Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2018, Issue 5, 2018, Pages

  Middleton, Philippa ^a   Shepherd, Emily ^b   Crowther, Caroline A ^c  

^a WOMEN S AND CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT;

ADULT; ANALGESIA; APGAR SCORE; BIRTH WEIGHT; CESAREAN SECTION; CHILD HOSPITALIZATION; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; FEMALE; FORCEPS DELIVERY; GESTATIONAL AGE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INFANTILE SPASM; LABOR COMPLICATION; LABOR INDUCTION; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MECONIUM ASPIRATION; NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; NEWBORN; NEWBORN DEATH; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PERINATAL ASPHYXIA; PERINATAL DEATH; PERINEUM INJURY; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; STILLBIRTH; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VACUUM EXTRACTION; VAGINAL DELIVERY; WATCHFUL WAITING; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; META ANALYSIS; PREGNANCY; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; RISK; UTILIZATION;

CESAREAN SECTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; INFANT, NEWBORN; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL; LABOR, INDUCED; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY, PROLONGED; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK; WATCHFUL WAITING;

EID: 85020131941     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub4     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Augensen K, Bergsjo P, Eikeland T, Ashvik K, Carlsen J. Randomized comparison of early versus late induction of labour in post-term pregnancy. BMJ 1987;294:1192-5. 2654347
2. Augensen K, Bergsjo P, Eikeland T, Askvik K, Carlsen J. Induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy. A prospective randomized study. 10th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine; 1986 Aug 12-16; Leipzig, Germany. 1986. 2654348
3. Bergsjo P, Huang GD, Yu SQ, Gao Z, Bakketeig LS. Comparison of induced vs non-induced labor in post-term pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1989;68:683-7. 2654350
4. Brane E, Olsson A, Andolf E. A randomized controlled trial on early induction compared to expectant management of nulliparous women with prolonged latent phases. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2014;93:1042-9. 8319697
5. Breart G, Goujard J, Maillard F, Chavigny C, Rumeau-Rouquette C, Sureau C. Comparison of two obstetrical policies with regard to artificial induction of labour at term. A randomised trial. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 1982;11:107-12. 2654352
6. Chakravarti S, Goenka B. Conservative policy of induction of labor in uncomplicated postdated pregnancies. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2000 Sept 3-8; Washington DC, USA (Book 3). 2000:62. 2654354
7. Chanrachkul B, Herabutya Y. Postterm with favorable cervix: is induction necessary?. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2003;106:154-7. 2654356
8. Cohn M, Rogers M. Post maturity; a randomised study in a Hong Kong population. 26th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 1992 July 7-10; Manchester, UK. 1992:306. 2654421
9. Cole RA, Howie PW, MacNaughton MC. Elective induction of labour. A randomised prospective trial. Lancet 1975;1:767-70. 2654358
10. Engleman SR, Hilland MA, Howie PW, McIlwaine GM, McNay MB. An analysis of the economic implications of elective induction of labour at term. Community Medicine 1979;1:191-8. 2654359
11. Dyson D, Miller PD, Armstrong MA. Management of prolonged pregnancy: induction of labour versus antepartum testing. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1987;156:928-34. 2654361
12. Dyson DC, Miller P, Miller M. Management of prolonged pregnancy - induction versus antepartum fetal testing. 6th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1986 Jan 30-Feb 1; San Antonio, Texas, USA. 1986:205. 2654362
13. Egarter CH, Kofler E, Fitz R, Husslein P. Is induction of labour indicated in prolonged pregnancy? Results of a prospective randomised trial. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1989;27:6-9. 2654364
14. Husslein P, Egarter C, Sevelda P, Genger H, Salzer H, Kofler E. Induction of labour with Prostaglandin E2 vaginal tablets - a revival of elective induction? Results of a prospective randomised trial [Geburtseinleitung mit 3mg Prostaglandin E2-vaginaltabletten: eine renaissance der programmierten geburt?]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 1986;46:83-7. 2654365
15. Gelisen O, Caliskan E, Dilbaz S, Ozdas E, Dilbaz B, Ozdas E, et al. Induction of labor with three different techniques at 41 weeks of gestation or spontaneous follow-up until 42 weeks in women with definitely unfavorable cervical scores. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2005;120(2):164-9. 2654367
16. Farquharson D, Hannah ME, Hannah WJ, Hewson SA, Willan A, Young D, et al. The Canadian multicentre postterm pregnancy trial (CMPPT): outcome in the induction group based on method of induction. 49th Annual Clinical Meeting of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada; 1993 June 22-26; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 1993:15. 2654369
17. Goeree R, Hannah M, Hewson S, for the Canadian Postterm Pregnancy Trial Group. Cost-effectiveness of induction of labour versus serial antenatal monitoring in the Canadian multicentre postterm pregnancy trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1995;152:1445-50. 2654370
18. Hannah M, Canadian MG. The Canadian Multicentre Postterm Pregnancy Trial. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1994;46:31. 2654371
19. Hannah ME, Hannah WJ, Hellman J, Hewson S, Milner R, Willan A. Induction of labour as compared with serial antenatal monitoring in post-term pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;326:1587-92. 2654372
20. Hannah ME, Huh C, Hewson SA, Hannah WJ. Postterm pregnancy: putting the merits of a policy of induction into perspective. Birth 1996;23(1):13-9. 2654373
21. Heimstad R, Romundstad PR, Hyett J, Mattsson LA, Salvesen KA. Women's experiences and attitudes towards expectant management and induction of labor for post-term pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2007;86(8):950-6. 2654375
22. Heimstad R, Skogvoli E, Mattsson L, Johansen OJ, Eik-Nes SH, Romundstad PR, et al. Induction of labour or serial antenatal fetal monitoring in post-term pregnancy. A randomised controlled trial. 36th Nordic Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2008 June 14-17; Reykjavik, Iceland. 2008:84. 2654376
23. Heimstad R, Skogvoll E, Mattsson LA, Johansen OJ, Eik-Nes SH, Salvesen KA. Induction of labor or serial antenatal fetal monitoring in postterm pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2007;109(3):609-17. 8319698
24. Heimstad U. Post term pregnancy - induction of labor or monitoring of pregnancy. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00385229 (first received 9 October 2006). 8319699
25. Henry GR. A controlled trial of surgical induction of labour and amnioscopy in the management of prolonged pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1969;76:795-8. 2654379
26. Herabutya Y, Prasertsawat PO, Tongyai T, Isarangura N, Ayudthya N. Prolonged pregnancy: the management dilemma. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1992;37:253-8. 2654381
27. James C, George SS, Gaunekar N, Seshadri L. Management of prolonged pregnancy: a randomized trial of induction of labour and antepartum foetal monitoring. National Medical Journal of India 2001;14:270-3. 2654383
28. Bruinsma A, Keulen J, Bakker J, van De Post J, de Miranda E, Kortekaas J, et al. Induction of labor at 41 weeks or expectant management until 42 weeks-preliminary results of the INDEX trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;216(1 Suppl):S27-S28, Abstract no: 40. 8319701
29. Kortekaas JC, Bruinsma A, Keulen JKJ, van Dillen J, Oudijk MA, Zwart JJ, et al. Effects of induction of labour versus expectant management in women with impending post-term pregnancies: the 41 week - 42 week dilemma. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):350. 8319702
30. Mol B. Costs and effects of induction of labour at 41 weeks compared to waiting for spontaneous labour until 42 weeks. trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=3431 (first received 12 May 2012). 8319703
31. Martin DH, Thompson W, Pinkerton JHM, Watson JD. A randomised controlled trial of selective planned delivery. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1978;85:109-13. 2654484
32. Martin JN, Sessums JK, Howard P, Martin RW, Morrison JC. Alternative approaches to the management of gravidas with prolonged post-term postdate pregnancies. Journal of the Mississippi State Association 1989;30:105-11. 2654385
33. Miller N. Elective induction of nulliparous labor. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01076062 (first received 25 February 2010). 8319705
34. Miller NR, Cypher RL, Foglia LM, Pates JA, Nielsen PE. Elective induction of labor compared with expectant management of nulliparous women at 39 weeks of gestation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015;126(6):1258-64. 8319706
35. Miller NR, Cypher RL, Foglia LM, Pates JA, Nielsen PE. Elective induction of nulliparous labor at 39 weeks of gestation: a randomized clinical trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;123(5 Suppl):72S. 8319707
36. Medearis AL. Postterm pregnancy: active labor induction (PGE2 gel) not associated with improved outcomes compared to expectant management. A preliminary report. 10th Annual Meeting of Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1990 January 23-27; Houston, Texas, USA. 1990:17. 2654387
37. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. A clinical trial of induction of labor versus expectant management in postterm pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;170:716-23. 2654388
38. Nielsen PE, Howard BC, Hill CC, Larson PL, Holland RH, Smith PN. Comparison of elective induction of labor with favorable Bishop scores versus expectant management: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2005;18(1):59-64. 2654390
39. Ocon L, Hurtado R, Coteron JJ, Zubiria A, Ramirez O, Garcia JA. Prolonged pregnancy: procedure guidelines [Gestacion prolongada: pautas de actuacion]. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 1997;40:101-6. 2654392
40. Roach VJ, Rogers MS. Pregnancy outcome beyond 41 weeks gestation. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1997;59:19-24. 2654394
41. Sahraoui W, Hajji S, Bibi M, Nouira M, Essaidi H, Khair H. Management of pregnancies beyond forty-one week's gestation with an unfavorable cervix [Prise en charge obstetricale des grossesses prolongees au-dela de 41 semaines d'amenorrhee avec un score de Bishop defavorable]. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 2005;34(5):454-62. 2654396
42. Sande HA, Tuveng J, Fonstelien T. A prospective randomized study of induction of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1983;21:333-6. 2654510
43. Suikkari AM, Jalkanen M, Heiskala H, Koskela O. Prolonged pregnancy: induction or observation. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplement 1983;116:58. 2654398
44. Leijon I, Finnstrom O, Hedenskog S, Ryden G, Tylleskar J. Spontaneous labor and elective induction - a prospective randomized study. II Bilirubin levels in the neonatal period. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1980;59:103-6. 2654529
45. Leijon I, Finnstrom O, Hedenskog S, Ryden G, Tylleskar J. Spontaneous labour and elective induction - a prospective randomised study. Behavioural assessment and neurological examination in the newborn period. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1979;68:553-60. 2654530
46. Tylleskar J, Finnstrom O, Hedenskog S, Leijon I, Ryden G. Spontaneous delivery-elective induction for convenience, a comparative study. 6th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine; 1978 Aug 29-Sept 1; Vienna, Austria. 1978:345. 2654531
47. Tylleskar J, Finnstrom O, Leijon I, Hedenskog S, Ryden G. Spontaneous labor and elective induction - a prospective randomized study. Effects on mother and fetus. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1979;58:513-8. 2654532
48. Walker F, Bugg J, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Grace N, Wildsmith C, et al. Randomized trial of labor induction in women 35 years of age or older. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;374(9):813-22. 8319709
49. Walker K. Induction of labour versus expectant management for women over 35 years. isrctn.com/ISRCTN11517275 (first received 23 August 2012). 8319711
50. Walker K, Bugg G, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Wildsmith C, Smith G, et al. The 35/39 trial: A multi-centre prospective randomised controlled trial of induction of labour versus expectant management for nulliparous women over 35 years of age. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;131(Suppl 5):E221. 8319710
51. Walker KF, Bugg G, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Wildsmith C, Smith G, et al. Induction of labour versus expectant management for nulliparous women over 35 years of age: a multi-centre prospective, randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2012;12:145. 8319712
52. Walker KF, Bugg G, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Wildsmith C, Smith G, et al. Induction of labour versus expectant management for nulliparous women over 35 years of age: protocol for a multicentre prospective, randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013;120(Suppl s1):495. 8319713
53. Walker KF, Bugg GJ, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Wildsmith C, Smith GC, et al. The 35/39 trial: a multicentre prospective randomised controlled trial of induction of labour versus expectant management for nulliparous women over 35 years of age. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2015;122(Suppl S2):5. 8319714
54. Walker KF, Dritsaki M, Bugg G, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Grace N, et al. Labour induction near term for women aged 35 or over: an economic evaluation. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2017;124(6):929-34. 8319715
55. Witter FR, Weitz CM. A randomised trial of induction at 42 weeks of gestation vs expectant management for postdates pregnancies. American Journal of Perinatology 1987;4:206-11. 2654400
56. Alcalay M, Hourvitz A, Reichman B, Luski A, Quint J, Barkai G, et al. Prelabour rupture of membranes at term: early induction of labour vs expectant management. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1996;70:129-33. 2654402
57. Amano K, Saito K, Shoda T, Tani A, Yoshihara H, Nishijima M. Elective induction of labour at 39 weeks of gestation: a prospective randomized trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 1999;25:33-7. 2654404
58. Ascher-Walsh C, Burke B, Baxi L. Outpatient management of prolonged pregnancy with misoprostol (MP): a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled study, prelim. data. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182(1 Pt 2):S20. 2654406
59. Bell RJ, Permezel M, MacLennan, Hughes C, Healy D, Brennecke S. A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of the safety of vaginal recombinant human relaxin for cervical ripening. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1993;82:328-33. 2654408
60. Berghella V, Mickens R. Stripping of membranes as a safe method to reduce prolonged pregnancies. XIV World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO);1994 Sept 26-30; Montreal, Canada. 1994:PO34.16. 8319717
61. Berghella V, Rogers RA, Lescale K. Stripping of membranes as a safe method to reduce prolonged pregnancies. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1996;87:927-31. 8319718
62. Boulvain M, Fraser WD, Marcoux S, Fontaine J-Y, Bazin S, Pinault J-J, et al. Does sweeping of the membranes reduce the need for formal induction of labour? A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105:34-40. 2654413
63. Buttino L, Garite T. Intracervical prostaglandin in postdate pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1990;35(2):155-8. 2654415
64. Cardozo L, Fysh J, Pearce JM. Prolonged pregnancy: the management debate. BMJ 1986;293:1059-63. 2654417
65. Cardozo L, Pearce JM, Fysh J. Conservative management of post-maturity. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1983;4:69-72. 2654418
66. Pearce JM, Cardozo L. Prolonged pregnancy: results of supplemental analysis. BMJ 1988;297:715-7. 2654419
67. Conway DL, Groth S, Adkins WB, Langer O. Management of isolated oligohydramnios in the term pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182:S21. 2654423
68. Damania KK, Natu U, Mhatre PN, Mataliya M, Mehta AC, Daftary SN. Evaluation of two methods employed for cervical ripening. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 1992;38(2):58-9. 2654425
69. Dare FO, Oboro VO. The role of membrane stripping in prevention of post-term pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2002;22(3):283-6. 2654427
70. de Aquino MMA, Cecatti JG. Misoprostol versus oxytocin for labour induction in term and post-term pregnancy: randomized controlled trial. Sao Paulo Medical Journal 2003;121:102-6. 2654429
71. Doany W. Outpatient management of postdate pregnancy with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 and membrane stripping. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;174(1 Pt 2):351. 2654432
72. Doany W, McCarty J. Outpatient management of the uncomplicated postdate pregnancy with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and membrane stripping. Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine 1997;6:71-8. 2654431
73. Dunn PA, Rogers D, Halford K. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at acupuncture points in the induction of uterine contractions. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1989;73:286-90. 2654434
74. Elliott JP, Flaherty JF. The use of breast stimulation to prevent postdate pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1984;149:628-32. 2654436
75. El-Torkey M, Grant JM. Sweeping of the membranes is an effective method of induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy: a report of a randomized trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1992;99:455-8. 2654438
76. Evans MI, Dougan MB, Moawad AH, Evans WJ, Bryant-Greenwood GD, Greenwood FC. Ripening of the human cervix with porcine ovarian relaxin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1983;147:410-4. 2654440
77. Frass KA, Shuaib AA, Al-Harazi AH. Misoprostol for induction of labor in women with severe preeclampsia at or near term. Saudi Medical Journal 2011;32(7):679-84. 8319720
78. Garry D, Figueroa R, Guillaume J, Cucco V. Use of castor oil in pregnancies at term. Alternative Therapies 2000;6(1):77-9. 2654442
79. Giacalone PL, Targosz V, Laffargue F, Boog G, Faure JM. Cervical ripening with mifepristone before labor induction. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1998;92(4 Pt 1):487-92. 2654444
80. Gregson S, Tiran D, Absalom J, Older L, Bassett P. Acupressure for inducing labour for nulliparous women with post-dates pregnancy. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2015;21(4):257-61. 8319722
81. Hage P, Shawi J, Zarou D, Fleisher J. Double blind randomized trial to evaluate the role of outpatient use of PGE2 in cervical ripening. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;168:430. 2654446
82. Heden L, Ingemarsson I, Ahlstrom H, Solum T. Induction of labor versus conservative management in prolonged pregnancy: controlled study. International Journal of Feto-Maternal Medicine 1991;4(4):148-52. 2654448
83. Hernandez-Castro F, Alvarez-Chavez LD, Martinez-Gaytan V, Cortes-Flores R. Ambulatory treatment of prolonged pregnancy with prostaglandin E2 gel [Embarazo de 41 semanas o mayor. Manejo ambulatorio con gel de prostaglandina E2]. Revista Medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 2008;46(2):191-4. 2654450
84. Imsuwan Y, Tanapat Y. Reduction of pregnancy with gestational age more than 41 weeks by membrane stripping to induce labor: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999;11(4):267. 2654452
85. Ingemarsson I, Heden L, Montan S, Sjoberg NO. Effect of intracervical prostaglandin gel in postterm women. Personal communication 1987. 2654454
86. Iqbal S. Management of prolonged pregnancy. JCPSP, Journal of the College of Physicians & Surgeons, Pakistan 2004;14(5):274-7. 2654456
87. Jenssen H, Wright PB. The effect of dexamethasone therapy in prolonged pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1977;56:467-73. 2654458
88. Kadar N, Tapp A, Wong A. The influence of nipple stimulation at term on the duration of pregnancy. Journal of Perinatology 1990;10(2):164-6. 2654460
89. Katz Z, Yemini M, Lancet M, Mogilner BM, Ben-Hur H, Caspi B. Non-aggressive management of post-date pregnancies. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1983;15:71-9. 2654462
90. Kipikasa JH, Adair CD, Williamson J, Breen JM, Medford LK, Sanchez-Ramos L. Use of misoprostol on an outpatient basis for postdate pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2005;88:108-11. 2654464
91. Klopper AI, Dennis KJ, Farr V. Effect of intra-amniotic oestriol sulphate on uterine contractions. BMJ 1969;786(2):786-9. 2654466
92. Knox GE, Huddleston JF, Flowers CE. Management of prolonged pregnancy: results of a prospective randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1979;134:376-84. 2654468
93. Lee HY. A randomised double-blind study of vaginal misoprostol vs dinoprostone for cervical ripening and labour induction in prolonged pregnancy. Singapore Medical Journal 1997;38(7):292-4. 2654470
94. Lemancewicz A, Urban R, Skotnicki MZ, Karpiuk A, Urban J. Uterine and fetal Doppler flow changes after misoprostol and oxytocin therapy for induction of labor in post-term pregnancies. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1999;67:139-45. 2654472
95. Lien JM, Morgan MA, Garite TJ, Kennedy KA, Sassoon DA, Freeman RK. Antepartum cervical ripening: applying prostaglandin E2 gel in conjunction with scheduled nonstress tests in postdate pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;179:453-8. 2654474
96. Lyons C, Rumney P, Huang W, Morrison E, Thomas S, Nageotte M, et al. Outpatient cervical ripening with oral misoprostol post-term: induction rates decreased. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;184(1):S116. 2654476
97. Magann EF, Chauhan SP, Nevils BG, McNamara MF, Kinsella MJ, Morrison JC. Management of pregnancies beyond forty-one weeks' gestation with an unfavorable cervix. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;178:1279-87. 2654478
98. Magann EF, Chauhan SP, McNamara MF, Bass JD, Estes CM, Morrison JC. Membrane sweeping versus dinoprostone vaginal insert in the management of pregnancies beyond 41 weeks with an unfavorable cervix. Journal of Perinatology 1999;19(2):88-91. 2654480
99. Mancuso S, Ferrazzani S, De Carolis S, Carducci B, De Santis L, Caruso A. Term and postterm low-risk pregnancies: management schemes for the reduction of high rates of cesarean section. Minerva Ginecologica 1998;48:95-8. 2654482
100. Meydanli MM, Caliskan E, Burak F, Narin MA, Atmaca R. Labor induction post-term with 25 micrograms vs. 50 micrograms of intravaginal misoprostol. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2003;81:249-55. 2654486
101. Misra M, Vavre S. Labour induction with intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel and intravenous oxytocin in women with a very unfavourable cervix. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1994;34(5):511-5. 2654488
102. Müller T, Rempen A. Comparison of 0, 5 mg PG-E2-Intracervical-gel versus 3 mg PG-E2-vaginal tablet for the induction of labour [Geburtseinleitung mit Prostaglandinen: 0, 5 mg PG-E2-Intrazervikalgel versus 3 mg PG-E2-vaginaltablette]. Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie 1995;199:30-4. 2654490
103. Neri I, Monari F, Salvioli C, Facchinetti F. Acupuncture in post-date pregnancy: a pilot study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2014;27(9):874-8. 8319724
104. Newman M, Newman R. Multiple-dose PGE2 cervical ripening on an outpatient basis: safety and efficacy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176:S112. 2654492
105. Nicholson J, Caughey A, Parry S, Rosen S, Evans A, Macones G. Prospective randomized trial of the active management of risk in pregnancy at term: improved birth outcomes from prostaglandin-assisted preventive labor induction. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S37, Abstract no: 84. 2654494
106. Nicholson JM, Parry S, Caughey AB, Rosen S, Keen A, Macones GA. The impact of the active management of risk in pregnancy at term on birth outcomes: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2008;198(5):511.e1-511.e15. 2654495
107. Pri-Paz SM. Active management of risk in pregnancy at term to reduce rate of cesarean deliveries (AMOR IPAT). ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov) (accessed 19 February 2008). 2654496
108. Ohel G, Rahav D, Rothbart H, Ruach M. Randomised trial of outpatient induction of labor with vaginal PGE2 at 40-41 weeks of gestation versus expectant management. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1996;258:109-12. 2654498
109. Papageorgiou I, Tsionou C, Minaretzis D, Michalas S, Aravantinos D. Labor characteristics of uncomplicated prolonged pregnancies after induction with intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel versus intravenous oxytocin. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1992;34:92-6. 2654500
110. Paul R, Romero R. Clinical trial of induction versus expectant management in postterm pregnancy. Personal communication 1988. 2654502
111. Rayburn W, Gosen R, Ramadei C, Woods R, Scott J. Outpatient cervical ripening with prostaglandin E2 gel in uncomplicated postdate pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988;158:1417-23. 2654504
112. Rayburn WF, Gittens LN, Lucas MJ, Gall SA, Martin ME. Weekly administration of prostaglandin E2 gel compared with expectant management in women with previous cesareans. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1999;94:250-4. 2654506
113. ISRCTN47736435. Costs and effects of amniotomy at home for induction of post term pregnancy. isrctn.com/ISRCTN47736435 (first received: 9 January 2006). 8319726
114. Rijnders MEB. A randomised controlled trial of amniotomy at home for induction between 292 and 294 days gestation. Interventions in Midwife led care in the Netherlands to Achieve Optimal Birth Outcomes: Effects and Women's Experiences. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2011. [ISRCTN47736435]8319727
115. Rijnders MEB. Costs and effects of amniotomy at home for induction of post term pregnancy. trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=504 (first received 13 December 2005). 8319728
116. Roberts WE, North DH, Speed JE, Martin JN, Palmer SM, Morrison JC. Comparative study of prostaglandin, laminaria, and minidose oxytocin for ripening of the unfavorable cervix prior to induction of labor. Journal of Perinatology 1986;6:16-9. 2654508
117. Satin AJ, Hankins GDV, Yeomans ER. A prospective study of two dosing regimens of oxytocin for the induction of labor in patients with unfavorable cervices. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;165:980-4. 2654512
118. Satin AJ, Hankins GDV, Yeomans ER. A randomized study of two dosing regimens of oxytocin for the induction of patients with an unfavorable cervix. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;164:307. 2654513
119. Sawai SK, Williams MC, O'Brien WF, Angel JL, Mastrogiannis DS, Johnson L. Sequential outpatient application of intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel in the management of postdates pregnancies. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1991;78:19-23. 2654515
120. Sawai SK, O'Brien WF, Mastrogiannis DS, Krammer J, Mastry MG, Porter GW. Patient-administered outpatient intravaginal prostaglandin E2 suppositories in post-date pregnancies: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1994;84(5):807-10. 2654517
121. Sawai SK, O'Brien WF, Mastrogiannis MS, Mastry MG, Porter GW, Johnson L. Outpatient prostaglandin E2 suppositories in postdates pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1992;166(1 Pt 2):400. 2654518
122. Stenlund PM, Bygdeman M, Ekman G. Induction of labor with mifepristone (RU 486). A randomized double-blind study in post-term pregnant women with unripe cervices. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplement 1994;73(161):FP50. 2654520
123. Stenlund PM, Ekman G, Aedo AR, Bygdeman M. Induction of labor with mifepristone: a randomized, double-blind study versus placebo. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1999;78:793-8. 2654521
124. Su H, Li E, Weng L. Clinical observation on mifepristone for induction of term labor. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1996;31:676-80. 2654523
125. Surbek DV, Boesiger H, Hoesli L, Pavu N, Holzgreve W. Cervical priming and labor induction with intravaginal misoprostol versus PGE2: a double-blind randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(1 Pt 2):S112. 2654525
126. Suzuki S, Otsubo Y, Sawa R, Yoneyama Y, Araki T. Clinical trial of induction of labor versus expectant management in twin pregnancy. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1999;49:24-7. 2654527
127. Williams MG, O'Brien WF, Sawai SK, Knuppel RA. Outpatient cervical ripening in the postdates pregnancy. 10th Annual Meeting of Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1990 January 23-27; Houston, Texas, USA. 1990:533. 2654534
128. Wing DA, Fassett MJ, Mishell DR. Mifepristone for preinduction cervical ripening beyond 41 weeks' gestation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2000;96(4):543-8. 2654536
129. Wong SF, Hui SK, Choi H, Ho LC. Does sweeping of membranes beyond 40 weeks reduce the need for formal induction of labour?. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2002;109:632-6. 2654538
130. Ziaei S, Rosebehani N, Kazeminejad A, Zafarghandi S. The effects of intramuscular administration of corticosteroids on the induction of parturition. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2003;31:134-9. 2654540
131. Benito Reyes V, Hurtado Mendoza R, Rodriguez Rodriguez F, Reyes Suarez D, Alvarez Leon EE, Garcia Hernandez JA. Elective termination versus expectant management in prolonged pregnancy: A prospective study of 200 pregnant women [Finalizacion electiva versus manejo expectante en el control de la gestacion prolongada: estudio prospectivo de 200 gestantes]. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 2010;53(11):446-53. 8319730
132. Harrington K, ISRCTN74323479. What shall we do with the postdates woman who is not in labour?. isrctn.com/ISRCTN74323479 (first received 12 September 2003). 8319732
133. Elden H. Induction of labor at 41 completed gestational weeks versus expectant management and induction at 42 completed gestational weeks. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26113652 (first received 21 March 2015). 8319735
134. Elden H, Hagberg H, Wessberg A, Sengpiel V, Herbst A, Bullarbo M, et al. Study protocol of SWEPIS a Swedish multicentre register based randomised controlled trial to compare induction of labour at 41 completed gestational weeks versus expectant management and induction at 42 completed gestational weeks. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016;16:49. 8319734
135. Othman A. Induction of labour at 39 weeks or beyond in multiparous women with a favourable cervix. isrctn.com/ISRCTN15646866 (first received 27 January 2017). 8319737
136. Reddy U. A randomized trial of induction versus expectant management (ARRIVE). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01990612 (first received 21 November 2013). 8319739
137. ACOG. Management of late-term and postterm pregnancies practice bulletin 146. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;124(2 Pt 1):390-6.
138. Arrowsmith S, Wray S, Quenby S. Maternal obesity and labour complications following induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2011;118(5):578-88.
139. Caughey AB, Musci TJ. Complications of term pregnancy beyond 37 weeks of gestation. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;103(1):57-62. [DOI: 10.1097/01AOG.0000109216.24211]
140. Caughey AB, Sundaram V, Kaimal AJ, Gienger A, Cheng YW, McDonald KM, et al. Systematic review: elective induction of labor versus expectant management of pregnancy. Annals of Internal Medicine 2009;151:252-63.
141. Davey MA, King J. Caesarean section following induction of labour in uncomplicated first births- a population-based cross-sectional analysis of 42, 950 births. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016;16:92. [DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-0869-0]
142. Heimstad R, Romundstad PR, Hyett J, Mattsson LA, Salvesen KA. Women's experiences and attitudes towards expectant management and induction of labor for post-term pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2007;86:950-6.
143. Heimstad R, Romundstad PR, Salvesen KA. Induction of labour for post-term pregnancy and risk estimates for intrauterine and perinatal death. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2008;87:247-9.
144. Heslehurst N, Vieira R, Hayes L, Crowe L, Jones D, Robalino S, et al. Maternal body mass index and post-term birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews 2017;18(3):293-308. [DOI: 10.111/obr.12489]
145. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
146. Hilder L, Costeloe K, Thilaganathan B. Prolonged pregnancy: evaluating gestation-specific risks of fetal and infant mortality. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105:169-73.
147. Kaimal AJ, Little SE, Odibo AO, Stamilio DM, Grobman WA, Long EF, et al. Cost-effectiveness of elective induction of labor at 41 weeks in nulliparous women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204:137.e1-9.
148. Keirse MJNC. Elective induction, selective deduction, and cesarean section. Birth 2010;37(3):252-6.
149. Mandruzzato G, Alfirevic Z, Chervenak F, Gruenebaum A, Heimstad R, Heinonen S, et al. Guidelines for the management of postterm pregnancy. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2010;38:111-9.
150. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK, Mathews TJ. Births: final data for 2015. National Vital Statistics Report 2017;66(1):1.
151. Middleton P, Shepherd E, Flenady V, McBain RD, Crowther CA. Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005302.pub3]
152. Mishanina E, Rogozinska E, Thatthi T, Uddin-Khan R, Khan K, Meads C. Use of labour induction and risk of cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2014;186(9):665-73. [DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.130925]
153. Morken NH, Klungsøyr K, Skjaerven R. Perinatal mortality by gestational week and size at birth in singleton pregnancies at and beyond term: a nationwide population-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14:172. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-172]
154. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Induction of Labour Clinical Guideline. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG70/Guidance/pdf/English (last accessed 27 June 2017) 2008.
155. Olesen AW, Westergaard JG, Olsen J. Perinatal and maternal complications related to postterm delivery: a national register-based study, 1978-1993. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;189:222-7.
156. Olesen AW, Olsen J, Zhu JL. Developmental milestones in children born post-term in the Danish National Birth Cohort: a main research article. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2015;122(10):1331-9.
157. The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
158. Roos N, Sahlin L, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Kilere H, Stephansson O. Maternal risk factors for postterm pregnancy and cesarean delivery following labour induction. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2010;89:1003-10.
159. Schierding W, O'Sullivan JM, Derraik JGB, Cutfield WS. Genes and post-term birth: late for delivery. BMC Research Notes 2014;7:720. [DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-720]
160. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Guidelines for the Management of Pregnancy at 41+0 to 42+0 Weeks. http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/index_e.asp#Obstetrics (accessed 3 March 2011).
161. Walker KF, Dritsaki M, Bugg G, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Grace N, et al. Labour induction near term for women aged 35 or over: an economic evaluation. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2017;124(6):929-34.
162. Wessberg A, Lundgren I, Elden H. Being in limbo: Women's lived experiences of pregnancy at 41 weeks of gestation and beyond - A phenomenological study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2017;17(1):162.
163. Whitworth M, Bricker L, Mullan C. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3]
164. WHO. WHO recommendations for induction of labour. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241501156/en/ [last accessed 27 june 2017] 2011.
165. Wolff SL, Lorentzen I, Kaltoft AP, Schmidt H, Jeppesen MM, Maimburg RD. Has perinatal outcome improved after introduction of a guideline in favour of routine induction and increased surveillance prior to 42 weeks of gestation?: A cross-sectional population-based registry study. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare 2016;10:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2016.03.002]
166. Wood S, Cooper S, Ross S. Does induction of labour increase the risk of caesarean section? A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials in women with intact membranes. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2014;121(6):674-85. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528]
167. Zeitlin J, Blondel B, Alexander S, Bréart G and the PERISTAT Group. Variation in rates of postterm birth in Europe: reality or artefact?. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2007;114:1097-103.
168. Gülmezoglu AM, Crowther CA. Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945]
169. Gülmezoglu AM, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Interventions for preventing or improving the outcome of delivery at or beyond term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub2]
170. Gülmezoglu AM, Crowther CA, Middleton P, Heatley E. Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub3]