Behavioral Processes in Long-Lag Intervention Studies

Perspectives on Psychological Science

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 454-467

  Miller, Dale T ^a   Dannals, Jennifer E ^a   Zlatev, Julian J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

behavioral mediation; field experiments; interventions; longitudinal studies; theories of change

Indexed keywords

COOPERATION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENTAL DISEASE; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TIME FACTOR;

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PREJUDICE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 85019676404     PISSN: 17456916     EISSN: 17456924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1745691616681645     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Allcott H., (2011). Social norms and energy conservation. Journal of Public Economics, 95, 1082–1095.
2. Allcott H., Rogers T., (2014). The short-run and long-run effects of behavioral interventions: Experimental evidence from energy conservation. American Economic Review, 104(10), 1–37.
3. Axsom D., Cooper J., (1985). Cognitive dissonance and psychotherapy: The role of effort justification in inducing weight loss. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 149–160.
4. Babcock J. C., Gottman J. M., Ryan K. D., Gottman J. S., (2013). A component analysis of a psycho-educational couples’ workshop: One-year follow-up of results. Journal of Family Therapy, 35, 252–280.
5. Brest P., (2010, Spring). The power of theories of change. Stanford Social Innovation Review, pp. 47–51.
6. Brewer M. B., (2000). Research design and issues of validity. In Reiss H. T., Judd C., (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social psychology (pp. 3–16). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
7. Broockman D., Kalla J., (2016). Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing. Science, 352, 220–224.
8. Bullock J. G., Green D. P., Ha S. E., (2010). Yes, but what is the mechanism? (don’t expect an easy answer). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 550–558.
9. Burnette J. L., Boyle E. H., Von Epps E. M., Pollack J. M., Finkel E. J., (2013). Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 655–701.
10. Carey K., Scott-Sheldon L. A., Carey M. P., DeMartini K. S., (2007). Individual-level interventions to reduce college students’ drinking: A meta-analytic review. Addictive Behaviors, 11, 2469–2494.
11. Clark H., (2004). Deciding the scope of a theory of change. New York, NY: Acknowledge Monograph.
12. Cohen G. L., Garcia J., (2014). Educational theory, practice, and policy and the wisdom of social psychology. Policy Insights From the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 13–20.
13. Cohen G. L., Garcia J., Purdie-Vaughns V., Apfel N., Brzustoski P., (2009). Recursive processes in self-affirmation: Intervening to close the minority educational gap. Science, 324, 400–403.
14. Cohen G. L., Sherman D. K., (2014). The psychology of change: Self-affirmation and social psychological intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 333–371.
15. Cook J. E., Purdie-Vaughns V., Garcia J., Cohen G. L., (2012). Chronic threat and contingent belonging: Protective benefits of values affirmation on identity development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 479–496.
16. Cook S. W., (1971). The effect of unintended interracial contact upon racial interaction and attitude change (Project No. 5-1320, Final report). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health. Education, and Welfare.
17. Cowan P. A., Cowan C. P., Knox V., (2010). Marriage and fatherhood programs. The Future of Children, 20, 205–230.
18. Dal Cin D., MacDonald T. K., Fong G. T., Zanna M. P., Elton-Marshall T. E. (2006). Remembering the message: The use of a reminder cue to increase condom use following a safer sex intervention. Health Psychology, 25, 438–443.
19. Datta S., Mullainthan S., (2012). Behavioral design: A new approach to development policy (CGD Policy Paper 016). Washington, DC: Center for Global Development. Retrieved from http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/1426679
20. Devine P. G., Forscher P., Austin A., Cox W. T., (2012). Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1267–1278.
21. Dolan P., Metcalfe R., (2013). Neighbors, knowledge, and nuggets: Two natural field experiments on the role of incentives on energy conservation (CEP Discussion Papers, CEPDP1222). London, England: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science.
22. Dweck C., (2007). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York, NY: Random House.
23. Frey E., Rogers T., (2014). Persistence: How treatment effects persist after interventions stop. Policy Insights From the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 172–179.
24. Fryer R. G., (2011). Financial incentives and student achievement: Evidence from randomized trials. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126, 1755–1798.
25. Funnell S. C., Rogers P. J., (2011). Purposeful program theory: Effective use of theories of change and logic models. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
26. Good C., Aronson J., Inzlicht M., (2003). Improving adolescents’ standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 645–662.
27. Gottman J., (2011). The science of trust: Emotional attunement for couples. New York, NY: Norton.
28. Granger R. C., Maynard R., (2015). Unlocking the potential of the “what works” approach to policy making and practice: Improving impact evaluations. American Journal of Evaluation, 36, 558–569.
29. Green D. P., Ha S. E., Bullock J. G., (2010). Enough already about “black box” experiments: Studying mediation is more difficult than most scholars suppose. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 628, 200–208.
30. Green D. P., Wong J. S., (2009). Tolerance and the contact hypothesis: A field experiment. In Borgida E., (Ed.), The political psychology of democratic citizenship (pp. 228–246). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
31. Gruenfeld P. J., Johnson F. W., Light J. M., Saltz R. F., (2003). Drinking to extremes: Theoretical and empirical analyses of peak drinking levels among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 817–824.
32. Hulleman C. S., Cordray D. S., (2009). Moving from the lab to the field: The role of fidelity and achieved relative strength. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2, 88–110.
33. Kenthirarajah D., Walton G. M., (2015). How brief social-psychological interventions can cause enduring effects. In Scott R., Kosslyn S., (Eds.), Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 1–15). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
34. Kim Y. K., Sax L. J., (2009). Student-faculty interaction in research universities: Differences by student gender, race, social class, and first generation status. Research in Higher Education, 50, 437–459.
35. Langer E. J., Rodin J., (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 191–198.
36. Lemmer G., Wagner U., (2015). Can we really reduce ethnic prejudice outside the lab? A meta-analysis of direct and indirect contact interventions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 152–168.
37. Levin S., van Laar C., Sidanius J., (2003). The effect of ingroup and outgroup friendships on ethnic attitudes in college: A longitudinal study. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6, 76–92.
38. Lewin K., (1946). Behavior and the development of the total situation. In Carmichael L., (Ed.), Manual of child psychology (pp. 791–844). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
39. List J. A., (2011). Why economists should conduct field experiments and 14 tips for pulling one off. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25, 3–16.
40. Logel C., Cohen G. L., (2012). The role of the self in physical health testing: The effect of a values-affirmation intervention on weight loss. Psychological Science, 23, 53–55.
41. Ludwig J., Kling J. R., Mullainathan S., (2011). Mechanism experiments and policy evaluations. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3), 17–38.
42. Maholtra D., Liyanage S., (2005). Long-term effects of peace workshops on protracted conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49, 908–929.
43. Mattarella-Micke A., Mateo J., Kozak M. N., Foster K., Beilock S. L., (2011). Choke or thrive? The relation between salivary cortisol and math performance depends on individual differences in working memory and math-anxiety. Emotion, 11, 1000–1005.
44. McGuire W. J., (1973). The yin and yang of progress in social psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 446–456.
45. Miller D. T., Prentice D. A., (2016). Changing norms to change behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 6.1–6.23.
46. Paluck E. L., (2016). How to overcome prejudice. Science, 352, 147.
47. Paluck E. L., Cialdini R. B., (2014). Field research methods. In Reis H., Judd C., (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality and social psychology (pp. 81–100). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
48. Paluck E. L., Green D. P., (2009). Prejudice reduction: What works? Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 339–367.
49. Paunesku D., Walton G. M., Romero C., Smith E. N., Yeager D., Dweck C. S., (2015). Mindset interventions are a scalable treatment for academic underachievement. Psychological Science, 26, 784–793.
50. Pettigrew T. F., (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85.
51. Pettigrew T. F., Tropp L. R., (2011). When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
52. Quiñones-Vidal E., Lopez-García J. J., Peñarañda-Ortega M., Tortosa-Gil F., (2004). The nature of social and personality psychology as reflected in JPSP, 1965–2000. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 435–452.
53. Rodin J., Langer E. J., (1977). Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 879–902.
54. Rogers T., Frey E., (2014). Changing behavior beyond the here and now. In Keren G., Wu G., (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making (pp. 725–748). Oxford, England: John Wiley.
55. Rokeach M., (1971). Long-range experimental modification of values, attitudes, and behavior. American Psychologist, 26, 453–459.
56. Saltz R. L., Paschall M. J., McGaffigan R. M., Nygaard P. M. O., (2010). Alcohol risk management in college settings: The safer California universities randomized-trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39, 491–499.
57. Saraiya M., Glanz K., Briss P. A., Nichols P., White C., Das D... Rochester P., (2004). Interventions to prevent skin cancer by reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27, 422–466.
58. Schroeder J., Risen J. L., (2016). Befriending the enemy: Outgroup friendship longitudinally predicts outgroup attitudes in a coexistence program for Israelis and Palestinians. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19, 72–93.
59. Sen B., Mennemeyer S., Gary L. L., (2011). The relationship between perceptions of neighborhood characteristics and obesity among children. In Grossman M., Mocan N. C., (Eds.), Economic aspects of obesity (pp. 145–180). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
60. Sherman D. K., Cohen G. L., (2006). The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory. In Zanna M. P., (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 183–242). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
61. Spencer S. J., Zanna M. P., Fong G. T., (2005). Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 845–851.
62. Spitzer B., Aronson J., (2015). Minding and mending the gap: Social psychological interventions to reduce educational disparities. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 1–18.
63. Stephens N. M., Hamedani M. G., Destin M., (2014). Closing the social-class achievement-gap: A difference-education intervention improves first-generation students’ academic performance and all students’ college transition. Psychological Science, 25, 943–953.
64. Stephens N. M., Townsend S. S., Hamedani M., Destin M., Manzo V., (2015). A difference-education intervention equips first-generation college students to thrive in the face of stressful college situations. Psychological Science, 26, 1556–1566.
65. Thaler R. H., Sunstein C. R., (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
66. Wakefield M. A., Loken B., Hornik R. C., (2010). Use of media campaigns to change health behavior. The Lancet, 376, 1261–1271.
67. Walton G. M., (2014). The new science of wise psychological interventions. Psychological Science, 23, 73–82.
68. Walton G. M., Cohen G. L., (2011). A brief social belonging intervention improves academic and health outcomes for minority students. Science, 331, 1447–1451.
69. Walton G. M., Cohen G. L., Cwir D., Spencer S. J., (2012). Mere belonging: The power of social connections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 513–532.
70. Walton G. M., Logel C., Peach J. M., Spencer S. J., Zanna M. P., (2015). Two brief interventions to mitigate a “chilly climate” transform women’s experience, relationships, and achievement in Engineering. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107, 468–485.
71. Weiss C., (1998). Have we learned anything new about the use of evaluation? American Journal of Education, 19, 21–33.
72. White F. A., Abu-Rayya H., Blive A.-M., Faulkner N., (2015). Emotion expression and intergroup bias reduction between Muslims and Christians: Long-term internet contact. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 435–442.
73. William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. (2012). Outcome focused grantmaking: A hard-headed approach to soft-hearted goals. Retrieved from http://www.hewlett.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Outcome_Focused_Grantmaking_March_2012_0.pdf
74. Wilson T. D., (2011). Redirect: The surprising new science of psychological change. New York, NY: Little, Brown.
75. Yeager D. S., Walton G. M., (2011). Social psychological interventions in education: They’re not magic. Review of Educational Research, 81, 267–301.
76. Yeager D. S., Walton G. M., Brady S. T., Akcinar E. N., Panesku D., Keane L., Dweck C. S., (2016). Teaching a lay theory before college narrows achievement gaps at scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 113, E3341–E3348.