EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

Volumn 76, Issue 6, 2017, Pages 960-977

  Smolen, Josef S ^a,b   Landewé, Robert ^c,d   Bijlsma, Johannes ^e   Burmester, Gerd ^f   Chatzidionysiou, Katerina ^g   Dougados, Maxime ^h   Nam, Jackie ⁱ   Ramiro, Sofia ^j   Voshaar, Marieke ^k   Van Vollenhoven, Ronald ^c,d   Aletaha, Daniel ^a   Aringer, Martin ^l   Boers, Maarten ^m   Buckley, Chris D ⁿ   Buttgereit, Frank ^f   Bykerk, Vivian ^o,p   Cardiel, Mario ^q   Combe, Bernard ^r   Cutolo, Maurizio ^s   Van Eijk Hustings, Yvonne ^t   Emery, Paul ^j   Finckh, Axel ^u   Gabay, Cem ^u   Gomez Reino, Juan ^v   Gossec, Laure ^w   Gottenberg, Jacques Eric ^x   Hazes, Johanna M W ^y   Huizinga, Tom ^k   Jani, Meghna ^z   Karateev, Dmitry ^aa   Kouloumas, Marios ^ab,ac   Kvien, Tore ^ad   Li, Zhanguo ^ae   Mariette, Xavier ^af   McInnes, Iain ^ag   Mysler, Eduardo ^ah   Nash, Peter ^ai   Pavelka, Karel ^aj   Poór, Gyula ^ak   Richez, Christophe ^al   Van Riel, Piet ^am   Rubbert Roth, Andrea ^an   Saag, Kenneth ^ao   Da Silva, Jose ^ap   Stamm, Tanja ^a   Takeuchi, Tsutomu ^aq   Westhovens, René ^ar,as   De Wit, Maarten ^m   Van Der Heijde, Désirée ^j   more..

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b Hietzing Hospital   (Austria)

^c Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center   (Netherlands)

^d Sittard Geleen Heerlen   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^f CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^g KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^h Hopital Cochin ^*  (France)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^j LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^k UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

^l UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CARL GUSTAV CARUS   (Germany)

^m VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^o HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

^p UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^q Centro de Investigación Clínica de Morelia SC   (Mexico)

^r UNIV MONTPELLIER   (France)

^s UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^t MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^u GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^v Instituto de Salud Carlos III   (Spain)

^w SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^x INSTITUT DE BIOLOGIE MOLÉCULAIRE ET CELLULAIRE   (France)

^y ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^z UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^aa V A NASONOVA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF RHEUMATOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

^ab Swiss League Against Rheumatism   (Switzerland)

^ac Cyprus League against Rheumatism   (Cyprus)

^ad DIAKONHJEMMET HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^ae PEKING UNIVERSITY PEOPLE S HOSPITAL   (China)

^af INSERM U1184   (France)

^ag UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^ah Organización Médica de Investigación ^*  (Argentina)

^ai UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^aj CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^ak SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^al UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^am Bernhoven ^*  (Netherlands)

^an UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^ao University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

^ap CENTRO HOSPITALAR E UNIVERSITÁRIO DE COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^aq KEIO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^ar SKELETAL BIOLOGY AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER   (Belgium)

^as UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABATACEPT; ADALIMUMAB; BARICITINIB; BIOSIMILAR AGENT; CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL; CLAZAKIZUMAB; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; ETANERCEPT; GOLIMUMAB; INFLIXIMAB; LEFLUNOMIDE; RITUXIMAB; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SARILUMAB; SIRUKUMAB; TOCILIZUMAB; TOFACITINIB; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID; JANUS KINASE; METHOTREXATE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CROHN DISEASE ACTIVITY INDEX; DAS28; DECISION MAKING; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFICACY; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REMISSION; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SIMPLIFIED DISEASE ACTIVITY INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VACCINATION; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; COMBINATION DRUG THERAPY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; TIME FACTOR;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; JANUS KINASES; METHOTREXATE; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS; TIME FACTORS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 85019702082     PISSN: 00034967     EISSN: 14682060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210715     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Wilske KR, Healey LA. Challenging the therapeutic pyramid: a new look at treatment strategies for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1990;17(SUPPL. 25):4-7.
2. McCarty DJ. Suppress rheumatoid inflammation early and leave the pyramid to the Egyptians. J Rheumatol 1990;17:1117-8.
3. Weinblatt ME. Efficacy of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34(SUPPL. 2):43-8.
4. Visser K, van der Heijde D. Optimal dosage and route of administration of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1094-9.
5. Schumacher HR Jr, ed. Primer on the rheumatic diseases. 10th edn. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation, 1993.
6. van der Heide A, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW, et al. The effectiveness of early treatment with "second-line" antirheumatic drugs. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:699-707.
7. Huizinga WJ, Machold KP, Breedveld FC, et al. Criteria for early rheumatoid arthritis: from Bayes' law revisited to new thoughts on pathogenesis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1155-9.
8. van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Speyer I, Visser H, et al. Diagnosis and course of early-onset arthritis: results of a special early arthritis clinic compared to routine patient care. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:1084-8.
9. Emery P, Gough A. Why early arthritis clinics? Br J Rheumatol 1991;30:241-2.
10. Aletaha D, Breedveld FC, Smolen JS. The need for new classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3333-6.
11. Emery P, Salmon M. Early rheumatoid arthritis: time to aim for remission? Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54:944-7.
12. Smolen JS, van der Heijde D, Machold KP, et al. Proposal for a new nomenclature of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:3-5.
13. Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2016;388:2023-38.
14. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, III, et al. 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1580-8.
15. Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR, et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:3-15.
16. Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:492-509.
17. Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2016;68:1-25.
18. van der Heijde DMFM, van 't Hof M, van Riel PL, et al. Development of a disease activity score based on judgment in clinical practice by rheumatologists. J Rheumatol 1993;20:579-81.
19. Prevoo MLL, van't Hof MA, Kuper HH, et al. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:44-8.
20. Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Schiff MH, et al. A Simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:244-57.
21. Aletaha D, Nell VPK, Stamm T, et al. Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score. Arthritis Res 2005;7:R796-806.
22. Felson DT, Smolen JS, Wells G, et al. American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism provisional definition of remission in rheumatoid arthritis for clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:404-13.
23. Kavanaugh A, Fleischmann RM, Emery P, et al. Clinical, functional and radiographic consequences of achieving stable low disease activity and remission with adalimumab plus methotrexate or methotrexate alone in early rheumatoid arthritis: 26-week results from the randomised, controlled OPTIMA study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:64-71.
24. van der Heijde D. Remission by imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: should this be the ultimate goal? Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(SUPPL. 2):i89-92.
25. Radner H, Smolen JS, Aletaha D. Remission in rheumatoid arthritis: benefit over low disease activity in patient-reported outcomes and costs. Arthritis Res Ther 2014;16:R56.
26. Linde L, Sørensen J, Østergaard M, et al. Does clinical remission lead to normalization of EQ-5D in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and is selection of remission criteria important? J Rheumatol 2010;37:285-90.
27. Provan SA, Semb AG, Hisdal J, et al. Remission is the goal for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional comparative study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:812-7.
28. Thiele K, Huscher D, Bischoff S, et al. Performance of the 2011 ACR/EULAR preliminary remission criteria compared with DAS28 remission in unselected patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1194-9.
29. Bruynesteyn K, Landewé R, van der Linden S, et al. Radiography as primary outcome in rheumatoid arthritis: acceptable sample sizes for trials with 3 months' follow up. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1413-8.
30. Cohen SB, Dore RK, Lane NE, et al. Denosumab treatment effects on structural damage, bone mineral density, and bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:1299-309.
31. Aletaha D, Alasti F, Smolen JS. Optimisation of a treat-to-target approach in rheumatoid arthritis: strategies for the 3-month time point. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:1479-85.
32. van der Heijde D, Aletaha D, Carmona L, et al. Update of the EULAR standardised operating procedures for EULAR-endorsed recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:8-13.
33. Ramiro S, Gaujoux-Viala C, Nam JL, et al. Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2013 update of the EULAR recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:529-35.
34. Nam JL, Ramiro S, Gaujoux-Viala C, et al. Efficacy of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the 2013 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:516-28.
35. Gaujoux-Viala C, Nam J, Ramiro S, et al. Efficacy of conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, glucocorticoids and tofacitinib: a systematic literature review informing the 2013 update of the EULAR recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:510-5.
36. Cardiel MH, Díaz-Borjón A, Vázquez del Mercado EM, et al. Update of the Mexican College of Rheumatology guidelines for the pharmacologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatol Clin 2014;10:227-40.
37. Wollenhaupt J, Albrecht K, Krüger K, et al. The new 2012 German recommendations for treating rheumatoid arthritis: differences compared to the European standpoint. Z Rheumatol 2013;72:6-9.
38. Brenol CV, Nava JI, Soriano ER Proper management of rheumatoid arthritis in Latin America. What the guidelines say? Clin Rheumatol 2015;34(SUPPL. 1):S51-5.
39. Lau CS, Chia F, Harrison A, et al. APLAR rheumatoid arthritis treatment recommendations. Int J Rheum Dis 2015;18:685-713.
40. European Medicines Agency. Guideline on clinical investigation of medicinal products other than NSAIDs for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 2015. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Scientific-guideline/2015/06/WC500187583.pdf
41. Gaujoux-Viala C, Gossec L, Cantagrel A, et al. Recommendations of the French Society for Rheumatology for managing rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2014;81:287-97.
42. Bykerk VP, Schieir O, Akhavan P, et al. Emerging issues in pharmacological management of rheumatoid arthritis: results of a national needs assessment survey identifying practice variations for the development of Canadian Rheumatology Association clinical practice recommendations. J Rheumatol 2012;39:1555-8.
43. Dougados M, Betteridge N, Burmester GR, et al. EULAR standardised operating procedures for the elaboration, evaluation, dissemination, and implementation of recommendations endorsed by the EULAR standing committees. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1172-6.
44. Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ 2010;182:E839-42.
45. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. Incorporating considerations of resources use into grading recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:1170-3.
46. Holloway K, van Dijk L. The world medicines situation 2011. Rational use of medicines. WHO/EMP/MIE/2011.2.2. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
47. Schoels M, Wong J, Scott DL, et al. Economic aspects of treatment options in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:995-1003.
48. Dörner T, Strand V, Cornes P, et al. The changing landscape of biosimilars in rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:974-82.
49. OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group, Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. 2011. http://www.cebm.net/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/.
50. Ramiro S, et al. SLR on safety aspects of DMARDs to inform the EULAR RA management task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. In press.
51. Nam J, et al. SLR on bDMARDs to inform the EULAR RA management task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. In press.
52. Chatzidionysiou K. SLR on csDMARDs to inform the EULAR RA management task force 2016. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. In press.
53. Peters MJ, Symmons DP, McCarey D, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69: 325-31.
54. van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW, Boers M, et al. Monitoring adverse events of low-dose glucocorticoid therapy: EULAR recommendations for clinical trials and daily practice. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1913-9.
55. Hoes JN, Jacobs JW, Boers M, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations on the management of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1560-7.
56. van Assen S, Agmon-Levin N, Elkayam O, et al. EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:414-22.
57. Strehl C, Bijlsma JW, de Wit M, et al. Defining conditions where long-term glucocorticoid treatment has an acceptably low level of harm to facilitate implementation of existing recommendations: viewpoints from an EULAR task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:952-7.
58. Baillet A, Gossec L, Carmona L, et al. Points to consider for reporting, screening for and preventing selected comorbidities in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in daily practice: a EULAR initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:965-73.
59. Furst DE, Keystone EC, So AK, et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2012. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72 (Suppl 2):ii2-34.
60. Buch MH, Smolen JS, Betteridge N, et al. Updated consensus statement on the use of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:909-20.
61. Pereira R, Lago P, Faria R, et al. Safety of anti-TNF therapies in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: focus on infections and malignancy. Drug Dev Res 2015;76:419-27.
62. Smolen JS, Schoels MM, Nishimoto N, et al. Consensus statement on blocking the effects of interleukin-6 and in particular by interleukin-6 receptor inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:482-92.
63. Strangfeld A, Eveslage M, Schneider M, et al. Treatment benefit or survival of the fittest: what drives the time-dependent decrease in serious infection rates under TNF inhibition and what does this imply for the individual patient? Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1914-20.
64. Zink A, Manger B, Kaufmann J, et al. Evaluation of the RABBIT Risk Score for serious infections. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:1673-6.
65. St Clair EW, van der Heijde DM, Smolen JS, et al. Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3432-43.
66. Klareskog L, van der Heijde D, de Jager JP, et al. Therapeutic effect of the combination of etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:675-81.
67. Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, et al. The PREMIER study: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:26-37.
68. Smolen JS, Emery P, Fleischmann R, et al. Adjustment of therapy in rheumatoid arthritis on the basis of achievement of stable low disease activity with adalimumab plus methotrexate or methotrexate alone: the randomised controlled OPTIMA trial. Lancet 2014;383:321-32.
69. Vastesaeger N, Xu S, Aletaha D, et al. A pilot risk model for the prediction of rapid radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1114-21.
70. Combe B, Landewè R, Daien CI, et al. 2016 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of early arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210602. [Epub ahead of print 15 Dec 2016].
71. Smolen JS, Han C, Van der Heijde DM, et al. Radiographic changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients attaining different disease activity states with methotrexate monotherapy and infliximab plus methotrexate: the impacts of remission and tumour necrosis factor-blockade. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:823-7.
72. Smolen JS, Van der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, et al. Predictors of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with high-dose methotrexate without or with concomitant infliximab: results from the ASPIRE trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:702-10.
73. van Leeuwen MA, van Rijswijk MH, Sluiter WJ, et al. Individual relationship between progression of radiological damage and the acute phase response in early rheumatoid arthritis. Towards development of a decision support system. J Rheumatol 1997;24:20-7.
74. Van der Heijde DM, van Riel PL, van Leeuwen MA, et al. Prognostic factors for radiographic damage and physical disability in early rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective follow-up study of 147 patients. Br J Rheumatol 1992;31: 519-25.
75. Scott DL, Symmons DP, Coulton BL, et al. Long-term outcome of treating rheumatoid arthritis: results after 20 years. Lancet 1987;1:1108-11.
76. Visser K, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra. JK, et al. A matrix risk model for the prediction of rapid radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving different dynamic treatment strategies: post hoc analyses from the BeSt study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1333-7.
77. Kiely P, Walsh D, Williams R, et al. Outcome in rheumatoid arthritis patients with continued conventional therapy for moderate disease activity-the early RA network (ERAN). Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:926-31.
78. Duru N, van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW, et al. EULAR evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations on the management of medium to high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1905-13.
79. Fransen J, van Riel PL. The Disease Activity Score and the EULAR response criteria. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005;23:S93-9.
80. Aletaha D, Ward MM, Machold KP, et al. Remission and active disease in rheumatoid arthritis: defining criteria for disease activity states. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2625-36.
81. Aletaha D, Smolen JS. The definition and measurement of disease modification in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2006;32:9-44.
82. Stoffer MA, Smolen JS, Woolf A, et al. Development of patient-centred standards of care for rheumatoid arthritis in Europe: the eumusc.net project. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:902-5.
83. Navarro-Compán V, Smolen JS, Huizinga TW, et al. Quality indicators in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the METEOR database. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015;54:1630-9.
84. Widdifield J, Bernatsky S, Paterson JM, et al. Quality care in seniors with new-onset rheumatoid arthritis: a Canadian perspective. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011;63:53-7.
85. Memel DS, Somerset M. General practitioner and specialist care: the perceptions of people with rheumatoid arthritis. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2003;4:29-37.
86. Robinson PC, Taylor WJ. Time to treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: factors associated with time to treatment initiation and urgent triage assessment of general practitioner referrals. J Clin Rheumatol 2010;16:267-73.
87. Kyburz D, Gabay C, Michel BA, et al. The long-term impact of early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis on radiographic progression: a population-based cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:1106-10.
88. Feldman DE, Bernatsky S, Houde M, et al. Early consultation with a rheumatologist for RA: does it reduce subsequent use of orthopaedic surgery? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:452-9.
89. Nasonov EL, Karateev DE. Does Russia need a treat-to-target initiative? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015;54:381-2.
90. Smolen JS, Aletaha D. Rheumatoid arthritis therapy reappraisal: strategies, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015;11:276-89.
91. Cader MZ, Filer A, Hazlehurst J, et al. Performance of the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with 1987 ACR criteria in a very early synovitis cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:949-55.
92. Radner H, Neogi T, Smolen JS, et al. Performance of the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:114-23.
93. van Aken J, Lard LR, le Cessie S, et al. Radiological outcome after four years of early versus delayed treatment strategy in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:274-9.
94. Nell VP, Machold KP, Eberl G, et al. Benefit of very early referral and very early therapy with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:906-14.
95. Moura CS, Abrahamowicz M, Beauchamp ME, et al. Early medication use in new-onset rheumatoid arthritis may delay joint replacement: results of a large population-based study. Arthritis Res Ther 2015;17:197.
96. Machold KP, Landewé R, Smolen JS, et al. The Stop Arthritis Very Early (SAVE) trial, an international multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on glucocorticoids in very early arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:495-502.
97. Verstappen SM, McCoy MJ, Roberts C, et al. Beneficial effects of a 3-week course of intramuscular glucocorticoid injections in patients with very early inflammatory polyarthritis: results of the STIVEA trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:503-9.
98. Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:964-75.
99. Klarenbeek NB, Güler-Yüksel M, van der Kooij SM, et al. The impact of four dynamic, goal-steered treatment strategies on the 5-year outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis patients in the BeSt study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1039-46.
100. Aletaha D, Funovits J, Keystone EC, et al. Disease activity early in the course of treatment predicts response to therapy after one year in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:3226-35.
101. Schipper LG, Fransen J, den Broeder AA, et al. Time to achieve remission determines time to be in remission. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12:R97.
102. Ranganath VK, Motamedi K, Haavardsholm EA, et al. Comprehensive appraisal of magnetic resonance imaging findings in sustained rheumatoid arthritis remission: a substudy. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015;67:929-39.
103. Sakellariou G, Scirè CA, Verstappen SM, et al. In patients with early rheumatoid arthritis, the new ACR/EULAR definition of remission identifies patients with persistent absence of functional disability and suppression of ultrasonographic synovitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:245-9.
104. Genovese MC, Kremer J, Zamani O, et al. Baricitinib in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1243-52.
105. Gabay C, Emery P, van Vollenhoven R, et al. Tocilizumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ADACTA): a randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 4 trial. Lancet 2013;381:1541-50.
106. Smolen JS, Aletaha D. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab and attainment of disease remission in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of acute-phase reactants. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:43-52.
107. Fleischmann R, van der Heijde D, Koenig AS, et al. How much does Disease Activity Score in 28 joints ESR and CRP calculations underestimate disease activity compared with the Simplified Disease Activity Index? Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:1132-7.
108. Dale J, Stirling A, Zhang R, et al. Targeting ultrasound remission in early rheumatoid arthritis: the results of the TaSER study, a randomised clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:1043-50.
109. Haavardsholm EA, Aga AB, Olsen IC, et al. Ultrasound in management of rheumatoid arthritis: ARCTIC randomised controlled strategy trial. BMJ 2016;354: i4205.
110. Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2012;367:495-507.
111. Aletaha D, Landewé R, Karonitsch T, et al. Reporting disease activity in clinical trials of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: EULAR/ACR collaborative recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1360-4.
112. Curtis JR, Luijtens K, Kavanaugh A. Predicting future response to certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis patients: features at 12 weeks associated with low disease activity at 1 year. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:658-67.
113. van der Heijde D, Keystone EC, Curtis JR, et al. Timing and magnitude of initial change in disease activity score 28 predicts the likelihood of achieving low disease activity at 1 year in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with certolizumab pegol: a post-hoc analysis of the RAPID 1 trial. J Rheumatol 2012;39:1326-33.
114. Smolen JS, Wollenhaupt J, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al. Attainment and characteristics of clinical remission according to the new ACR-EULAR criteria in abatacept-treated patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: new analyses from the Abatacept study to Gauge Remission and joint damage progression in methotrexate (MTX)-naive patients with early erosive rheumatoid arthritis (AGREE). Arthritis Res Ther 2015;17:157.
115. Li R, Zhao JX, Su Y, et al. High remission and low relapse with prolonged intensive DMARD therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (PRINT): a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e3968.
116. Choi HK, Hernán MA, Seeger JD, et al. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet 2002;359:1173-7.
117. Wasko MC, Dasgupta A, Hubert H, et al. Propensity-adjusted association of methotrexate with overall survival in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:334-42.
118. Emery P, Bingham CO III, Burmester GR, et al. Certolizumab pegol in combination with dose-optimised methotrexate in DMARD-naive patients with early, active rheumatoid arthritis with poor prognostic factors: 1-year results from C-EARLY, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:96-104.
119. Atsumi T, Yamamoto K, Takeuchi T, et al. The first double-blind, randomised, parallel-group certolizumab pegol study in methotrexate-naive early rheumatoid arthritis patients with poor prognostic factors, C-OPERA, shows inhibition of radiographic progression. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:75-83.
120. Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Leirisalo-Repo M, et al. Comparison of combination therapy with single-drug therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised trial. FIN-RACo trial group. Lancet 1999;353:1568-73.
121. O'Dell JR, Haire CE, Erikson N, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1287-91.
122. Moreland LW, O'Dell JR, Paulus HE, et al. A randomized comparative effectiveness study of oral triple therapy versus etanercept plus methotrexate in early aggressive rheumatoid arthritis: the treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:2824-35.
123. O'Dell JR, Mikuls TR, Taylor TH, et al. Therapies for active rheumatoid arthritis after methotrexate failure. N Engl J Med 2013;369:307-18.
124. van Vollenhoven RF, Geborek P, Forslind K, et al. Conventional combination treatment versus biological treatment in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis: 2 year follow-up of the randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group Swefot trial. Lancet 2012;379:1712-20.
125. de Jong PH, Hazes JM, Han HK, et al. Randomised comparison of initial triple DMARD therapy with methotrexate monotherapy in combination with low-dose glucocorticoid bridging therapy; 1-year data of the tREACH trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:1331-9.
126. Verschueren P, De Cock D, Corluy L, et al. Methotrexate in combination with other DMARDs is not superior to methotrexate alone for remission induction with moderate-to-high-dose glucocorticoid bridging in early rheumatoid arthritis after 16 weeks of treatment: the CareRA trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:27-34.
127. Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, et al. Comparison of treatment strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:406-15.
128. Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Keystone E. Superior efficacy of combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Fact or fiction? Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2975-83.
129. Landewé RB, Smolen JS, Weinblatt ME, et al. Can we improve the performance and reporting of investigator-initiated clinical trials? Rheumatoid arthritis as an example. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:1755-60.
130. Verschueren P, De Cock D, Corluy L, et al. Effectiveness of methotrexate with step-down glucocorticoid remission induction (COBRA Slim) versus other intensive treatment strategies for early rheumatoid arthritis in a treat-to-target approach: 1-year results of CareRA, a randomised pragmatic open-label superiority trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:511-20.
131. Singh JA, Furst DE, Bharat A, et al. 2012 update of the 2008 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:625-39.
132. Cutolo M, Bolosiu H, Perdriset G. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in DMARD-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of a loading and a fixed-dose regimen. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:1132-40.
133. Gaujoux-Viala C, Smolen JS, Landewé R, et al. Current evidence for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1004-9.
134. Emery P, Breedveld FC, Lemmel EM, et al. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of leflunomide and methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:655-65.
135. Götestam Skorpen C, Hoeltzenbein M, Tincani A, et al. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:795-810.
136. Rau R, Herborn G, Menninger H, et al. Radiographic outcome after three years of patients with early erosive rheumatoid arthritis treated with intramuscular methotrexate or parenteral gold. Extension of a one-year double-blind study in 174 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:196-204.
137. Lehman AJ, Esdaile JM, Klinkhoff AV, et al. A 48-week, randomized, double-blind, double-observer, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of combination methotrexate and intramuscular gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: results of the METGO study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1360-70.
138. Katz SJ, Russell AS. Re-evaluation of antimalarials in treating rheumatic diseases: re-appreciation and insights into new mechanisms of action. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011;23:278-81.
139. Hage MP, Al-Badri MR, Azar ST. A favorable effect of hydroxychloroquine on glucose and lipid metabolism beyond its anti-inflammatory role. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2014;5:77-85.
140. Sharma TS, Wasko MC, Tang X, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with decreased incident cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e002867.
141. Van der Heijde DM, van Riel PL, Nuver-Zwart IH, et al. Sulphasalazine versus hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis: 3-year follow-up. Lancet 1990;335:539.
142. Strangfeld A, Hierse F, Kekow J, et al. Comparative effectiveness of tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors in combination with either methotrexate or leflunomide. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1856-62.
143. De Stefano R, Frati E, Nargi F, et al. Comparison of combination therapies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: leflunomide-anti-TNF-alpha versus methotrexate-anti-TNF-alpha. Clin Rheumatol 2010;29:517-24.
144. Burmester GR, Mariette X, Montecucco C, et al. Adalimumab alone and in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: the Research in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis (ReAct) trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:732-9.
145. Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:2968-80.
146. Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, De Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3381-90.
147. Nam JL, Villeneuve E, Hensor EM, et al. Remission induction comparing infliximab and high-dose intravenous steroid, followed by treat-to-target: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial in new-onset, treatment-naive, rheumatoid arthritis (the IDEA study). Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:75-85.
148. Buttgereit F, da Silva JA, Boers M, et al. Standardised nomenclature for glucocorticoid dosages and glucocorticoid treatment regimens: current questions and tentative answers in rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:718-22.
149. Listing J, Kekow J, Manger B, et al. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of disease activity, treatment with glucocorticoids, TNFα inhibitors and rituximab. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:415-21.
150. Lahiri M, Dixon WG. Risk of infection with biologic antirheumatic therapies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2015;29:290-305.
151. van Sijl AM, Boers M, Voskuyl AE, et al. Confounding by indication probably distorts the relationship between steroid use and cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: results from a prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE 2014;9: e87965.
152. del Rincón I, Battafarano DF, Restrepo JF, et al. Glucocorticoid dose thresholds associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:264-72.
153. Choy EH, Kingsley GH, Khoshaba B, et al. A two year randomised controlled trial of intramuscular depot steroids in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis who have shown an incomplete response to disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1288-93.
154. Taylor PC, Keystone EC, van der Heijde D, et al. Baricitinib versus placebo or adalimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an inadequate response to background methotrexate therapy: results of a phase 3 study [Abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2015;67(Suppl 10):L2.
155. Yoo DH, Prodanovic N, Jaworski J, et al. Efficacy and safety of CT-P13 (biosimilar infliximab) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: comparison between switching from reference infliximab to CT-P13 and continuing CT-P13 in the PLANETRA extension study. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:355-363.
156. Choe JY, Prodanovic N, Niebrzydowski J, et al. A randomised, double-blind, phase III study comparing SB2, an infliximab biosimilar, to the infliximab reference product Remicade in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:58-64.
157. Emery P, Vencovsky J, Sylwestrzak A, et al. A phase III randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study comparing SB4 with etanercept reference product in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:51-57.
158. Schoels M, Aletaha D, Smolen JS, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of biological treatment options after tumour necrosis factor α inhibitor failure in rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and indirect pairwise meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1303-8.
159. Porter D, van Melckebeke J, Dale J, et al. Tumour necrosis factor inhibition versus rituximab for patients with rheumatoid arthritis who require biological treatment (ORBIT): an open-label, randomised controlled, non-inferiority, trial. Lancet 2016;388:239-47.
160. Weinblatt ME, Schiff M, Valente R, et al. Head-to-head comparison of subcutaneous abatacept versus adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a phase IIIb, multinational, prospective, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:28-38.
161. Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2008;358:676-88.
162. Coleman M, Lammers PE, Ciceri F, et al. Role of rituximab and rituximab biosimilars in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2016;16:175-81.
163. Emery P, Hammoudeh M, Fitzgerald O, et al. Sustained remission with etanercept tapering in early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1781-92.
164. Detert J, Bastian H, Listing J, et al. Induction therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate for 24 weeks followed by methotrexate monotherapy up to week 48 versus methotrexate therapy alone for DMARD-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: HIT HARD, an investigator-initiated study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:844-50.
165. Bijlsma JW, Welsing PM, Woodworth TG, et al. Early rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab, methotrexate, or their combination (U-Act-Early): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, strategy trial. Lancet 2016;388:343-55.
166. Bejarano V, Conaghan PG, Quinn MA, et al. Benefits 8 years after a remission induction regime with an infliximab and methotrexate combination in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:1971-4.
167. Burmester GR, Rigby WF, van Vollenhoven RF, et al. Tocilizumab in early progressive rheumatoid arthritis: FUNCTION, a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:1081-91.
168. Kaneko Y, Atsumi T, Tanaka Y, et al. Comparison of adding tocilizumab to methotrexate with switching to tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to methotrexate: 52-week results from a prospective, randomised, controlled study (SURPRISE study). Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75: 1917-23.
169. Dougados M, Kissel K, Conaghan PG, et al. Clinical, radiographic and immunogenic effects after 1 year of tocilizumab-based treatment strategies in rheumatoid arthritis: the ACT-RAY study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73: 803-9.
170. Fleischmann R, Takeuchi T, Schlichting D, et al. Baricitinib, methotrexate, or baricitinib plus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis who had received limited or no treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs): phase 3 trial results [abstract]. Arhritis Rheum 2015;67(Suppl 10). http://acrabstracts.org/abstract/baricitinib-methotrexate-or-baricitinib-plus-methotrexate-in-patients-with-early-rheumatoid-arthritis-who-had-received-limited-or-no-treatment-with-disease-modifying-anti-rheumatic-drugs-dmards-p/ (accessed 4 Jan 2016).
171. Lee EB, Fleischmann RM, Hall S, et al. Radiographic, clinical and functional comparison of tofacitinib monotherapy versus methotrexate in methotrexate-nave patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:S1049.
172. Jones G, Sebba A, Gu J, et al. Comparison of tocilizumab monotherapy versus methotrexate monotherapy in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis: the AMBITION study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:88-96.
173. Emery P, Burmester GR, Bykerk VP, et al. Evaluating drug-free remission with abatacept in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the phase 3b, multicentre, randomised, active-controlled AVERT study of 24 months, with a 12-month, double-blind treatment period. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:19-26.
174. Maini RN, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of multiple intravenous infusions of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody combined with low-dose weekly methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1552-63.
175. Burmester GR, Kivitz AJ, Kupper H, et al. Efficacy and safety of ascending methotrexate dose in combination with adalimumab: the randomised CONCERTO trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:1037-44.
176. Smolen JS, Burmester GR, Combe B, et al. Head-to-head comparison of certolizumab pegol versus adalimumab in rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year efficacy and safety results from the randomised EXXELERATE study. Lancet 2016;388:2763-74.
177. Torrente-Segarra V, Acosta Pereira A, Morla R, et al. VARIAR study: assessment of short-term efficacy and safety of rituximab compared to an tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists as second-line drug therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to a first tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist. Reumatol Clin 2016;12:319-322.
178. Manders SH, Kievit W, Adang E, et al. Cost-effectiveness of abatacept, rituximab, and TNFi treatment after previous failure with TNFi treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a pragmatic multi-centre randomised trial. Arthritis Res Ther 2015;17:134.
179. Emery P, Hammoudeh M, Fitzgerald O, et al. Assessing maintenance of remission with reduced dose etanercept plus methotrexate, methotrexate alone, or placebo in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis who achieved remission with etanercept and methotrexate: the PRIZE study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(Suppl 3):399.
180. Smolen JS, Emery P, Ferraccioli GF, et al. Certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis patients with low to moderate activity: the CERTAIN double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:843-50.
181. Tanaka Y, Hirata S, Saleem B, et al. Discontinuation of biologics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013;31(SUPPL. 78):522-7.
182. Schett G, Emery P, Tanaka Y, et al. Tapering biologic and conventional DMARD therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: current evidence and future directions. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:1428-37.
183. Fleischmann R, Connolly SE, Maldonado MA, et al. Brief report: estimating disease activity using multi-biomarker disease activity scores in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with abatacept or adalimumab. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016;68:2083-9.
184. Dixon WG, Abrahamowicz M, Beauchamp ME, et al. Immediate and delayed impact of oral glucocorticoid therapy on risk of serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case-control analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1128-33.
185. Hazlewood GS, Barnabe C, Tomlinson G, et al. Methotrexate monotherapy and methotrexate combination therapy with traditional and biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis: abridged Cochrane systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2016;353:i1777.
186. Katchamart W, Trudeau J, Phumethum V, et al. Methotrexate monotherapy versus methotrexate combination therapy with non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(4): CD008495.