Mineral nutrition of C4 forage grasses

Warm-Season (C4) Grasses

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 217-265

  Mathews, Bruce W ^a   Miyasaka, Susan C ^a   Tritschler, Joseph P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT HILO   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Absorption; C4 forage grass; Mineral nutrition; Nitrogen fertilization; Phosphorus; Potassium; Salinity stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 85019046116     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr45.c7     Document Type: Chapter

References (279)

1. Abruna, F., J. Figarella, and R. Caro-Costas. 1976. Efficiency of sulfur-coated urea and potassium chloride compounds applied to stargrass growing on an Ultisol under humid tropical conditions. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 60: 310-315.
2. Adjei, M.B., P. Mislevy, and W. Chason. 2000. Timing, defoliation management, and nitrogen effects on seed yield of ‘Argentine’ bahiagrass. Agron. J. 92: 36-41.
3. Adjei, M.B., J.E. Rechcigl, and R.S. Kalmbacher. 1998. Fertilization effects on the yield and chemical composition of limpograss pasture. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 57: 66-73.
4. Akin, D.E., and J.P. Hogan. 1983. Sulfur fertilization and rumen microbial degradation of cell walls in Digitaria pentzii (Stent). Crop Sci. 23: 851-858.
5. Algarswamy, G., J.C. Gardner, J.W. Maranville, and R.B. Clark. 1988. Measurement of instantaneous nitrogen use efficiency among pearl millet genotypes. Crop Sci. 28: 681-685.
6. Andrew, C.S., and M.F. Robins. 1971. The effect of phosphorus on the growth, chemical composition, and critical phosphorus percentages of some tropical pasture grasses. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 22: 693-706.
7. 4 mono- and dicotyledonous species at low and high nitrogen availability. Physiol. Plant. 95: 541-550.
8. Armstrong, R.D., and K.R. Helyar. 1992. Changes in soil phosphate fractions in the rhizosphere of semi-arid pasture grasses. Aust. J. Soil Res. 30: 131-143.
9. Avery, A.A. 1999. Infantile methemoglobinemia: Reexamining the role of drinking water nitrate. Environ. Health Perspect. 107: 583-586.
10. Awad, A.S., D.G. Edwards, and D.O. Huett. 1979. Seasonal changes in chemical composition of heavily fertilized kikuyu pasture and their potential effects on the mineral nutrition of grazing cattle. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 19: 183-191.
11. Awad, A.S., D.G. Edwards, and P.G. Milham. 1976. Effect of pH and phosphate on soluble soil aluminium and on growth and composition of kikuyu grass. Plant Soil 45: 531-542.
12. Baldani, J.I., L. Caruso, V.L.D. Baldani, S.R. Goi, and J. Dobereiner. 1997. Recent advances in BNF with non-legume plants. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29: 911-922.
13. Ballesteros, E., E. Blumwald, J.P. Donaire, and A. Belver. 1997. Na+/H+ antiport activity in tonoplast vesicles isolated from sunflower roots induced by NaCl stress. Physiol. Plant. 99: 328-334.
14. Barraclough, D., S.C. Jarvis, G.P. Davies, and J. Williams. 1992. The relation between fertilizer nitrogen applications and nitrate leaching from grazed grassland. Soil Use Manage. 8: 51-56.
15. Beede, D.K., W.K. Sanchez, and C. Wang. 1992. Macrominerals. p. 272-286. In H.H. Van Horn and C.J. Wilcox (ed.) Large dairy herd management. Am. Dairy Sci. Assoc., Champaign, IL.
16. Beede, D.K., P.L. Schneider, P.G. Mallonee, R.J. Collier, and C.J. Wilcox. 1983. Potassium nutrition and the relationship with heat stress in lactating dairy cattle, p. 1-21. In T.H. Berry (ed.). Proc. 6th Int. Minerals Conf., St. Petersburg, FL. 19 Jan. 1983. Int. Minerals and Chemical Co., Mundelein, IL.
17. Beighle, D.E., W.B. Tucker, and R.W. Hemken. 1988. Interactions of dietary cation-anion balance and phosphorus: Effects on growth and serum inorganic phosphorus in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 3362-3368.
18. Beighle, D.E., W.B. Tucker, and R.W. Hemken. 1990. Interactions of dietary cation-anion balance and phosphorus: Effects on blood, bone and faecal phosphorus concentration in dairy calves. J. South Afr. Vet. Assoc. 61: 5-8.
19. Bergareche, C., and E. Simon. 1988. Nitrate reductase activity and nitrate content under two forms and three levels of nitrogen nutrition in Lolium perenne L. J. Plant Physiol. 132: 28-33.
20. Bergareche, C., and E. Simon. 1989. Nitrate and ammonium accumulation in bermudagrass in relation to nitrogen fertilization and season. Plant Soil 119: 51-57.
21. Bethlenfalvay, G.J., and S. Dakessian. 1984. Grazing effects on mycorrhizal colonization and floristic composition of the vegetation on a semiarid range in northern Nevada. J. Range Manage. 37: 312-316.
22. Blaney, B.J., R.J.W. Gartner, and T.A. Head. 1982. The effects of oxalate in tropical grasses on calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium availability to cattle. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 99: 533-539.
23. Blaney, B.J., R.J.W. Gartner, and R.A. McKenzie. 1981. The effects of oxalate in some tropical grasses on the availability to horses of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 97: 507-514.
24. Block, E. 1984. Manipulating dietary anions and cations for prepartum dairy cows to reduce incidence of milk fever. J. Dairy Sci. 67: 2939-2948.
25. Blue, W.G. 1970a. Fertilizer nitrogen uptake by Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) from Leon fine sand, a Spodosol. p. 389-392. In M.J.T. Norman (ed.) Proc. Int. Grassl. Congr., 11th, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia. 12-23 Apr. 1970. Univ. of Queensland Press, St. Lucia.
26. Blue, W.G. 1970b. The effect of lime on retention of fertilizer phosphorus in Leon fine sand. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 30: 141-150.
27. Blue, W.G. 1972. Magnesium in Florida’s soils and crops, p. 309-329. In J.B. Jones, Jr. et al. (ed.). Magnesium in the environment: Soils, crops, animals, and man. Fort Valley State College, GA.
28. Blue, W.G. 1988a. Response of Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fliigge) to fertilizer nitrogen on an Entisol and a Spodosol from North Florida. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 47: 135-139.
29. Blue, W.G. 1988b. Micronutrients for agronomic and forage crops in perspective. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 47: 18-29.
30. Boddey, R.M., P.M. Chalk, R.L. Victoria, E. Matsui, and J. Dobereiner. 1983. The use of the 15N isotope dilution technique to estimate the contribution of associated biological nitrogen fixation to the nitrogen nutrition of Paspalum notatum cv. Bataitis. Can. J. Microbiol. 29: 1036-1045.
31. Boddey, R.M., I.M. Rao, and R.J. Thomas. 1996. Nutrient cycling and environmental impact of Brachiaria pastures, p. 72-86. In J.W. Miles et al. (ed.). Brachiaria: Biology, agronomy, and improvement. CIAT Publ. 259. CIAT, Cali, Colombia.
32. Boddey, R.M., and R.L. Victoria. 1986. Estimation of biological nitrogen fixation associated with Brachiaria and Paspalum grasses using 15N-labeled organic matter and fertilizer. Plant Soil 90: 265-292.
33. Bohnert, H.J., and R.G. Jensen. 1996. Metabolic engineering for increased salt tolerance-The next step. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 23: 661-667.
34. Bolán, N.S., R.E. White, and M.J. Hedley. 1990. A review of the use of phosphate rocks as fertilizers for direct application in Australia and New Zealand. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 30: 297-313.
35. Bouman, B.A.M., A. Nieuwenhuyse, and M. Ibrahim. 1999. Pasture degradation and restoration by legumes in humid tropical Costa Rica. Trop. Grassl. 33: 98-110.
36. Bowman, D.C., D.A. Devitt, M.C. Engelke, and T.W. Rufty, Jr. 1998. Root architecture affects nitrate leaching from bentgrass turf. Crop Sci. 38: 1633-1639.
37. Brejda, J.J. 2000. Fertilization of native warm-season grasses, p. 177-200. In K.J. Moore and B.E. Anderson (ed.). Native warm-season grasses: Research trends and issues. CSSA Spec. Publ. 30. CSSA and ASA, Madison, WI.
38. 4 plants and its implications in adaptation and evolution. Agron. J. 18: 93-98.
39. Burns, J.C., L.D. King, and P.W. Westerman. 1990. Long-term swine lagoon effluent applications on ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass. I. Yield, quality, and elemental removal. J. Environ. Qual. 19: 749-756.
40. Burton, G.W., R.N. Gates, and G.J. Gascho. 1997. Response of Pensacola bahiagrass to rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 56: 31-35.
41. Bushby, H.V.A., I. Vallis, and R.J.K. Myers. 1992. Dynamics of C in a pasture grass (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume)-soil system. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24: 381-387.
42. Campbell, C.M., C.W. Garcia, J.C. Nolan, Jr., Y.N. Tamimi, and E.B. Ho-a. 1971. Beef production from fertilized kikuyu grass pastures in Hawaii. Proc. West. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 22: 95-100.
43. Campbell, C.M., J.C. Nolan, Jr., R.W. Stanley, and O. Wayman. 1976. Effects of molybdenum and copper relationships on early weaned calves, p. 75-84. In W.R. Chappell and K.K. Petersen (ed.). Molybdenum in the environment: Vol. I. The biology of molybdenum. Marcel Dekker, New York.
44. Campbell, N.A., and J. Keay. 1970. Flexible techniques in describing mathematically a range of response curves of pasture species, p. 332-334. In M.J.T. Norman (ed.). Proc. Int. Grassl. Congr., 11th, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia. 12-23 Apr. 1970. Univ. of Queensland Press, St. Lucia.
45. Campkin, R. 1985. Model for calculating potassium requirements for grazed pastures. NZ J. Exp. Agric. 13: 27-37.
46. Carreker, J.R., S.R. Wilkinson, A.P. Barnett, and J.E. Box, Jr. 1977. Soil and water management systems for sloping lands. Spec. Pub. ARS-S-160. ARS-USDA, Washington, DC.
47. Cassman, K.G., A. Dobermann, and D.T. Walters. 2002. Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. Ambio 31: 132-140.
48. Catchpoole, V.R. 1984. Cultivating the surface soil to renovate a green panic (Panicum maximum) pasture on a brigalow soil in south east Queensland. Trop. Grassl. 18: 96-99.
49. Chandler, P.T. 1996. Environmental changes as related to animal agriculture-Dairy, p. 7-19. In E.T. Kornegay (ed.). Nutrient management of food animals to enhance and protect the environment. Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL.
50. Chapman, H.L., and A.E. Kretschmer. 1964. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on digestibility and feeding value of Pangóla grass hay. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 24: 176-183.
51. Chrispeels, M.J., and C. Maurel. 1994. Aquaporins: The molecular basis of facilitated water movement through living plant cells? Plant Physiol. 105: 9-13.
52. Clark, R.B. 1990. Physiology of cereals for mineral nutrient uptake, use, and efficiency, p. 131-209. In V.C. Baligar and R.R. Duncan (ed.). Crops as enhancers of nutrient use. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
53. Clarkson, D. 1974. Ion transport and cell structure in plants. McGraw-Hill, New York.
54. Cornforth, I.S., and A.G. Sinclair. 1982. Model for calculating maintenance phosphorus requirements for grazed pastures. NZ J. Exp. Agric. 10: 53-61.
55. Cram, W.J. 1990. Uptake and transport of sulfate, p. 3-11. In H. Rennenberg et al. (ed.). Sulfur nutrition and sulfur assimilation in higher plants. SPB Academic Publ., The Hague, The Netherlands.
56. Cramer, M.D., and O.A.M. Lewis. 1993. The influence of nitrate and ammonium nutrition on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) plants. Ann. Bot. 72: 359-365.
57. Cripps, R.W., J.L. Young, and A.T. Leonard. 1989. Effects of potassium and lime applied for Coastal bermudagrass production on sandy soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53: 127-132.
58. Cross, G.W. 1979. The production potential of Pennisetum clandestinum in the midlands and on the south coast of Natal. Proc. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. 14: 53-59.
59. Cuttle, S.P., and D. Scholefield. 1995. Management options to limit nitrate leaching from grassland. J. Contam. Hydrol. 20: 299-312.
60. Davison, T.M., W.N. Orr, B. A. Silver, R.G. Walker, and F. Duncalfe. 1997. Phosphorus fertilizer for nitrogen fertilized dairy pastures. 1. Long term effects on pasture, diet and soil. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 129: 205-217.
61. Day, J.L., and M.B. Parker. 1985. Fertilizer effects on crop removal of P and K in ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass forage. Agron. J. 77: 110-114.
62. DeLaune, P.B., and P.A. Moore, Jr. 2001. Predicting annual phosphorus losses from fields using the phosphorus index for pastures. Better Crops 85(4): 16-19, 23.
63. Dierolf, T., T. Fairhurst, and E. Mutert. 2001. Soil fertility kit: A toolkit for acid, upland soil fertility management in Southeast Asia. Potash and Phosphate Inst.-East and Southeast Asia Programs, Singapore.
64. Dobermann, A., P. Goovaerts, and T. George. 1995. Sources of soil variation in an acid Ultisol of the Philippines. Geoderma 68: 173-191.
65. Dracup, M.N.H., E.G. Barrett-Lennard, H. Greenway, and A.D. Robson. 1984. Effect of phosphorus deficiency on phosphatase activity of cell walls from roots of subterranean clover. J. Exp. Bot. 35: 466-480.
66. DuPonte, M.W., and N. Ke’ala. 2000. Pollution prevention planning through best management practices: Use of swine effluent in pasture management schemes, p. 50-55. In M.W. DuPonte and A.F. Kawabata (ed.). The Hawaii nutrient management education program proceedings, Hilo, HI. 8-17 Feb. 2000. Univ. of Hawaii Coop. Ext. Serv., Honolulu, HI.
67. Ebeling, A.M., L.G. Bundy, J.M. Powell, and T.W. Andraski. 2002. Dairy diet phosphorus effects on phosphorus losses in runoff from land-applied manure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66: 284-291.
68. Edwards, D.R. 1996. Recycling of livestock manure on pastures, p. 45-63. In R.E. Joost and CA. Roberts (ed.). Nutrient cycling in forage systems. Vol. I. Proc. of the Nutrient Cycling Symp., Colombia, MO. 7-8 March. Potash and Phosphate Inst, and the Foundation for Agron. Res., Manhattan, KS.
69. Eghball, B., and J.W. Maranville. 1993. Root development and nitrogen influx of corn genotypes grown under combined drought and nitrogen stresses. Agron. J. 85: 147-152.
70. Eichhorn, M.M., Jr. 1989. Effects of fertilizer nitrogen rates and sources on Coastal bermudagrass grown on Coastal Plain soil. Bull. 797. La. Agric. Exp. Stn., Baton Rouge.
71. Eichhorn, M.M., Jr., S.E. Feagley, and B.D. Nelson. 1990. Effects of sulfur fertilization on Coastal bermudagrass grown on Coastal Plain soil. p. 290-294. In J.P. Fontenot et al. (ed.) Proc. Am. Forage and Grassl. Conf, Blacksburg, VA. 6-9 June 1990. Am. For. Grassl. Counc, Georgetown, TX.
72. Engels, C., and H. Marschner. 1993. Influence of the form of nitrogen supply on root uptake and translocation of cations in the xylem exudate of maize (Zea mays L.). J. Exp. Bot. 44: 1694-1701.
73. Epstein, E. 1994. The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 11-17.
74. Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
75. Espinoza, J.E., L.R. McDowell, N.S. Wilkinson, J.H. Conrad, EG. Martin, and S.N. Williams. 1991. Effect of dietary phosphorus level on performance and mineral status of grazing cattle in a warm climate region of central Florida. Livestock Res. Rural Dev. 3(1): 6-16.
76. Evers, G.W. 2002. Ryegrass-bermudagrass production and nutrient uptake when combining nitrogen fertilizer with broiler litter. Agron. J. 94: 905-910.
77. Ezenwa, I., and M.E. Aken’ova. 1998. Performance of mixtures of selected grasses and adapted herbaceous legumes in south-west Nigeria. Trop. Grassl. 32: 131-138.
78. Fageria, N.K., V.C. Baligar, and R.B. Clark. 2002. Micronutrients in crop production. Adv. Agron. 77: 185-268.
79. Fageria, N.K., V.C. Baligar, and R.J. Wright. 1988. Aluminum toxicity in crop plants. J. Plant Nutr. 11: 303-319.
80. Figarella, J., J. Vicente-Chandler, S. Silva, and R. Caro-Costas. 1964. Effects of phosphorus fertilization on productivity of intensively managed grasses under humid tropical conditions in Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 48: 236-242.
81. Fisher, M.J., R.J. Thomas, and I.M. Rao. 1998. Management of tropical pastures in acid-soil savannas of South America for carbon sequestration in the soil. p. 405-420. In R. Lai (ed.) Management of carbon sequestration in soil. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
82. Flowers, T.J., P.F. Troke, and A.R. Yeo. 1977. The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 28: 89-121.
83. Flowers, T.J., and A.R. Yeo. 1995. Breeding for salinity resistance in crop plants: Where next? Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22: 875-884.
84. Follet, R.F., and S.R. Wilkinson. 1995. Nutrient management of forages, p. 55-82. In R.F Barnes et al. (ed.). Forages: The science of grassland agriculture. Vol. II. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA.
85. Forde, B.G. 2000. Nitrate transporters in plants: Structure, function, and regulation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1465: 219-235.
86. Foy, CD. 1983. Plant adaptation to mineral stress in problem soils. Iowa State J. Res. 57: 339-354.
87. Foy, C.D. 1988. Plant adaptation to acid, aluminum-toxic soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19: 959-987.
88. Foy, C.D., and A.J. Oakes. 1984. A winter hardy, aluminum tolerant, perennial pasture grass for reclamation of acid mine spoils. J. Plant Nutr. 7: 929-951.
89. Foy, C.D., B.J. Scott, and J.A. Fisher. 1988. Genetic differences in plant tolerances to manganese toxicity. Dev. Plant Soil Sci. 33: 293-307.
90. Franceschi, V.R. 1989. Calcium oxalate formation is a rapid and reversible process in Lemna minor L. Protoplasma 148: 130-137.
91. Francois, L.E., T. Donovan, and E.V. Maas. 1984. Salinity effects on seed yield, growth, and germination of grain sorghum. Agron. J. 76: 741-744.
92. Gahoonia, T.S., and N.E. Nielsen. 1997. Variation in root hairs of barley cultivars doubled soil phosphorus uptake. Euphytica 98: 177-182.
93. Gaines, T.P., and S.C Phatak. 1982. Sulfur fertilization effects on the constancy of the protein N: S ration in low and high sulfur accumulating crops. Agron. J. 74: 415-418.
94. Gamier, E., O. Gobin, and H. Poorter. 1995. Nitrogen productivity depends on photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and on nitrogen allocation within the plant. Ann. Bot. 76: 667-672.
95. Geber, U. 2000. Nutrient removal by grasses irrigated with wastewater and nitrogen balance for reed canarygrass. J. Environ. Qual. 29: 398-406.
96. Gerendas, J., Z. Zhu, R. Bendixen, R.G. Ratcliffe, and B. Sattelmacher. 1997. Physiological and biochemical processes related to ammonium toxicity in higher plants. Z. Pflanzenernaehr. Bodenkd. 160: 239-251.
97. Gilbert, M.A. 1989. Improving the efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer use in northern Australia, p. 95-96. In R. Desroches (ed.). Proc. Int. Grassl. Congr., 16th, Nice, France. 4-11 Oct. 1989. French Grassl. Soc, Versailles, Cedex, France.
98. Gilbert, M.A., and N.M. Clarkson. 1993. Efficient nitrogen fertiliser strategies for tropical beef and dairy production using summer rainfall and soil analyses, p. 1552-1553. In M.J. Baker (ed.). Proc. Int. Grassl. Congr., 17th, Hamilton, New Zealand and Rockhampton, Australia. 8-21 Feb. 1993. New Zealand Grassl. Assoc., Palmertown North.
99. Gilroy, S., P.C. Bethke, and R.L. Jones. 1993. Calcium homeostasis. J. Cell Sci. 106: 453-462.
100. Glass, A.D.M. 1989. Plant nutrition: An introduction to current concepts. Jones and Bartlett Publ., Boston, MA.
101. Glass, A.D.M., J.E. Shaff, and L.V. Kochian. 1992. Studies of the uptake of nitrate in barley: IV. Elec-trophysiology. Plant Physiol. 99: 456-463.
102. Gourley, C.J.P., D.L. Allan, and M.P. Russelle. 1994. Plant nutrient efficiency: A comparison on definitions and suggested improvement. Plant Soil 158: 29-37.
103. Graham, T.W.G., R.J.K. Myers, J.W. Doran, V.R. Catchpoole, and G.B. Robbins. 1985. Pasture renovation: The effect of cultivation on the productivity and nitrogen cycling of a Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) pasture, p. 640-642. In Proc. Int. Grassl. Congr., 15th, Kyoto, Japan. Jpn. Soc. of Grassl. Sci., Nishi-nasuno, Tochigi-ken.
104. Green, R.L., R.C. Hartwig, W.E. Richie, R.H. Loeppert, and J.B. Beard. 1998. A selection procedure for iron-deficiency stress tolerance among warm-season turfgrasses using ferrihydrite-amended growth media. HortScience 33: 841-844.
105. Grieve, C.M., and E.V. Maas. 1984. Betaine accumulation in salt-stressed sorghum. Physiol. Plant. 61: 167-171.
106. Grünes, D.L., and R.M. Welch. 1989. Plant contents of magnesium, calcium and potassium in relation to ruminant nutrition. J. Anim. Sci. 67: 3485-3494.
107. Hanson, J.B. 1984. The functions of calcium in plant nutrition. Adv. Plant Nutr. 1: 149-208.
108. Harvey, R.W., J.P Mueller, J.A. Barker, M.H. Poore, and J.B. Zublena. 1996. Forage characteristics, steer performance, and water quality from bermudagrass pastures fertilized with two levels of nitrogen from swine lagoon effluent. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 457-464.
109. Hasan, S.M., R.L. Fox, and C.C. Boyd. 1970. Solubility and availability of sorbed sulfate in Hawaiian soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34: 897-901.
110. Haynes, R.J., and R. Naidu. 1991. Effects of lime additions on the availability of phosphorus and sulphur in some temperate and tropical acid soils, p. 267-274. In R.J. Wright et al. (ed.). Plant-soil interactions at low pH. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
111. Hetrick, B.A.D., D.G. Kitt, and G.T. Wilson. 1988. Mycorrhizal dependence and growth habit of warm-season and cool-season tallgrass prairie plants. Can. J. Bot. 66: 1376-1380.
112. Hillard, J.B., V.A. Haby, and F.M. Hons. 1992. Effects of limestone and phosphorus on nutrient availability and Coastal bermudagrass yield on an Ultisol. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 23: 175-188.
113. Hoglund, J.R. 1985. Grazing intensity and soil nitrogen accumulation. Proc. NZ Grassl. Assoc. 46: 65-69.
114. Hooda, P.S., A.R. Rendell, A.C. Edwards, P.J.A. Withers, M.N. Aitken, and V.W. Truesdale. 2000. Relating soil phosphorus indices to potential phosphorus release to water. J. Environ. Qual. 29: 1166-1171.
115. Hooda, P.S., V.W. Truesdale, A.C. Edwards, P.J.A. Withers, M.N. Aitken, A. Miller, and A.R. Rendell. 2001. Manuring and fertilization effects on phosphorus accumulation in soils and potential environmental implications. Adv. Environ. Res. 5: 13-21.
116. Howitt, S.M., and M.K. Udvardi. 2000. Structure, function, and regulation of ammonium transporters in plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1465: 152-170.
117. Hue, N.V., G.R. Craddock, and F. Adams. 1986. Effect of organic acids on aluminum toxicity in subsoils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50: 28-34.
118. Ibrikci, H., N.B. Comerford, E.A. Hanlon, and J.E. Rechcigl. 1994. Phosphorus uptake by bahiagrass from Spodosols: Modeling the uptake from different horizons. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58: 139-143.
119. Impithuksa, V., and W.G. Blue. 1985. Fertilizer nitrogen and nitrogen-15 in three warm-season grasses grown on a Florida spodosol. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49: 1201-1204.
120. Impithuksa, V., W.G. Blue, and D.A. Graetz. 1984. Distribution of applied nitrogen in soil-Pensacola bahiagrass components as indicated by nitrogen-15. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 1280-1284.
121. Jakobsen, I., L.K. Abbot, and A.D. Robson. 1992. External hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. 1. Spread of hyphae and phosphorus inflow in roots. New Phytol. 120: 371-380.
122. Jardine, R. 1975. Two cheers for optimality! J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 41: 30-34.
123. Jones, R.J. 1990. Phosphorus and beef production in northern Australia. 1. Phosphorus and pasture productivity-A review. Trop. Grassl. 24: 131-139.
124. Keerthisinghe, G., P.J. Hocking, PR. Ryan, and E. Delhaize. 1998. Effect of phosphorus supply on the formation and function of proteoid roots of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). Plant Cell Environ. 21: 467-478.
125. Kelling, K.A., and J.E. Matocha. 1990. Plant analysis as an aid in fertilizing forage crops, p. 603-643. In R.L. Westerman (ed.). Soil testing and plant analysis. 3rd ed. SSSA Book Sen 3. SSSA, Madison, WI.
126. Keltjens, W.G., J.W. Nieuwenhuis, and J.A. Nelemans. 1986. Nitrogen retranslocation in plants of maize, lupin and cocklebur. Plant Soil. 91: 323-327.
127. Kimura, T., and K. Kurashima. 1991. Quantitative estimates of the budgets of nitrogen applied as fertilizer, urine, and feces in a soil-grass system. Jpn. Agric. Res. Quart. 25: 101-107.
128. Kinraide, T.B. 1991. Identity of the rhizotoxic aluminium species. Plant Soil 134: 167-178.
129. Kochian, L.V. 1991. Mechanisms of micronutrient uptake, translocation, and interactions in plants, p. 229-296. In J.J. Mortvedt et al. (ed.). Micronutrients in agriculture. 2nd ed. SSSA Book Ser. 4. SSSA, Madison, WI.
130. Layzell, D.B. 1990. N2 fixation, N
131. Ledgard, S.F., and K.W. Steele. 1992. Biological nitrogen fixation in mixed legume/grass pastures. Plant Soil 141: 137-153.
132. Leigh, R.A., and R.G. Wyn Jones. 1984. A hypothesis relating critical potassium concentrations for growth to the distribution and functions of this ion in the plant cell. New Phytol. 97: 1-13.
133. Li, M., M. Osaki, I.M. Rao, and T. Tadano. 1997. Secretion of phytase from the roots of several plant species under phosphorus-deficient conditions. Plant Soil 195: 161-169.
134. Libert, B., and V.R. Franceschi. 1987. Oxalate in crop plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 35: 926-938.
135. Lory, J.A., and P.C. Scharf. 1999. Threshold P survey. Available on line at http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/serai7/publications/P_Threshhold/Threshold_P_Survey_3_l_99.htm (verified 9 Jan. 2003).
136. Lucas, W.J., B. Ding, and C. Van der Schoot. 1993. Tansley Review 58, Plasmodesmata and the supra-cellular nature of plants. New Phytol. 125: 435-476.
137. Luttge, U., and N. Higginbotham. 1979. Transport in plants. Springer-Verlag, New York.
138. Maas, E.V. 1986. Salt tolerance of plants. Appl. Agric. Res. 1: 12-26.
139. Maasdorp, B.V. 1987. Contribution of associative N2-fixation (acetylene reduction) in some grassland ecosystems in Zimbabwe. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19: 7-12.
140. 2 and light in rice plants? Plant Physiol. 114: 483-491.
141. Mannetje, L.‘t. 1997. Harry Stobbs Memorial Lecture, 1994: Potential and prospects of legume-based pastures in the tropics. Trop. Grassl. 31: 81-94.
142. Marais, J.P. 2001. Factors affecting the nutritive value of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum)-A review. Trop. Grassl. 35: 65-84.
143. Marais, J.P., A.D. Barnabas, and D.L. Figenschou. 1997. Effect of calcium nutrition on the formation of calcium oxalate in kikuyu grass, p. 17-45 to 17-46. In J.G. Buchanan-Smith et al. (ed.) Proc. Grassl. Congr., 18th, Vol. II, Winnipeg and Saskatoon, Canada. 8-17 June 1997. Canadian Forage Counc, Calgary, AB.
144. Maranville, J.W., R.B. Clark, and W.M. Ross. 1980. Nitrogen efficiency in grain sorghum. J. Plant Nutr. 2: 577-589.
145. Marcum, K.B. 1999. Salinity tolerance mechanisms of grasses in the subfamily Chloridoideae. Crop Sci. 39: 1153-1160.
146. 4 turfgrasses to salinity. Agron. J. 82: 892-896.
147. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press, New York.
148. Marschner, H., and V. Romheld. 1983. In-vivo measurement of root-induced pH changes at the soil-root interface: Effect of plant species and nitrogen source. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 111: 241-251.
149. Mathews, B.W., J.R. Carpenter, L.E. Sollenberger, and K.D. Hisashima. 2001. Macronutrient, soil organic carbon, and earthworm distribution in subtropical pastures on an Andisol with and without long-term fertilization. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32: 209-230.
150. Mathews, B.W., and K.D. Hopkins. 1999. Superiority of S-shaped (sigmoidal) yield curves for explaining low-level nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization responses in the humid tropics. J. Hawaiian Pacific Agric. 10: 33-46.
151. Mathews, B.W., L.E. Sollenberger, and C.R. Staples. 1994. Sulfur fertilization of bermudagrass and effect on digestion of nitrogen, sulfur, and fiber by nonlactating cows. J. Hawaiian Pacific Agric. 5: 21-30.
152. Mathews, B.W., L.E. Sollenberger, and J.P. Tritschler II. 1996. Grazing systems and spatial distribution of nutrients in pastures-Soil considerations, p. 213-229. In R.E. Joost and CA. Roberts (ed.). Nutrient cycling in forage systems. Vol. I. Proc. of the Nutrient Cycling Symp., Colombia, MO. 7-8 March. Potash and Phosphate Inst, and the Foundation for Agron. Res., Manhattan, KS.
153. Mathews, B.W., J.P. Tritschler II, J.R. Carpenter, and L.E. Sollenberger. 1999. Soil macronutrient distribution in rotationally stocked kikuyugrass paddocks with short and long grazing periods. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 30: 557-571.
154. Mathews, B.W., J.P. Tritschler II, and S.C Miyasaka. 1998. Phosphorus management and sustainabil-ity. p. 193-222. In J.H. Cherney and D.J.R. Cherney (ed.) Grass for dairy cattle. CAB Int., Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
155. Mayland, H.F. 1988. Grass tetany, p. 511-523. In D.C Church (ed.). The ruminant animal: Its physiology and nutrition. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
156. Mayland, H.F., and PR. Cheeke. 1995. Forage-induced animal disorders, p. 121-135. In R.F Barnes et al. (ed.). Forages: The science of grassland agriculture. Vol. II. 5th ed. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA.
157. Mayland, H.F., and D.L. Grunes. 1979. Soil-climate-plant relationships in the etiology of grass tetany. p. 123-175. In V.V. Rendig et al. (ed.) Grass tetany. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
158. Mays, D.A. 1970. Sulphur-coated urea: a slow-release nitrogen source for grass, p. 428-430. In M.J.T. Norman (ed.). Proc. Int. Grassl. Congr., 11th, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia. 12-23 Apr. 1970. Univ. of Queensland Press, St. Lucia.
159. Mays, D.A., S.R. Wilkinson, and C.V. Cole. 1980. Phosphorus nutrition of forages, p. 805-846. In F.E. Khasawneh et al. (ed.). The role of phosphorus in agriculture. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
160. McDowell, L.R. 1985. Nutrition of grazing ruminants in warm climates. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
161. McDowell, L.R. 1992. Minerals in animal and human nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
162. McDowell, L.R. 1997. Minerals for grazing ruminants in tropical regions. 3rd ed. Univ. of Florida Coop. Ext. Serv. Bull., Gainesville, FL.
163. McDowell, R.W., and A.N. Sharpley. 2001. Approximating phosphorus release from soils to surface runoff and subsurface drainage. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 508-520.
164. McLean, R.W., and J.H. Ternouth. 1994. The growth and phosphorus kinetics of steers grazing a subtropical pasture. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 45: 1831-1845.
165. Mears, P.T., and L.R. Humphreys. 1974. Nitrogen response and stocking rate of Pennisetum clandes-tinum pastures. I. Pasture nitrogen requirement and concentration, distribution of dry matter and botanical composition. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 83: 451-467.
166. Meinzer, F.C., Z. Plaut, and N.Z. Saliendra. 1994. Carbon isotope discrimination, gas exchange, and growth of sugarcane cultivars under salinity. Plant Physiol. 104: 521-526.
167. 2 concentrating system, and therefore quantum yield, in Saccharum (sugarcane) species. J. Exp. Bot. 49: 1227-1234.
168. Miles, N. 1991. Nutrition of intensive pastures in the summer rainfall areas of southern Africa. J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. 8: 39-48.
169. Miles, N. 1997. Responses of productive and unproductive kikuyu pastures to top-dressed nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Afr. J. Range Forage Sci. 14: 1-6.
170. Miles, N., and A.D. Manson. 1992. Considerations on the sustainability and environmental impact of intensive pastures. J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. 9: 135-140.
171. Miller, D.M., PA. Moore, Jr., D.A. Edwards, D.A. Stephen, and E.E. Gbur. 1993. Determination of water soluble phosphorus in soil. Arkansas Farm Res. 42: 10-11.
172. Miller, G.L., and R. Dickens. 1996a. Bermudagrass carbohydrate levels as influenced by potassium fertilization and cultivar. Crop Sci. 36: 1283-1289.
173. Miller, G.L., and R. Dickens. 1996b. Potassium fertilization related to cold resistance in bermudagrass. Crop Sci. 36: 1290-1295.
174. Mills, H.A., and J.B. Jones, Jr. 1996. Plant analysis handbook II. MicroMacro Publ., Athens, GA.
175. Minson, D.J. 1990. Forage in ruminant nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
176. Miranda, C.H.B., and R.M. Boddey. 1987. Estimation of biological nitrogen fixation associated with 11 ecotypes of Panicum maximum grown in nitrogen-15 labeled soil. Agron. J. 79: 558-563.
177. Mitchell, C.C., Jr., and W.G. Blue. 1981. The sulfur fertility status of Florida soils. I. Sulfur distribution in Spodosols, Entisols, and Ultisols. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 40: 71-76.
178. Mitchell, C.C., Jr., and W.G. Blue. 1989. Bahiagrass response to sulfur on an Aerie Haplaquod. Agron. J. 81: 53-57.
179. Mitchell, P. 1961. Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemiosmotic type of mechanism. Nature (London) 191: 144-148.
180. Miyasaka, S.C., and M. Habte. 2001. Plant mechanisms and mycorrhizal symbioses to increase phosphorus uptake efficiency. Commun. Soil Plant Anal. 32: 1101-1148.
181. Moll, R.H., E.J. Kamprath, and W.A. Jackson. 1982. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agron. J. 74: 562-564.
182. Morrison, J. 1966. The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and cultivation on the productivity of kikuyu grass at high altitudes in Kenya. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 31: 291-297.
183. Muchovej, R.M.C., and J.E. Rechcigl. 1994. Impact of nitrogen fertilization of pastures and turf grasses on water quality, p. 91-135. In B.A. Stewart and R. Lai (ed.). Soil processes and water quality. Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL.
184. Munns, R. 1993. Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: Some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Environ. 16: 15-24.
185. Myers, R.J.K., I. Vallis, W.B. McGill, and E.F. Henzell. 1987. Nitrogen in grass-dominant, unfertilized pasture systems, p. 761-771. In I. Kiechle (ed.). Trans. Congr. Int. Soc. Soil Sci., 13th. Vol. 1. 13-20 Aug. 1986. Federal Ministry of Nutrition, Agric, and Forestry, Hamburg, Germany.
186. Nair, V.D., and D.A. Graetz. 2002. Phosphorus sorption saturation in spodosols impacted by manure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 31: 1279-1285.
187. Nash, D., and C. Murdoch. 1997. Phosphorus in runoff from a fertile dairy pasture. Aust. J. Soil Res. 35: 419-429.
188. National Research Council. 1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 7th ed. Natl. Academy Press, Washington, DC.
189. National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th ed. Natl. Academy Press, Washington, DC.
190. Neill, C., and E.A. Davidson. 2000. Soil carbon accumulation or loss following deforestation for pasture in the Brazilian Amazon, p. 197-211. In R. Lai et al. (ed.). Global climate change and tropical ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
191. Nelson, L.R., T.C. Keisling, and F.M. Rouquette. 1983. Potassium rates and sources for Coastal bermudagrass. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47: 963-966.
192. Nielsen, F.H. 1990. Trace minerals, p. 294. In M.L. Brown (ed.) Present knowledge in nutrition. 6th ed. Int. Life Sci. Inst., Nutr. Foundation, Washington, DC.
193. 4 cereals. Plant Physiol. 106: 407-414.
194. Olson, R.A., K.D. Frank, PH. Grabouski, and G.W. Rehm. 1982. Economic and agronomic impacts of varied philosophies of soil testing. Agron. J. 74: 492-499.
195. Osborne, S.L., W.R. Raun, G.V. Johnson, J.L. Rogers, and W. Altom. 1999. Bermudagrass response to high nitrogen rates, source, and season of application. Agron. J. 91: 438-444.
196. Overman, A.R. 1995. Rational basis for the logistic model for forage grasses. J. Plant Nutr. 18: 995-1012.
197. Pang, X.P., and J. Letey. 2000. Organic farming: Challenge of timing nitrogen availability to crop nitrogen requirements. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64: 247-253.
198. Pasricha, N.S., and R.L. Fox. 1993. Plant nutrient sulfur in the tropics and subtropics. Adv. Agron. 50: 209-269.
199. Pate, J.S., and W.D. Jeschke. 1993. Mineral uptake and transport in xylem and phloem of the protea-ceous tree, Banksia prionotes. Plant Soil 155/156: 273-276.
200. Pellet, D.M., D.L. Gruñes, and L.V. Kochian. 1995. Organic acid exudation as an aluminum-tolerance mechanism in maize (Zea mays L.). Planta 196: 788-795.
201. Peterson, P.R., and J.R. Gerrish. 1996. Grazing systems and spatial distribution of nutrients in pastures: Livestock management considerations, p. 203-212. In R.E. Joost and CA. Roberts (ed.). Nutrient cycling in forage systems. Vol. I. Proc. of the Nutrient Cycling Symp., Colombia, MO. 7-8 March. Potash and Phosphate Inst, and the Foundation for Agronomic Res., Manhattan, KS.
202. Phillips, J.M., and C.C. Curtis. 1989. Nitrogen and sulfur recovery of Coastal bermudagrass. p. 250-254. In Proc. 1989 Am. Forage and Grassl. Conf., Guelph, ON, Canada. 22-25 May 1989. Am. Forage Grassl. Counc, Georgetown, TX.
203. Primavesi, A., and O. Primavesi. 2002. Optimising climate-soil-pasture-cattle interactions in Brazil. LEISA Magazine 18(1): 12-13.
204. Raghothama, K.G. 1999. Phosphate acquisition. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50: 665-693.
205. Rao, I.M., V. Borrero, J. Ricaurte, and R. Garcia. 1999. Adaptive attributes of tropical forage species to acid soils. V. Differences in phosphorus acquisition from less available inorganic and organic sources of phosphate. J. Plant Nutr. 22: 1175-1196.
206. Rees, M.C., and D.J. Minson. 1976. Fertilizer calcium as a factor affecting the voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time of pangóla grass (Digitaria decumbens) by sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 36: 179-187.
207. Rees, M.C., and D.J. Minson. 1978. Fertilizer sulphur as a factor affecting voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time of pangóla grass (Digitaria decumbens) by sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 39: 5-11.
208. Rees, M.C., and D.J. Minson. 1982. Intake, digestibility and rumen characteristics of sheep given grass fertilized with phosphorus. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 33: 629-636.
209. Rees, M.C., D.J. Minson, and F.W. Smith. 1974. The effect of supplementary and fertilizer sulphur on voluntary intake, digestibility, retention time in the rumen, and site of digestion of pangóla grass in sheep. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 82: 419-422.
210. Reinbott, T.M., and D.G. Blevins. 1994. Phosphorus and temperature effects on magnesium, calcium, and potassium in wheat and tall fescue leaves. Agron. J. 86: 523-529.
211. Rendig, V.V., C. Oputa, and E.A. McComb. 1976. Effects of sulfur deficiency on non-protein nitrogen, soluble sugars, and N/S ratios in young corn (Zea mays L.) plants. Plant Soil 44: 423-437.
212. Rhodes, D., and A.D. Hanson. 1993. Quarternary ammonium and tertiary sulfonium compounds in higher plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 44: 357-384.
213. Robards, A.W., and S.M. Jackson, and D.T. Clarkson. 1973. The structure of barley roots in relation to the transport of ions into the stele. Protoplasma 77: 291-311.
214. Robbins, G.B., K.G. Rickert, and L.R. Humphreys. 1986. Productivity decline in sown tropical grass pastures with age: The problem and possible solutions. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 16: 319-322.
215. Roberts, S.K., and M. Tester. 1997. A patch clamp study of Na+ transport in maize roots. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 431-440.
216. Robinson, D.L. 1985. Potassium nutrition of forages, p. 895-914. In R.D. Munson (ed.). Potassium in agriculture. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
217. Robinson, D.L. 1996. Fertilization and nutrient utilization in harvested forage systems: Southern forage crops, p. 65-92. In R.E. Joost and CA. Roberts (ed.). Nutrient cycling in forage systems. Potash and Phosphate Inst, and the Foundation for Agronomic Res., Manhattan, KS.
218. Robinson, D.L., A.E. Castillo, and T. Kong. 1993. Acid tolerance of forage species. Better Crops 77(4): 8-11.
219. Rogers, M.E., CL. Noble, and R.J. Pederick. 1996. Identifying suitable grass species for saline areas. Aust. J. Expt. Agric. 36: 197-202.
220. Russel, J.S. 1976. Comparative salt tolerance of some tropical and temperate legumes and tropical grasses. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 16: 103-109.
221. Ryan, P.R., J.M. Ditomaso, and L.V. Kochian. 1993. Aluminum toxicity in roots: An investigation of spatial sensitivity and the role of the root cap. J. Exp. Bot. 44: 437-446.
222. Sanderson, M.A., and R.M. Jones. 1997. Forage yields, nutrient uptake, soil chemical changes, and nitrogen volatilization from bermudagrass treated with dairy manure. J. Prod. Agric. 10: 266-271.
223. Satter, L.D., Z. Wu, and J.M. Powell. 2000. Reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus in dairy manure by diet manipulation, p. 31-52. In Proc. Calif. Anim. Nutr. Conf., Fresno, CA. 10-11 May 2000. Calif. Grain & Feed Assoc., Sacramento.
224. Schachtman, D.P. 2000. Molecular insights into the structure and function of plant K+ transport mechanisms. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1465: 127-139.
225. Schindler, T.M. 1998. The new view of the primary cell wall. Z. Planzenernaehr. Bodenkd. 161: 499-508.
226. Sentenac, H., and C Grignon. 1985. Effect of pH on orthophosphate uptake by corn roots. Plant Physiol. 77: 136-141.
227. Shantharam, S., and A.K. Mattoo. 1997. Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation: An appraisal of current and alternative technologies for N input into plants. Plant Soil 194: 205-216.
228. Sims, J.T., R.O. Maguire, A.B. Leytem, K.L. Gartley, and M.C. Pautler. 2002. Evaluation of Mehlich 3 as an agri-environmental soil phosphorus test for the mid-Atlantic United States of America. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66: 2016-2032.
229. Smith, F.W. 1981. Ionic relations in tropical pasture grasses. J. Plant Nutr. 3: 813-826.
230. Smith, F.W., A.L. Rae, and M.J. Hawkesford. 2000. Molecular mechanisms of phosphate and sulfate transport in plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1465: 236-245.
231. Smith, F.W., and M.E. Siregar. 1983. Sulfur requirements of tropical forages, p. 76-86. In G.J. Blair and A.R. Till (ed.). Sulfur in South East Asian and South Pacific agriculture. Univ. of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
232. Smith, K.A., A.G. Chalmers, B.J. Chambers, and P. Christie. 1998. Organic manure phosphorus accumulation, mobility and management. Soil Use Manage. 14: 154-159.
233. Smith, M.D., D.C Hartnett, and G.W.T. Wilson. 1999. Interacting influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and competition on plant diversity in tallgrass prairie. Oecologia 121: 574-582.
234. Snyder, G.H., and A.E. Kretschmer, Jr. 1986. Effect of K fertilization on growth and K recovery of four tropical pasture grasses on a south Florida spodosol. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 45: 75-80.
235. Sollenberger, L.E., J.C.B. Dubeaux, Jr., H.Q. Santos, and B.W. Mathews. 2002. Nutrient cycling in tropical pasture ecosystems, p. 151-179. In A.M.V. Batista et al. (ed.) Proc. 39th Reuniao Anual So-ciedade Brasileira de Zootecnica, Recife, Brazil. 29 July-1 Aug. 2002. Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnica, Brasilia, Brazil.
236. Spain, J.M. 1979. Pasture establishment and management in the Llanos Orientales of Colombia, p. 167-176. In PA. Sanchez and L.E. Tergas (ed.). Pasture production in acid soils of the tropics. CIAT, Cali, Colombia.
237. Spears, J.W. 1996. Optimizing mineral levels and sources for farm animals, p. 259-275. In E.T. Korne-gay (ed.). Nutrient management of food animals to enhance and protect the environment. Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL.
238. Steudle, E., and CA. Peterson. 1998. How does water get through roots? J. Exp. Bot. 49: 775-788.
239. Sugimoto, Y., M. Hirata, and M. Ueno. 1987. Energy and matter flows in bahiagrass pasture. V. Excreting behavior of Holstein heifers. J. Jpn. Soc. Grassl. Sci. 33: 8-14.
240. Sumner, M.E., and T. Yamada. 2002. Farming with acidity. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 33: 2467-2496.
241. Sumner, S., W. Wade, J. Selph, J. Southwell, V. Höge, P. Hogue, E. Jennings, P. Miller, and T. Seawright. 1991. Fertilization of established bahiagrass pasture in Florida. Circ. 916. Florida Coop. Ext. Serv., Gainesville.
242. Tamimi, Y.N. 1972. Responses of kikuyu and pangóla grasses to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium: II. Effect of high rates, p. 85-92. In Proc. 7th Ann. Mealani Beef Cattle Field Day, Mealani Exp. Stn., Kamuela, HI. 18 Sept. 1971. Misc. Publ. 81. Univ. of Hawaii Coop. Ext. Serv., Honolulu.
243. Tamimi, Y.N., P. Charbonneau, and D.T. Matsuyama. 1978. Grass tetany and Hawaii pastures, p. 11-15. In Proc. Beef Cattle Field Day, 10th, Mealani Exp. Stn., Kamuela, HI. 8 Nov. 1976. Misc. Publ. 143. Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI.
244. Tamimi, Y.N., C.W. Garcia, and J.C. Nolan. 1967. The effect of major and minor elements upon the yield of kikuyu grass, p. 23-26. In Proc. Ann. Beef Cattle Field Day, 3rd, Mealani Farm., Kamuela, HI. 26 Aug. 1967. Misc. Publ. 45. Univ. of Hawaii Coop. Ext. Serv., Honolulu.
245. Tamimi, Y.N., and D.T. Matsuyama. 1972. The effect of calcium silicate and calcium carbonate on growth of sorghum. AGRI Digest 25: 37-44.
246. Tamimi, Y.N., J.A. Silva, R.S. Yost, and N.V. Hue. 1994. Adequate nutrient levels in soils and plants in Hawaii. Coll. Trop. Agric. Human Resour. Fact Sheet 3. Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI.
247. Tamimi, Y.N., R.S. Uchida, and D.T. Matsuyama. 1974. The importance of the pH dependency of charge in tropical soils on crop fertilizer management, p. 81-90. In S. Ahmed (coord, ed.) Proc. Fertilizer I.N.P.U.T.S. (Increasing productivity under tight supplies) project: Planning and organization meeting. 21-25 Oct. 1974. East-West Center, Honolulu, HI.
248. Taylor, W.E., W.E. McMurphy, and G.L. McLaughlin. 1983. Equipment for aerating bermudagrass pastures. Trans. ASAE 26: 352-356.
249. Teitzel, J.K., M.A. Gilbert, and R.T. Cowan. 1991. Sustaining productive pastures in the tropics 6. Nitrogen fertilized grass pastures. Trop. Grassl. 25: 111-118.
250. Teitzel, J.K., and R.J. Wilson. 1991. Productive and stable pasture systems for cattle fattening in the humid tropics. 2. Field testing on a naturally infertile site. Agric. Syst. 36: 267-277.
251. Thomas, R.J. 1995. Role of legumes in providing N for sustainable tropical pasture systems. Plant Soil 174: 103-118.
252. Tyerman, S.D., and D.P. Schachtman. 1992. The role of ion channels in plant nutrition and prospects for their genetic manipulation. Plant Soil 146: 137-144.
253. Uehara, G., G.Y Tsuji, and RH. Beinroth. 1995. Extrapolating results of long-term experiments, p. 105-122. In R. Lai and B.A. Stewart (ed.). Soil management: Experimental basis for sustainabil-ity and environmental quality. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
254. Ullrich-Eberius, C.I., A. Novacky, and A.J.E. van Bel. 1984. Phosphate uptake in Lemna gibba Gl: Energetics and kinetics. Planta 161: 46-52.
255. Van Horn, H.H., G.L. Newton, and W.E. Kunkle. 1996. Ruminant nutrition from an environmental perspective: Factors affecting whole-farm nutrient balance. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 3082-3102.
256. Veldkamp, E., M. Keller, and M. Nunez. 1998. Effects of pasture management on N20 and NO emissions from soils in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12: 71-79.
257. Vicente-Chandler, J. 1989. Tropical grasses, p. 531-553. In D.L. Plucknett and H.B. Sprague (ed.). Detecting mineral nutrient deficiencies in tropical and temperate crops. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
258. Vicente-Chandler, J., F. Abruña, R. Caro-Costas, J. Figarella, S. Silva, and R.W. Pearson. 1974. Intensive grassland management in the humid tropics of Puerto Rico. Bull. 233. Univ. of Puerto Rico Agric. Exp. Stn., Mayagiiez.
259. von Wiren, N., S. Mori, H. Marschner, and V. Romheld. 1994. Iron inefficiency in maize mutant ysl (Zea mays L. cv. Yellow-stripe) is caused by a defect in uptake of iron phytosiderophores. Plant Physiol. 106: 71-77.
260. Walker, J.W., R.K. Heitshmidt, and S.L. Dowhower. 1989. Some effects of rotational grazing treatment on cattle preference for plant communities. J. Range Manage. 42: 143-148.
261. Wenzl, P., G.M. Patino, A.L. Chaves, J.E. Mayer, and I.M. Rao. 2001. The high level of aluminum resistance in signalgrass is not associated with known mechanisms of external aluminum detoxification in root apices. Plant Physiol. 125: 1473-1484.
262. Wheeler, D.M. 1998. Investigation into the mechanisms causing lime responses in a grass/clover pasture on a clay loam soil. NZ J. Agric. Res. 41: 497-515.
263. White, R.E., and A.N. Sharpley. 1996. The fate of non-metal contaminants in the soil environment, p. 29-67. In R. Naidu et al. (ed.). Contaminants and the soil environment in the Australasia-Pacific region. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
264. Whitehead, D.C. 2000. Nutrient elements in grassland: Soil-plant-animal relationships. CAB Int., Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
265. Whitney, A.S. 1974. Growth of kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum) under clipping. II. Regrowth characteristics in relation to nitrogen fertilization and climate. Agron. J. 66: 763-767.
266. Whitney, A.S., and R.E. Green. 1969. Pangolagrass performance under different levels of nitrogen fertilization in Hawaii. Agron. J. 61: 577-581.
267. Whitney, A.S., and Y.N. Tamimi. 1974. Efficiency of broadcast application of urea to subtropical pastures, p. 580-587. In V.G. Iglovikov and A.R Movsissyants (ed.). Proc. Int. Grassl. Congr., 12th. Vol. 2, Moscow, USSR. 11-20 June 1974. Izdatelbstvo MIR, Moscow.
268. Wilkinson, S.R., and G.W. Langdale. 1974. Fertility needs of the warm-season grasses, p. 119-145. In D. Mays (ed.). Forage fertilization. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
269. Wilkinson, S.R., and J.A. Stuedemann. 1979. Tetany hazard of grass as affected by fertilization with nitrogen, potassium, or poultry litter and methods of grass tetany prevention, p. 93-121. In V. V. Rendig et al. (ed.). Grass tetany. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
270. Williams, M.C., B.J. Smith, and R. Lopez V. 1991. Effect of nitrogen, sodium, and potassium on nitrate and oxalate concentration in kikuyu grass. Weed Technol. 5: 553-556.
271. Williams, M.J., and R.S. Kalmbacher. 1996. Renovation effects on bahiagrass productivity. Agron. J. 88: 191-198.
272. Winter, W.H., D.B. Coates, R.E. Hendricksen, P.C. Kerridge, R.W. McLean, and C.P. Miller. 1990. Phosphorus and beef production in northern Australia. 4. The response of cattle to fertilizer and supplementary phosphorus. Trop. Grassl. 24: 170-184.
273. Wolt, J.D. 1994. Soil solution chemistry: Applications to environmental science and agriculture. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
274. Wright, M.J., and K.L. Davison. 1964. Nitrate accumulation in crops and nitrate poisoning in animals. Adv. Agron. 16: 197-247.
275. Yang, Y.W., R.J. Newton, and F.R. Miller. 1990. Salinity tolerance in Sorghum. I. Whole plant response to sodium chloride in S. bicolor and S. halepense. Crop Sci. 30: 775-781.
276. Yeo, A. 1998. Molecular biology of salt tolerance in the context of whole-plant physiology. J. Exp. Bot. 49: 915-929.
277. Young, J.L. 1984. Effects of fertilizer calcium, magnesium, and minor elements on yield and nutritive value of improved bermudagrasses. p. 90-102. In What we do and do not know about fertilization and utilization of improved bermudagrasses? Proc. Regional Seminar. 24-26 July 1984. Hill Farm Res. Stn., Homer, LA. La. Agric. Exp. Stn., Louisiana State Univ. Agric. Ctr., Baton Rouge, LA.
278. Younge, O.R. 1961. Pangolagrass requires high potassium fertilization. Hawaii Farm Sci. 10(2): 3-5.
279. Zoysa, A.K.N., P. Loganathan, and M.J. Hedley. 1998. Phosphate rock dissolution and transformation in the rhizosphere of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) compared with other plant species. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 49: 477-486.