EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

Volumn 70, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 414-422

  Van Assen, S ^a   Agmon Levin, N ^b   Elkayam, O ^c,d   Cervera, R ^e   Doran, M F ^f   Dougados, M ^g   Emery, P ^h,i   Geborek, P ^j   Ioannidis, J P A ^k,l,m,n   Jayne, D R W ^o   Kallenberg, C G M ^a   Muller Ladner U ^p   Shoenfeld, Y ^b,d   Stojanovich, L ^q   Valesini, G ^r   Wulffraat, N M ^s   Bijl, M ^l  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b SHEBA MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^c TEL AVIV SOURASKY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^d TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^e HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^f ST JAMES S HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

^g Hospital Cochin ^*  (France)

^h UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ LEEDS TEACHING HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^j LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^k STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

^m TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁿ HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^o ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^p JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^q Bezhanijska Kosa University Medical Center   (Serbia)

^r SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^s UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABATACEPT; ADALIMUMAB; AZATHIOPRINE; BCG VACCINE; CHOLERA VACCINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; DIPHTHERIA VACCINE; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; ETANERCEPT; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE VACCINE; HEPATITIS A VACCINE; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; INFLUENZA VACCINE; LEFLUNOMIDE; MEASLES VACCINE; MENINGOCOCCUS VACCINE; METHOTREXATE; MUMPS VACCINE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RITUXIMAB; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; TACROLIMUS; TETANUS TOXOID; TOCILIZUMAB; UNINDEXED DRUG; VARICELLA ZOSTER VACCINE;

ADULT; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BEHCET DISEASE; CHOLERA; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; DIPHTHERIA; EUROPE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; GOODPASTURE SYNDROME; HAEMOPHILUS INFECTION; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; INFLUENZA; JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; MEASLES; MENINGOCOCCOSIS; MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS; MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE; MUMPS; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS; REVACCINATION; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; TETANUS; TUBERCULOSIS; VACCINATION; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

EID: 79951553465     PISSN: 00034967     EISSN: 14682060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.137216     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Falagas ME, Manta KG, Betsi GI, et al. Infection-related morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue diseases: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:663-70. (Pubitemid 46554069)
2. Bosch X, Guilabert A, Pallarés L, et al. Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective and controlled study of 110 patients. Lupus 2006;15:584-9. (Pubitemid 44661745)
3. Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, et al. Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2287-93.
4. Wolfe F, Mitchell DM, Sibley JT, et al. The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:481-94. (Pubitemid 24115934)
5. Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:299-308. (Pubitemid 37229465)
6. Steen VD, Medsger TA. Changes in causes of death in systemic sclerosis, 1972-2002. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:940-4.
7. Ruangjutipopan S, Kasitanon N, Louthrenoo W, et al. Causes of death and poor survival prognostic factors in thai patients with systemic sclerosis. J Med Assoc Thai 2002;85:1204-9. (Pubitemid 36255032)
8. Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:488-98.
9. Reinhold-Keller E, Beuge N, Latza U, et al. An interdisciplinary approach to the care of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis:long-term outcome in 155 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1021-32. (Pubitemid 30368179)
10. Marie I, Hachulla E, Chérin P, et al. Opportunistic infections in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;53:155-65. (Pubitemid 40530154)
11. Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2007. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66 ( Suppl 3 ):iii2-22.
12. Chen YF, Jobanputra P, Barton P, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in adults and an economic evaluation of their cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess 2006;10:iii-iv , xi-xiii, 1-229.
13. Kremer JM, Genant HK, Moreland LW, et al. Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis:a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:865-76. (Pubitemid 46768126)
14. Genovese MC, Becker JC, Schiff M, et al. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1114-23. (Pubitemid 41317434)
15. Cohen SB, Moreland LW, Cush JJ, et al. A multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial of anakinra (Kineret), a recombinant interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with background methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1062-8. (Pubitemid 39120355)
16. Nuki G, Bresnihan B, Bear MB, et al. Long-term safety and maintenance of clinical improvement following treatment with anakinra (recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: extension phase of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2838-46. (Pubitemid 35315874)
17. Keystone E, Fleischmann R, Emery P, et al. Safety and efficacy of additional courses of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis:an open-label extension analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:3896-908. (Pubitemid 350262316)
18. Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, et al. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2572-81. (Pubitemid 38758544)
19. Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, et al. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1390-400.
20. McLeod C, Bagust A, Boland A, et al. Adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2007;11:1-158 , iii-iv.
21. LequerréT, Quartier P, Rosellini D, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) treatment in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult onset Still disease:preliminary experience in France. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:302-8. (Pubitemid 351281262)
22. Pijpe J, van Imhoff GW, Spijkervet FK, et al. Rituximab treatment in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: an open-label phase II study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2740-50. (Pubitemid 41369102)
23. Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, et al. Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study):a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet 2008;371:987-97. (Pubitemid 351392039)
24. Louie JS, Nies KM, Shoji KT, et al. Clinical and antibody responses after influenza immunization in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:790-2.
25. Ristow SC, Douglas RG, Jr, Condemi JJ. Influenza vaccination of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:786-9. (Pubitemid 8351380)
26. Zycinska K, Romanowska M, Nowak I, et al. Antibody response to inactivated subunit influenza vaccine in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;58 Suppl 5 ( Pt 2 ):819-28. (Pubitemid 351346731)
27. King SM, Saunders EF, Petric M, et al. Response to measles, mumps and rubella vaccine in paediatric bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996;17:633-6.
28. Levin MJ, Gershon AA, Weinberg A, et al. Administration of live varicella vaccine to HIV-infected children with current or past significant depression of CD4(+) T cells. J Infect Dis 2006;194:247-55. (Pubitemid 44087197)
29. Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF. Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2008;57 ( RR-5 ):1-30;quiz CE2-4.
30. Denman EJ, Denman AM, Greenwood BM, et al. Failure of cytotoxic drugs to suppress immune responses of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1970;29:220-31.
31. Herron A, Dettleff G, Hixon B, et al. Influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatic diseases. Safety and efficacy. JAMA 1979;242:53-6.
32. Turner-Stokes L, Cambridge G, Corcoran T, et al. In vitro response to influenza immunisation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47:532-5.
33. Chalmers A, Scheifele D, Patterson C, et al. Immunization of patients with rheumatoid arthritis against influenza:a study of vaccine safety and immunogenicity. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1203-6. (Pubitemid 24234652)
34. Del Porto F, LaganàB, Biselli R, et al. Influenza vaccine administration in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Safety and immunogenicity. Vaccine 2006;24:3217-23.
35. Fomin I, Caspi D, Levy V, et al. Vaccination against influenza in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of disease modifying drugs, including TNF alpha blockers. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:191-4. (Pubitemid 43131992)
36. Kaine JL, Kivitz AJ, Birbara C, et al. Immune responses following administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving adalimumab. J Rheumatol 2007;34:272-9.
37. Kubota T, Nii T, Nanki T, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy does not diminish the immune response to influenza vaccine in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2007;17:531-3.
38. Gelinck LB, van der Bijl AE, Beyer WE, et al. The effect of anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha treatment on the antibody response to influenza vaccination. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:713-6. (Pubitemid 351571939)
39. Nii T, Kubota T, Nanki T, et al. Reevaluation of antibody titers 1 year after influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving TNF blockers. Mod Rheumatol 2009;19:216-8.
40. Elkayam O, Bashkin A, Mandelboim M, et al. The effect of infliximab and timing of vaccination on the humoral response to influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010;39:442-7.
41. van Assen S, Holvast A, Benne CA, et al. Humoral responses after influenza vaccination are severely reduced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:75-81.
42. Elkayam O, Paran D, Caspi D, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of pneumococcal vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:147-53. (Pubitemid 34028344)
43. Elkayam O, Caspi D, Reitblatt T, et al. The effect of tumor necrosis factor blockade on the response to pneumococcal vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004;33:283-8. (Pubitemid 38280827)
44. Visvanathan S, Keenan GF, Baker DG, et al. Response to pneumococcal vaccine in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis receiving infliximab plus methotrexate or methotrexate alone. J Rheumatol 2007;34:952-7. (Pubitemid 46774837)
45. Kapetanovic MC, Saxne T, Sjöholm A, et al. Influence of methotrexate, TNF blockers and prednisolone on antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:106-11.
46. Devey ME, Bleasdale K, Isenberg DA. Antibody affinity and IgG subclass of responses to tetanus toxoid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 1987;68:562-9. (Pubitemid 17077142)
47. Mercado U, Acosta H, Avendaño L. Influenza vaccination of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rev Invest Clin 2004;56:16-20. (Pubitemid 38559467)
48. Pons VG, Reinertsen JL, Steinberg AD, et al. Decreased cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Med Virol 1979;4:15-23. (Pubitemid 10110216)
49. Williams GW, Steinberg AD, Reinertsen JL, et al. Influenza immunization in systemic lupus eruthematosus. A double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:729-34. (Pubitemid 8351370)
50. Brodman R, Gilfillan R, Glass D, et al. Influenzal vaccine response in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:735-40. (Pubitemid 8351371)
51. Lipnick RN, Karsh J, Stahl NI, et al. Pneumococcal immunization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppressives. J Rheumatol 1985;12:1118-21. (Pubitemid 16166455)
52. Croft SM, Schiffman G, Snyder E, et al. Specific antibody response after in vivo antigenic stimulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1984;11:141-6. (Pubitemid 14117308)
53. Tarján P, Sipka S, Maródi L, et al. No short-term immunological effects of Pneumococcus vaccination in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 2002;31:211-5. (Pubitemid 34971877)
54. Jarrett MP, Schiffman G, Barland P, et al. Impaired response to pneumococcal vaccine in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1980;23:1287-93. (Pubitemid 11234046)
55. Kuruma KA, Borba EF, Lopes MH, et al. Safety and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2007;16:350-4. (Pubitemid 47074837)
56. Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D. Safety and efficacy of vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:623-5. (Pubitemid 34717774)
57. Erkek E, Ayaslioglu E, Erkek AB, et al. Response to vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with Behcet's disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20:1508-11. (Pubitemid 43961103)
58. Kashef S, Ghazizadeh F, Derakhshan A, et al. Antigen-specific antibody response in juvenile-onset SLE patients following routine immunization with tetanus toxoid. Iran J Immunol 2008;5:181-4.
59. Abe T, Homma M. Immunological reactivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Humoral antibody and cellular immune responses. Acta Rheumatol Scand 1971;17:35-46.
60. Battafarano DF, Battafarano NJ, Larsen L, et al. Antigen-specific antibody responses in lupus patients following immunization. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1828-34. (Pubitemid 28465537)
61. Nies K, Boyer R, Stevens R, et al. Anti-tetanus toxoid antibody synthesis after booster immunization in systemic lupus erythematosus. Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo responses. Arthritis Rheum 1980;23:1343-50.
62. Mease PJ, Ritchlin CT, Martin RW, et al. Pneumococcal vaccine response in psoriatic arthritis patients during treatment with etanercept. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1356-61. (Pubitemid 38879202)
63. Holvast A, Huckriede A, Wilschut J, et al. Safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with quiescent disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:913-8.
64. Franco Salinas G, de Rycke L, Cantaert T, et al. TNF blockade impairs T-cell dependant antibody response. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(Suppl 3):238.
65. Wiesik-Szewczyk E, Romanowska M, Mielnik P, et al. Anti-influenza vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus patients:an analysis of specific humoral response and vaccination safety. Clin Rheumatol 2010;29:605-13.
66. Wiesik-Szewczyk E, Romanowska M, Mielnik P, et al. Predictors of antigen-specific response for influenza vaccination on lupus patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68 ( Suppl 3 ):263.
67. Kapetanovic MC, Saxne T, Nilsson JA, et al. Influenza vaccination as model for testing immune modulation induced by anti-TNF and methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:608-11. (Pubitemid 46523304)
68. Abu-Shakra M, Press J, Varsano N, et al. Specific antibody response after influenza immunization in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2002;29:2555-7. (Pubitemid 35416961)
69. Gelinck LB, van der Bijl AE, Visser LG, et al. Synergistic immunosuppressive effect of anti-TNF combined with methotrexate on antibody responses to the 23 valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Vaccine 2008;26:3528-33.
70. Oren S, Mandelboim M, Braun-Moscovici Y, et al. Vaccination against influenza in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of rituximab on the humoral response. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:937-41. (Pubitemid 351956654)
71. Bingham CO 3rd, Looney RJ, Deodhar A, et al. Immunization responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with rituximab: results from a controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:64-74.
72. Little MA, Nightingale P, Verburgh CA, et al. Early mortality in systemic vasculitis: relative contribution of adverse events and active vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1036-43.
73. Nichol KL, Wuorenma J, von Sternberg T. Benefits of influenza vaccination for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk senior citizens. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1769-76. (Pubitemid 28421420)
74. Hak E, Nordin J, Wei F, et al. Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care organizations. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:370-7. (Pubitemid 34852565)
75. Holvast A, Stegeman CA, Benne CA, et al. Wegener's granulomatosis patients show an adequate antibody response to influenza vaccination. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:873-8.
76. Setti M, Fenoglio D, Ansaldi F, et al. Flu vaccination with a virosomal vaccine does not affect clinical course and immunological parameters in scleroderma patients. Vaccine 2009;27:3367-72.
77. Stojanovich L. Influenza vaccination of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clin Dev Immunol 2006;13:373-5. (Pubitemid 44950054)
78. Gelinck LB, Teng YK, Rimmelzwaan GF, et al. Poor serological responses upon influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1402-3. (Pubitemid 47492493)
79. Pellegrini M, Nicolay U, Lindert K, et al. MF59-adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted influenza vaccines: integrated analysis from a large safety database. Vaccine 2009;27:6959-65.
80. McDonald E, Jarrett MP, Schiffman G, et al. Persistence of pneumococcal antibodies after immunization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1984;11:306-8. (Pubitemid 14066747)
81. Favalli EG, Desiati F, Atzeni F, et al. Serious infections during anti-TNFalpha treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Autoimmun Rev 2009;8:266-73.
82. Strangfeld A, Listing J, Herzer P, et al. Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. JAMA 2009;301:737-44.
83. McDonald JR, Zeringue AL, Caplan L, et al. Herpes zoster risk factors in a national cohort of veterans with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1364-71.
84. Smitten AL, Choi HK, Hochberg MC, et al. The risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the United States and the United Kingdom. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1431-8. (Pubitemid 350308841)
85. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Chakravarty EF. Rates and predictors of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:1370-5. (Pubitemid 44605471)
86. Antonelli MA, Moreland LW, Brick JE. Herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with weekly, low-dose methotrexate. Am J Med 1991;90:295-8.
87. Speerstra F, Boerbooms AM, van de Putte LB, et al. Side-effects of azathioprine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of 10 years of experience. Ann Rheum Dis 1982;41( Suppl 1 ):37-9. (Pubitemid 12151678)
88. Ginzler E, Diamond H, Kaplan D, et al. Computer analysis of factors influencing frequency of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1978;21:37-44. (Pubitemid 9127950)
89. Kang TY, Lee HS, Kim TH, et al. Clinical and genetic risk factors of herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2005;25:97-102.
90. Manzi S, Kuller LH, Kutzer J, et al. Herpes zoster in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1254-8.
91. Kahl LE. Herpes zoster infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: risk factors and outcome. J Rheumatol 1994;21:84-6. (Pubitemid 24044923)
92. Nagasawa K, Yamauchi Y, Tada Y, et al. High incidence of herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus:an immunological analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 1990;49:630-3. (Pubitemid 20225437)
93. Wang F, Chua CT, Bosco J. Herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Singapore Med J 1983;24:218-20. (Pubitemid 14241420)
94. Pope JE, Krizova A, Ouimet JM, et al. Close association of herpes zoster reactivation and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosis: case-control study of patients with SLE or noninflammatory nusculoskeletal disorders. J Rheumatol 2004;31:274-9. (Pubitemid 38160748)
95. Nagaoka S, Tani K, Ishigatsubo Y, et al. Herpes zoster in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1990;64:1394-9.
96. Wung PK, Holbrook JT, Hoffman GS, et al. Herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients:incidence, timing, and risk factors. Am J Med 2005;118:1416.
97. Gordon KB, Gottlieb AB, Gianinni EH, et al. Clinical trial safety data of events of interest in patients receiving etanercept (ENBREL®) across approved indications. ACR Annual Meeting 2007, abstract 960.
98. Weinblatt ME, Genovese MC, Moreland LW, et al. Efficacy and safety of up to 10 years of Etanercept (Enbrel®) therapy in North American patients with early and long-standing rheumatoid arthritis ACR Annual Meeting 2007, abstract 957.
99. Perez-Zafrilla B, Garcia Doval I, Carmona L. Rates of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and treatment with TNF antagonists. Incidence rate in Biobadaser cohort in comparison with Emecar cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67( Suppl 2 ):327.
100. Salliot C, Bombardier C, van der Heide D. Long term safety of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis; a systematic literature review. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67( Suppl 2 ):204.
101. Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Rituximab in extra-renal SLE patients showed no significant difference compared to placebo at 52 weeks in the randomized, double-blind phase II/III study EXPORER. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68( Suppl 3 ):249.
102. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2271-84.
103. Tam LS, Chan AY, Chan PK, et al. Increased prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus:association with human papillomavirus infection. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3619-25. (Pubitemid 39488689)
104. Nath R, Mant C, Luxton J, et al. High risk of human papillomavirus type 16 infections and of development of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:619-25. (Pubitemid 46764052)
105. Lee Y, Choe J, Kim J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection and cervical cytological abnormalities in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ACR Annual Meeting 2007:abstract 1105.
106. Tam L, Chan PS, Ho S, et al. Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection among women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68 ( Suppl 3):128.
107. Slade BA, Leidel L, Vellozzi C, et al. Postlicensure safety surveillance for quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine. JAMA 2009;302:750-7.
108. Kyaw MH, Holmes EM, Toolis F, et al. Evaluation of severe infection and survival after splenectomy. Am J Med 2006;119:276.e1-7.
109. Brigden ML, Pattullo AL. Prevention and management of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection-an update. Crit Care Med 1999;27:836-42. (Pubitemid 29218222)
110. Lynch AM, Kapila R. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1996;10:693-707. (Pubitemid 27011220)
111. Styrt B. Infection associated with asplenia: risks, mechanisms, and prevention. Am J Med 1990;88 ( 5N ):33-42N.
112. Green JB, Shackford SR, Sise MJ, et al. Late septic complications in adults following splenectomy for trauma: a prospective analysis in 144 patients. J Trauma 1986;26:999-1004. (Pubitemid 17222072)
113. Davies JM, Barnes R, Milligan D. Update of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of infection in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen. Clin Med 2002;2:440-3. (Pubitemid 35397712)
114. Watson DA. Pretravel health advice for asplenic individuals. J Travel Med 2003;10:117-21.
115. Brassard P, Lowe AM, Bernatsky S, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis, its treatments, and the risk of tuberculosis in Quebec, Canada. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:300-4.
116. Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, et al. Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1986-92. (Pubitemid 40994319)
117. Brassard P, Kezouh A, Suissa S. Antirheumatic drugs and the risk of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:717-22. (Pubitemid 44330734)
118. Gómez-Reino JJ, Carmona L, Valverde VR, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may predispose to significant increase in tuberculosis risk: a multicenter active-surveillance report. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2122-7. (Pubitemid 36959191)
119. Seong SS, Choi CB, Woo JH, et al. Incidence of tuberculosis in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): effects of RA itself and of tumor necrosis factor blockers. J Rheumatol 2007;34:706-11.
120. Bernatsky S, Bombardier C, Bhamani A, et al. Tuberculosis in a population-based cohort of seniors with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68 ( Suppl 3 ):568.
121. Askling J. Risk for tuberculosis following treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anti-TNF therapy-the Swedish experience 1998-2008. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68( Suppl 3 ):422.
122. Baronnet L, Kahn V, Lacoin C, et al. Tuberculosis incidence in rheumatoid arthritis affected patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67 ( Suppl 2 ):544.
123. Mines D, Gu Y, Liu Q, et al. Risk of active tuberculosis (TB) among biologic-naive patients:retrospective cohort study in a US claims database. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67 ( Suppl 2 ):91.
124. Tubach F, Salmon D, Ravaud P, et al. The risk of tuberculosis with anti-TNF is higher with monoclonal antibodies than with the soluble receptor. Results of the French 3-year prospective RATIO observatory. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67 ( Suppl 2 ):52.
125. Dixon WG, Hyrich KL, Watson KD, et al. Specific risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF therapy: results from the BSR Biologic Register (BSRBR). Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67 ( Suppl 2 ):178.
126. Dixon WG, Hyrich KL, Watson KD, et al. Drug-specific risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF therapy: results from the BSRBR. ACR Annual Meeting 2008: abstract 1263.
127. Kim HA, Yoo CD, Baek HJ, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a corticosteroid-treated rheumatic disease patient population. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998;16:9-13. (Pubitemid 28133475)
128. Sayarlioglu M, Inanc M, Kamali S, et al. Tuberculosis in Turkish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus:increased frequency of extrapulmonary localization. Lupus 2004;13:274-8. (Pubitemid 38649628)
129. Tam LS, Li EK, Wong SM, et al. Risk factors and clinical features for tuberculosis among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Hong Kong. Scand J Rheumatol 2002;31:296-300. (Pubitemid 35252543)
130. Marti F, Steffen R, Mutsch M. Influenza vaccine: a travelers' vaccine? Expert Rev Vaccines 2008;7:679-87.
131. Mutsch M, Tavernini M, Marx A, et al. Influenza virus infection in travelers to tropical and subtropical countries. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1282-7. (Pubitemid 40570237)
132. Karpelowsky JS, Alexander AG, Peek SD, et al. Surgical complications of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection in HIV-infected children: time for a change in policy. S Afr Med J 2008;98:801-4.
133. Hesseling AC, Johnson LF, Jaspan H, et al. Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin disease in HIV-infected South African infants. Bull World Health Organ 2009;87:505-11.
134. Kawashima H, Hasegawa D, Nakamura M, et al. Hazards of early BCG vaccination: BCGitis in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Pediatr Int 2007;49:418-9. (Pubitemid 46802308)
135. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;7:CD001269.
136. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Al-Ansary LA, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;2:CD004876.
137. Huss A, Scott P, Stuck AE, et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2009;180:48-58.