메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 49-78

The joint effects of offender race/ethnicity and gender on substantial assistance departures in federal courts

Author keywords

Drug laws; Presumptive sentencing; Race and sentencing; Sentencing guidelines; Stereotypes

Indexed keywords


EID: 85019441105     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21533687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2153368710396228     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (42)

References (106)
  • 1
    • 84935532498 scopus 로고
    • An integration of theories to explain judicial discretion
    • Albonetti, C. A. (1991). An integration of theories to explain judicial discretion. Social Problems, 38, 247-266.
    • (1991) Social Problems , vol.38 , pp. 247-266
    • Albonetti, C.A.1
  • 2
    • 0031329908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentencing under the federal sentencing guidelines: Effects of defendant characteristics, guilty pleas, and departures on sentence outcomes for drug offenses
    • Albonetti, C. A. (1997). Sentencing under the federal sentencing guidelines: Effects of defendant characteristics, guilty pleas, and departures on sentence outcomes for drug offenses. Law and Society Review, 31, 789-822.
    • (1997) Law and Society Review , vol.31 , pp. 789-822
    • Albonetti, C.A.1
  • 3
    • 3142661409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The joint conditioning effect of defendant’s gender and ethnicity on length of imprisonment under federal sentencing guidelines for drug trafficking/manufacturing offenders
    • Albonetti, C. A. (2002). The joint conditioning effect of defendant’s gender and ethnicity on length of imprisonment under federal sentencing guidelines for drug trafficking/manufacturing offenders. Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, 6, 39-60.
    • (2002) Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice , vol.6 , pp. 39-60
    • Albonetti, C.A.1
  • 4
    • 84937312567 scopus 로고
    • Between the waves: Mass-mediated themes of crime and justice
    • Barak, G. (1994). Between the waves: Mass-mediated themes of crime and justice. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 21, 133-147.
    • (1994) Berkeley Journal of Sociology , vol.21 , pp. 133-147
    • Barak, G.1
  • 5
    • 84937178905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and the problem of crime in '‘Time’' and '‘Newsweek’' cover stories, 1946 to 1995
    • Barlow, M. H. (1998). Race and the problem of crime in '‘Time’' and '‘Newsweek’' cover stories, 1946 to 1995. Social Justice, 25, 149-183.
    • (1998) Social Justice , vol.25 , pp. 149-183
    • Barlow, M.H.1
  • 9
    • 84959841110 scopus 로고
    • Charge reduction: An intermediate stage in the process of labeling criminal defendants
    • Bernstein, I, Kick, E., Leung, J. T., & Schultz, B. (1977). Charge reduction: An intermediate stage in the process of labeling criminal defendants. Social Forces, 56, 362-384.
    • (1977) Social Forces , vol.56 , pp. 362-384
    • Bernstein, I.1    Kick, E.2    Leung, J.T.3    Schultz, B.4
  • 10
    • 84928832459 scopus 로고
    • The impact of gender-based family roles on criminal sentencing
    • Bickle, G. S., & Peterson, R. D. (1991). The impact of gender-based family roles on criminal sentencing. Social Problems, 38, 372-394.
    • (1991) Social Problems , vol.38 , pp. 372-394
    • Bickle, G.S.1    Peterson, R.D.2
  • 11
    • 0009106402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • '‘That wasn’t even me they showed’': Women as criminals on America’s Most Wanted
    • Bond-Maupin, L. (1998). '‘That wasn’t even me they showed’': Women as criminals on America’s Most Wanted. Violence Against Women, 4, 30-44.
    • (1998) Violence Against Women , vol.4 , pp. 30-44
    • Bond-Maupin, L.1
  • 13
    • 33644602919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentencing female misdemeanants: An examination of the direct and indirect effects of race/ethnicity
    • Brennan, P. K. (2006). Sentencing female misdemeanants: An examination of the direct and indirect effects of race/ethnicity. Justice Quarterly, 23, 60-95.
    • (2006) Justice Quarterly , vol.23 , pp. 60-95
    • Brennan, P.K.1
  • 14
    • 84873617126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The joint effects of offender race/ethnicity and sex on sentencing outcomes
    • M. D. Krohn, A. J. Lizotte, & G. P. Hall (Eds.), New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media
    • Brennan, P. K. (2009). The joint effects of offender race/ethnicity and sex on sentencing outcomes. In M. D. Krohn, A. J. Lizotte, & G. P. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of crime and deviance. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media.
    • (2009) Handbook of crime and deviance
    • Brennan, P.K.1
  • 15
    • 53349098778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race/ethnicity and sentencing outcomes among drug offenders in North Carolina
    • Brennan, P. K., & Spohn, C. (2008). Race/ethnicity and sentencing outcomes among drug offenders in North Carolina. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 24, 371-398.
    • (2008) Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , vol.24 , pp. 371-398
    • Brennan, P.K.1    Spohn, C.2
  • 16
    • 82455252705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The joint effects of offender race/ethnicity and sex on sentence length decisions in federal courts
    • Brennan, P. K., & Spohn, C. (2009). The joint effects of offender race/ethnicity and sex on sentence length decisions in federal courts. Race and Social Problems, 1, 200-217.
    • (2009) Race and Social Problems , vol.1 , pp. 200-217
    • Brennan, P.K.1    Spohn, C.2
  • 17
    • 85044795403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depictions of female offenders in front-page newspaper stories: The importance of race/ethnicity
    • Brennan, P. K., & Vandenberg, A. L. (2009). Depictions of female offenders in front-page newspaper stories: The importance of race/ethnicity. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 2, 141-175.
    • (2009) International Journal of Social Inquiry , vol.2 , pp. 141-175
    • Brennan, P.K.1    Vandenberg, A.L.2
  • 18
    • 0039377721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Hot blood and easy virtue’: Mass media and the making of racist latino/a stereotypes
    • C. R. Mann & M. S. Zatz (Eds.), Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company
    • Castro, D. O. (1998). ‘Hot blood and easy virtue’: Mass media and the making of racist latino/a stereotypes. In C. R. Mann & M. S. Zatz (Eds.), Images of color, images of crime (pp. 134-144). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.
    • (1998) Images of color, images of crime , pp. 134-144
    • Castro, D.O.1
  • 19
    • 0001176983 scopus 로고
    • Body count news: How crime is presented in the news media
    • Chermak, S. (1994). Body count news: How crime is presented in the news media. Justice Quarterly, 11(4), 561-582.
    • (1994) Justice Quarterly , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 561-582
    • Chermak, S.1
  • 20
    • 0012804439 scopus 로고
    • Race and imprisonment: A contextual assessment of the evidence
    • D. F. Hawkins (Ed.), Albany, NY: State University of New York Press
    • Chiricos, T. G., & Crawford, C. (1995). Race and imprisonment: A contextual assessment of the evidence. In D. F. Hawkins (Ed.), Ethnicity, race, and crime: Perspectives across time and space (pp. 281-309). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    • (1995) Ethnicity, race, and crime: Perspectives across time and space , pp. 281-309
    • Chiricos, T.G.1    Crawford, C.2
  • 21
    • 0346547527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, and habitual offender sentencing in Florida
    • Crawford, C. (2000). Gender, race, and habitual offender sentencing in Florida. Criminology, 38, 263-280.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 263-280
    • Crawford, C.1
  • 22
    • 84946302921 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in criminal sentencing: Chivalry or patriarchy?
    • Crew, K. B. (1991). Sex differences in criminal sentencing: Chivalry or patriarchy? Justice Quarterly, 8, 59-84.
    • (1991) Justice Quarterly , vol.8 , pp. 59-84
    • Crew, K.B.1
  • 23
    • 39049146632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, ethnicity, and habitual-offender sentencing: A multilevel analysis of individual contextual threat
    • Crow, M. S., & Johnson, K. A. (2008). Race, ethnicity, and habitual-offender sentencing: A multilevel analysis of individual contextual threat. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19, 63-83.
    • (2008) Criminal Justice Policy Review , vol.19 , pp. 63-83
    • Crow, M.S.1    Johnson, K.A.2
  • 24
    • 46249103502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentencing young minority males for drug offenses: Testing for conditional effects between race/ethnicity, gender, and age during the U.S. war on drugs
    • Curry, T. R., & Corral-Camacho, G. (2008). Sentencing young minority males for drug offenses: Testing for conditional effects between race/ethnicity, gender, and age during the U.S. war on drugs. Punishment & Society, 10, 253-276.
    • (2008) Punishment & Society , vol.10 , pp. 253-276
    • Curry, T.R.1    Corral-Camacho, G.2
  • 25
    • 84946303871 scopus 로고
    • Sex effects and sentencing: An analysis of the statistical literature
    • Daly, K., & Bordt, R. L. (1995). Sex effects and sentencing: An analysis of the statistical literature. Justice Quarterly, 12, 141-175.
    • (1995) Justice Quarterly , vol.12 , pp. 141-175
    • Daly, K.1    Bordt, R.L.2
  • 26
    • 0000515745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, and sentencing
    • M. Tonry (Ed.), Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
    • Daly, K., & Tonry, M. (1997). Gender, race, and sentencing. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research, volume 22 (pp. 201-252). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1997) Crime and justice: A review of research, volume 22 , pp. 201-252
    • Daly, K.1    Tonry, M.2
  • 27
    • 84873646298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warping the world-Media’s mangled images of race
    • E. E. Dennis & E. C. Pease (Eds.), New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers
    • Dates, J. L., & Pease, E. C. (1997). Warping the world-Media’s mangled images of race. In E. E. Dennis & E. C. Pease (Eds.), The media in black and white (pp. 77-82). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
    • (1997) The media in black and white , pp. 77-82
    • Dates, J.L.1    Pease, E.C.2
  • 28
    • 10444223096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity effects on sentence outcomes in large urban courts: Comparisons among white, black, and Hispanic defendants
    • Demuth, S., & Steffensmeier, S. (2004). Ethnicity effects on sentence outcomes in large urban courts: Comparisons among white, black, and Hispanic defendants. Social Science Quarterly, 85, 994-1011.
    • (2004) Social Science Quarterly , vol.85 , pp. 994-1011
    • Demuth, S.1    Steffensmeier, S.2
  • 29
    • 74349117518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The independent and joint effects of race/ethnicity, gender, and age on sentencing outcomes in U.S. Federal courts
    • Doerner, J. K. & Demuth, S. (2010). The independent and joint effects of race/ethnicity, gender, and age on sentencing outcomes in U.S. Federal courts. Justice Quarterly, 27, 1-27.
    • (2010) Justice Quarterly , vol.27 , pp. 1-27
    • Doerner, J.K.1    Demuth, S.2
  • 30
    • 0040362686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the effects of legally relevant and extralegal factors under sentencing guidelines: The rules have changed
    • Engen, R. L. & Gainey, R. R. (2000). Modeling the effects of legally relevant and extralegal factors under sentencing guidelines: The rules have changed. Criminology, 38, 1207-1229.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 1207-1229
    • Engen, R.L.1    Gainey, R.R.2
  • 31
    • 1642597213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discretion and disparity under sentencing guidelines: The role of departures and structured alternatives
    • Engen, R. L., Gainey, R. R., Crutchfield, R. D., & Weis, J. G. (2003). Discretion and disparity under sentencing guidelines: The role of departures and structured alternatives. Criminology, 41, 99-130.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 99-130
    • Engen, R.L.1    Gainey, R.R.2    Crutchfield, R.D.3    Weis, J.G.4
  • 32
    • 84929226303 scopus 로고
    • Modern racism and the images of blacks in local television news
    • Entman, R. (1990). Modern racism and the images of blacks in local television news. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 332-345.
    • (1990) Critical Studies in Mass Communication , vol.7 , pp. 332-345
    • Entman, R.1
  • 33
    • 84933485428 scopus 로고
    • Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism and cultural change
    • Entman, R. (1992). Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism and cultural change. Journalism Quarterly, 69, 341-361.
    • (1992) Journalism Quarterly , vol.69 , pp. 341-361
    • Entman, R.1
  • 34
    • 0001081691 scopus 로고
    • Representation and reality in the portrayal of blacks on network television news
    • Entman, R. (1994). Representation and reality in the portrayal of blacks on network television news. Journalism Quarterly, 71, 509-520.
    • (1994) Journalism Quarterly , vol.71 , pp. 509-520
    • Entman, R.1
  • 35
    • 0001838641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African Americans according to TV news
    • E. E. Dennis & E. C. Pease (Eds.), New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers
    • Entman, R. (1997). African Americans according to TV news. In E. E. Dennis & E. C. Pease (Eds.), The media in black and white (pp. 29-36). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
    • (1997) The media in black and white , pp. 29-36
    • Entman, R.1
  • 36
    • 0036246529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Difference, disparity, and race/ethnic bias in federal sentencing
    • Everett, R. S., & Wojkiewicz, R. A. (2002). Difference, disparity, and race/ethnic bias in federal sentencing. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18, 189-211.
    • (2002) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.18 , pp. 189-211
    • Everett, R.S.1    Wojkiewicz, R.A.2
  • 37
    • 84937298634 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in felony court processing: Three hypotheses of disparity
    • Farnworth, M., & Teske, R. H. C, Jr. (1995). Gender differences in felony court processing: Three hypotheses of disparity. Women & Criminal Justice, 6, 23-44.
    • (1995) Women & Criminal Justice , vol.6 , pp. 23-44
    • Farnworth, M.1    Teske, R.H.C.2
  • 38
    • 0031503501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggravating and differentiating factors in the cases of white and minority women on death row
    • Farr, K. A. (1997). Aggravating and differentiating factors in the cases of white and minority women on death row. Crime & Delinquency, 43, 260-278.
    • (1997) Crime & Delinquency , vol.43 , pp. 260-278
    • Farr, K.A.1
  • 39
    • 84937325610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defeminizing and dehumanizing female murderers: Depictions of lesbians on death row
    • Farr, K. A. (2000). Defeminizing and dehumanizing female murderers: Depictions of lesbians on death row. Women & Criminal Justice, 11, 49-66.
    • (2000) Women & Criminal Justice , vol.11 , pp. 49-66
    • Farr, K.A.1
  • 40
    • 80051930284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of the interactions of race and gender on sentencing decisions using a trichotomous dependent variable
    • Published online February 24, 2009
    • Freiburger, T. L., & Hilinski, C. M. (2009). An examination of the interactions of race and gender on sentencing decisions using a trichotomous dependent variable. Crime & Delinquency, Published online February 24, 2009, doi: 10.1177/0011128708330178.
    • (2009) Crime & Delinquency
    • Freiburger, T.L.1    Hilinski, C.M.2
  • 42
    • 33845627787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-based disparities in felony dispositions before versus after sentencing reform in Ohio
    • Griffin, T., & Wooldredge, J. (2006). Sex-based disparities in felony dispositions before versus after sentencing reform in Ohio. Criminology, 44, 893-923.
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , pp. 893-923
    • Griffin, T.1    Wooldredge, J.2
  • 44
    • 84901858686 scopus 로고
    • Sex and theories of deviance: Toward a functional theory of deviant type-scripts
    • Harris, A. R. (1977). Sex and theories of deviance: Toward a functional theory of deviant type-scripts. American Sociological Review, 42, 3-16.
    • (1977) American Sociological Review , vol.42 , pp. 3-16
    • Harris, A.R.1
  • 45
    • 34547468354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosecutorial discretion: An examination of substantial assistance departures in Federal crack-cocaine and powder-cocaine cases
    • Hartley, R. D., Maddan, S., & Spohn, C. (2007). Prosecutorial discretion: An examination of substantial assistance departures in Federal crack-cocaine and powder-cocaine cases. Justice Quarterly, 24, 382-407.
    • (2007) Justice Quarterly , vol.24 , pp. 382-407
    • Hartley, R.D.1    Maddan, S.2    Spohn, C.3
  • 47
    • 84970103713 scopus 로고
    • Female criminals: Behavior and treatment within the criminal justice system
    • Heilbrun, A. B. (1982). Female criminals: Behavior and treatment within the criminal justice system. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 9, 341-351.
    • (1982) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.9 , pp. 341-351
    • Heilbrun, A.B.1
  • 49
    • 34548800035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women who kill their children: Case study and conclusions concerning the differences in the fall from maternal grace by Khoua and Andrea Yates
    • Huckerby, J. (2003). Women who kill their children: Case study and conclusions concerning the differences in the fall from maternal grace by Khoua and Andrea Yates. Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy, 10, 149-172.
    • (2003) Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy , vol.10 , pp. 149-172
    • Huckerby, J.1
  • 50
    • 84965919711 scopus 로고
    • Serious crime, news coverage, and ideology: A content analysis of crime coverage in a metropolitan newspaper
    • Humphries, D. (1981). Serious crime, news coverage, and ideology: A content analysis of crime coverage in a metropolitan newspaper. Crime & Delinquency, 27, 191-205.
    • (1981) Crime & Delinquency , vol.27 , pp. 191-205
    • Humphries, D.1
  • 51
    • 0031287747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public perceptions of race and crime: The role of racial stereotypes
    • Hurwitz, J., & Peffley, M. (1997). Public perceptions of race and crime: The role of racial stereotypes. American Journal of Political Science, 41, 375-401.
    • (1997) American Journal of Political Science , vol.41 , pp. 375-401
    • Hurwitz, J.1    Peffley, M.2
  • 52
    • 51849087178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social context of guidelines circumvention: The case of federal district courts
    • Johnson, B. E., Ulmer, J. T., & Kramer, J. H. (2008). The social context of guidelines circumvention: The case of federal district courts. Criminology, 46, 737-783.
    • (2008) Criminology , vol.46 , pp. 737-783
    • Johnson, B.E.1    Ulmer, J.T.2    Kramer, J.H.3
  • 53
    • 0347616377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Location, location, location: Interdistrict and intercircuit variation in sentencing outcomes for federal drug-trafficking offenses
    • Kautt, P. M. (2002). Location, location, location: Interdistrict and intercircuit variation in sentencing outcomes for federal drug-trafficking offenses. Justice Quarterly, 19, 633-672.
    • (2002) Justice Quarterly , vol.19 , pp. 633-672
    • Kautt, P.M.1
  • 54
    • 85020744134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Have the federal sentencing guidelines reduced severity? An examination of one circuit
    • Kempf-Leonard, K., & Sample, L. L. (2001). Have the federal sentencing guidelines reduced severity? An examination of one circuit. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 46, 737-783.
    • (2001) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.46 , pp. 737-783
    • Kempf-Leonard, K.1    Sample, L.L.2
  • 55
    • 0010780723 scopus 로고
    • The etiology of female crime: A review of the literature
    • B. R. Price and N. J. Sokoloff, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
    • Klein, D. (1995). The etiology of female crime: A review of the literature. B. R. Price and N. J. Sokoloff, The criminal justice system and women: Offenders, victims, and workers (pp. 30-53). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1995) The criminal justice system and women: Offenders, victims, and workers , pp. 30-53
    • Klein, D.1
  • 56
    • 0036562989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of gender on the decision to incarcerate before and after the introduction of sentencing guidelines
    • Koons-Witt, B. (2002). The effect of gender on the decision to incarcerate before and after the introduction of sentencing guidelines. Criminology, 40, 297-328.
    • (2002) Criminology , vol.40 , pp. 297-328
    • Koons-Witt, B.1
  • 57
    • 0002210737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentencing disparity and departures from guidelines
    • Kramer, J. H., & Ulmer, J. T. (1996). Sentencing disparity and departures from guidelines. Justice Quarterly, 13, 81-106.
    • (1996) Justice Quarterly , vol.13 , pp. 81-106
    • Kramer, J.H.1    Ulmer, J.T.2
  • 58
    • 0036864278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Downward departures for serious violent offenders: Local court '‘corrections’' to Pennsylvania’s sentencing guidelines
    • Kramer, J. H., & Ulmer, J. T. (2002). Downward departures for serious violent offenders: Local court '‘corrections’' to Pennsylvania’s sentencing guidelines. Criminology, 40, 897-932.
    • (2002) Criminology , vol.40 , pp. 897-932
    • Kramer, J.H.1    Ulmer, J.T.2
  • 59
    • 84925923247 scopus 로고
    • Social statuses and the sentences of female offenders
    • Kruttschnitt, C. (1980-1981). Social statuses and the sentences of female offenders. Law and Society Review, 15, 247-265.
    • (1980) Law and Society Review , vol.15 , pp. 247-265
    • Kruttschnitt, C.1
  • 60
    • 0020065720 scopus 로고
    • Women, crime, and dependency: An application of the Theory of Law
    • Kruttschnitt, C. (1982). Women, crime, and dependency: An application of the Theory of Law. Criminology, 19, 495-513.
    • (1982) Criminology , vol.19 , pp. 495-513
    • Kruttschnitt, C.1
  • 61
    • 0021680964 scopus 로고
    • Sex and criminal court dispositions: The unresolved controversy
    • Kruttschnitt, C. (1984). Sex and criminal court dispositions: The unresolved controversy. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21, 213-232.
    • (1984) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.21 , pp. 213-232
    • Kruttschnitt, C.1
  • 62
    • 34247942747 scopus 로고
    • Mutual perceptions of racial images: White, black, and Japanese Americans
    • Kurokawa, M. (1971). Mutual perceptions of racial images: White, black, and Japanese Americans. Journal of Social Issues, 27, 213-235.
    • (1971) Journal of Social Issues , vol.27 , pp. 213-235
    • Kurokawa, M.1
  • 63
    • 0039520048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal sentencing guidelines and mandatory minimum sentences: Do defendants bargain in the shadow of the judge?
    • LaCasse, C. & Payne, A. A. (1999). Federal sentencing guidelines and mandatory minimum sentences: Do defendants bargain in the shadow of the judge? Journal of Law and Economics, 42, 245-269.
    • (1999) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.42 , pp. 245-269
    • LaCasse, C.1    Payne, A.A.2
  • 64
    • 69649100082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who is punished more harshly? An examination of race/ethnicity, gender, age and employment status under the federal sentencing guidelines
    • LaFrenz, C., & Spohn, C. (2006). Who is punished more harshly? An examination of race/ethnicity, gender, age and employment status under the federal sentencing guidelines. Justice Research and Policy, 8, 25-56.
    • (2006) Justice Research and Policy , vol.8 , pp. 25-56
    • LaFrenz, C.1    Spohn, C.2
  • 65
    • 0001821069 scopus 로고
    • Race class stereotypes of women
    • Landrine, H. (1985). Race class stereotypes of women. Sex Roles, 13, 65-75.
    • (1985) Sex Roles , vol.13 , pp. 65-75
    • Landrine, H.1
  • 66
    • 0031287649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Images of criminals and victims: A study on women’s fear and social control
    • Madriz, E. (1997). Images of criminals and victims: A study on women’s fear and social control. Gender & Society, 11, 342-356.
    • (1997) Gender & Society , vol.11 , pp. 342-356
    • Madriz, E.1
  • 68
    • 26444438067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of race and sentencing research: Explaining the inconsistencies
    • Mitchell, O. (2005). A meta-analysis of race and sentencing research: Explaining the inconsistencies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21, 439-466.
    • (2005) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.21 , pp. 439-466
    • Mitchell, O.1
  • 69
    • 0041027247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: Evidence from U.S. federal courts
    • Mustard, D. (2001). Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: Evidence from U.S. federal courts. Journal of Law & Economics, 44, 285-314.
    • (2001) Journal of Law & Economics , vol.44 , pp. 285-314
    • Mustard, D.1
  • 70
    • 84937310838 scopus 로고
    • The role of gender in a structured sentencing system: Equal treatment, policy choices, and the sentencing of female offenders under the United States Sentencing Guidelines
    • Nagel, I. H., & Johnson, B. L. (1994). The role of gender in a structured sentencing system: Equal treatment, policy choices, and the sentencing of female offenders under the United States Sentencing Guidelines. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 85, 181-221.
    • (1994) The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , vol.85 , pp. 181-221
    • Nagel, I.H.1    Johnson, B.L.2
  • 71
    • 21144478311 scopus 로고
    • A tale of three cities: An empirical study of charging and bargaining practices under the federal sentencing guidelines
    • Nagel, I. H., & Schulhofer, S. J. (1992). A tale of three cities: An empirical study of charging and bargaining practices under the federal sentencing guidelines. Southern California Law Review, 66, 501-566.
    • (1992) Southern California Law Review , vol.66 , pp. 501-566
    • Nagel, I.H.1    Schulhofer, S.J.2
  • 73
    • 0030194356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intersection of race and crime in television news stories: An experimental study
    • Peffley, M., Shields, T., & Williams, B. (1996). The intersection of race and crime in television news stories: An experimental study. Political Communication, 13, 309-327.
    • (1996) Political Communication , vol.13 , pp. 309-327
    • Peffley, M.1    Shields, T.2    Williams, B.3
  • 74
    • 0346546610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latinos and Latinas: Latinos, gangs, and drugs
    • C. R. Mann & M. S. Zatz (Eds.), Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury
    • Portillos, E. L. (1998). Latinos and Latinas: Latinos, gangs, and drugs. In C. R. Mann & M. S. Zatz (Eds.), Images of color, images of crime (pp. 156-165). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
    • (1998) Images of color, images of crime , pp. 156-165
    • Portillos, E.L.1
  • 75
    • 33646717819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in criminal sentencing: Do effects vary across violent, property, and drug offenses?
    • Rodriguez, S. F., Curry, T., & Lee, G. (2006). Gender differences in criminal sentencing: Do effects vary across violent, property, and drug offenses? Social Science Quarterly, 87, 318-339.
    • (2006) Social Science Quarterly , vol.87 , pp. 318-339
    • Rodriguez, S.F.1    Curry, T.2    Lee, G.3
  • 76
    • 85049227449 scopus 로고
    • Research on the death penalty: Speaking of death: Narratives of violence in capital trials
    • Sarat, A. (1993). Research on the death penalty: Speaking of death: Narratives of violence in capital trials. Law & Society Review, 27, 19-58.
    • (1993) Law & Society Review , vol.27 , pp. 19-58
    • Sarat, A.1
  • 80
    • 0004020512 scopus 로고
    • Retrieved January 28, 2008
    • Smith, T. W. (1990). Ethnic Images. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/dlib/t-19.htm
    • (1990) Ethnic Images
    • Smith, T.W.1
  • 81
    • 0012100155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially-neutral sentencing process
    • J. Horney, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice
    • Spohn, C. (2000). Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially-neutral sentencing process. J. Horney, Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system, (Vol. 3, pp. 427-501). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
    • (2000) Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system , vol.3 , pp. 427-501
    • Spohn, C.1
  • 82
    • 51849095613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentencing decisions in three U.S. district courts: Testing the assumption of uniformity in the federal sentencing process
    • Spohn, C. (2005). Sentencing decisions in three U.S. district courts: Testing the assumption of uniformity in the federal sentencing process. Justice Research & Policy, 7, 1-27.
    • (2005) Justice Research & Policy , vol.7 , pp. 1-27
    • Spohn, C.1
  • 83
    • 0012208185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is preferential treatment of female offenders a thing of the past? A multisite study of gender, race, and imprisonment
    • Spohn, C., & Beichner, D. (2000). Is preferential treatment of female offenders a thing of the past? A multisite study of gender, race, and imprisonment. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 11, 149-184.
    • (2000) Criminal Justice Policy Review , vol.11 , pp. 149-184
    • Spohn, C.1    Beichner, D.2
  • 84
    • 0346444710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The imprisonment penalty paid by young, unemployed black and Hispanic male offenders
    • Spohn, C., & Holleran, D. (2000). The imprisonment penalty paid by young, unemployed black and Hispanic male offenders. Criminology, 38, 281-306.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 281-306
    • Spohn, C.1    Holleran, D.2
  • 85
    • 84937264297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and case processing decisions: A comparison of case outcomes for male and female defendants charged with violent felonies
    • Spohn, C., & Spears, J. W. (1997). Gender and case processing decisions: A comparison of case outcomes for male and female defendants charged with violent felonies. Women & Criminal Justice, 8, 29-59.
    • (1997) Women & Criminal Justice , vol.8 , pp. 29-59
    • Spohn, C.1    Spears, J.W.2
  • 86
    • 84935586282 scopus 로고
    • Women defendants in court: The interaction between sex and race in convicting and sentencing
    • Spohn, C., Welch, S., & Gruhl, J. (1985). Women defendants in court: The interaction between sex and race in convicting and sentencing. Social Science Quarterly, 67, 178-198.
    • (1985) Social Science Quarterly , vol.67 , pp. 178-198
    • Spohn, C.1    Welch, S.2    Gruhl, J.3
  • 87
    • 69649100221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and the social costs of sentencing: An analysis of sentences imposed on male and female offenders in three U.S. district courts
    • Stacey, A. M., & Spohn, C. (2006). Gender and the social costs of sentencing: An analysis of sentences imposed on male and female offenders in three U.S. district courts. Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law, 11, 43-76.
    • (2006) Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law , vol.11 , pp. 43-76
    • Stacey, A.M.1    Spohn, C.2
  • 88
    • 22544440588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Images of danger and culpability: Racial stereotyping, case processing, and criminal sentencing
    • Steen, S., Engen, R. L., & Gainey, R. R. (2005). Images of danger and culpability: Racial stereotyping, case processing, and criminal sentencing. Criminology, 43, 435-468.
    • (2005) Criminology , vol.43 , pp. 435-468
    • Steen, S.1    Engen, R.L.2    Gainey, R.R.3
  • 89
    • 84965951671 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the impact of the woman’s movement on sex-based differences in the handling of adult criminal defendants
    • Steffensmeier, D. (1980). Assessing the impact of the woman’s movement on sex-based differences in the handling of adult criminal defendants. Crime and Delinquency, 26, 344-357.
    • (1980) Crime and Delinquency , vol.26 , pp. 344-357
    • Steffensmeier, D.1
  • 90
    • 0033713962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and sentencing outcomes in US federal courts: Who is punished more harshly?
    • Steffensmeier, D., & Demuth, S. (2000). Ethnicity and sentencing outcomes in US federal courts: Who is punished more harshly? American Sociological Review, 65, 705-729.
    • (2000) American Sociological Review , vol.65 , pp. 705-729
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Demuth, S.2
  • 91
    • 0041075817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and judges’ sentencing decisions: Hispanic-black-white comparisons
    • Steffensmeier, D., & Demuth, S. (2001). Ethnicity and judges’ sentencing decisions: Hispanic-black-white comparisons. Criminology, 39, 145-178.
    • (2001) Criminology , vol.39 , pp. 145-178
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Demuth, S.2
  • 92
    • 33747660210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does gender modify the effects of race-ethnicity on criminal sanctioning? Sentences for male and female white, black, and Hispanic defendants
    • Steffensmeier, D., & Demuth, S. (2006). Does gender modify the effects of race-ethnicity on criminal sanctioning? Sentences for male and female white, black, and Hispanic defendants. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22, 241-261.
    • (2006) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.22 , pp. 241-261
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Demuth, S.2
  • 93
    • 0018863360 scopus 로고
    • The differential impact of criminal stigmatization on male and female felons
    • Steffensmeier, D., & Kramer, J. (1980). The differential impact of criminal stigmatization on male and female felons. Sex Roles, 6, 1-16.
    • (1980) Sex Roles , vol.6 , pp. 1-16
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Kramer, J.2
  • 95
    • 0041181131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, black, and male
    • Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J., & Kramer, J. (1998). The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, black, and male. Criminology, 36, 763-798.
    • (1998) Criminology , vol.36 , pp. 763-798
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Ulmer, J.2    Kramer, J.3
  • 98
    • 0004009259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Tonry, M. H. (1996). Sentencing matters. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (1996) Sentencing matters
    • Tonry, M.H.1
  • 99
    • 1642633944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentencing in context: A multilevel analysis
    • Ulmer, J. T., & Johnson, B. (2004). Sentencing in context: A multilevel analysis. Criminology, 42, 137-177.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 137-177
    • Ulmer, J.T.1    Johnson, B.2
  • 100
    • 0003984586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company
    • U.S. Sentencing Commission. (2001). Federal sentencing guidelines manual. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
    • (2001) Federal sentencing guidelines manual
  • 101
    • 69649097427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: United States Sentencing Commission
    • U.S. Sentencing Commission. (2003). Sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Washington, DC: United States Sentencing Commission.
    • (2003) Sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics
  • 103
    • 84954433937 scopus 로고
    • Gender, police arrest decisions, and notions of chivalry
    • Visher, C. A. (1983). Gender, police arrest decisions, and notions of chivalry. Criminology, 21, 5-28.
    • (1983) Criminology , vol.21 , pp. 5-28
    • Visher, C.A.1
  • 104
    • 53349135471 scopus 로고
    • Inter-district variation under the guidelines: The trees may be more significant than the forest
    • Weisselberg, C. D. & Dunworth, T. (1993). Inter-district variation under the guidelines: The trees may be more significant than the forest. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 6, 25-28.
    • (1993) Federal Sentencing Reporter , vol.6 , pp. 25-28
    • Weisselberg, C.D.1    Dunworth, T.2
  • 106
    • 84946354761 scopus 로고
    • Gender expectations and their impact on black female offenders and victims
    • Young, V. D. (1986). Gender expectations and their impact on black female offenders and victims. Justice Quarterly, 3, 305-327.
    • (1986) Justice Quarterly , vol.3 , pp. 305-327
    • Young, V.D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.