Wu, and Z. Wei. 2011. Flexible supercapacitors based on cloth-supported electrodes of conducting polymer nanowire array/SWCNT composites. J. Mater. Chem. 21:16373-16378
202. Lu, X., H. Dou, C. Yuan, S. Yang, L. Hao, F. Zhang, et al. 2012. Polypyrrole/carbon nanotube nanocomposite enhanced the electrochemical capacitance of flexible graphene film for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 197:319-324
203. Cong, H.-P., X.-C. Ren, P. Wang, and S.-H. Yu. 2013. Flexible graphene-polyaniline composite paper for high-performance supercapacitor. Energy Environ. Sci. 6:1185-1191
204. Yu, P., Y. Li, X. Yu, X. Zhao, L. Wu, and Q. Zhang. 2013. Polyaniline nanowire arrays aligned on nitrogen-doped carbon fabric for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. Langmuir 29:12051-12058
205. Meng, Y., K. Wang, Y. Zhang, and Z. Wei. 2013. Hierarchical porous graphene/polyaniline composite film with superior rate performance for flexible supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 25:6985-6990
206. Tao, J., N. Liu, W. Ma, L. Ding, L. Li, J. Su, et al. 2013. Solid-state high performance flexible supercapacitors based on polypyrrole-MnO2-carbon fiber hybrid structure. Sci. Rep. 3:2286. doi:10.1038/srep02286
207. Shi, Y., L. Pan, B. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Cui, Z. Bao, et al. 2014. Nanostructured conductive polypyrrole hydrogels as high-performance, flexible supercapacitor electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 2:6086-6091
208. He, S., J. Wei, F. Guo, R. Xu, C. Li, X. Cui, et al. 2014. A large area, flexible polyaniline/buckypaper composite with a core-shell structure for efficient supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2:5898-5902
209. Li, S., D. Huang, B. Zhang, X. Xu, M. Wang, G. Yang, et al. 2014. Flexible supercapacitors based on bacterial cellulose paper electrodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 4:1301655. doi:10.1002/aenm.201301655
210. Yu, P., Y. Li, X. Zhao, L. Wu, and Q. Zhang. 2014. Graphene-wrapped polyaniline nanowire arrays on nitrogen-doped carbon fabric as novel flexible hybrid electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor. Langmuir 30:5306-5313
211. Kim, M., C. Lee, and J. Jang. 2014. Fabrication of highly flexible scalable, and high-performance supercapacitors using polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide film with enhanced electrical conductivity and crystallinity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24:2489-2499
212. Zhu, L., L. Wu, Y. Sun, M. Li, J. Xu, Z. Bai, et al. 2014. Cotton fabrics coated with lignosulfonate-doped polypyrrole for flexible supercapacitor electrodes. RSC Adv. 4:6261-6266
213. Sellam, and S. A. Hashmi. 2013. High rate performance of flexible pseudocapacitors fabricated using Ionic-liquid-based proton conducting polymer electrolyte with poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) and its hydrous ruthenium oxide composite electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5:3875-3883