Visible/solar light active photocatalysts for organic effluent treatment: Fundamentals, mechanisms and parametric review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 76, Issue , 2017, Pages 1393-1421

  Bora, Leena V ^a   Mewada, Rajubhai K ^a  

^a NIRMA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Heterojunction; ion exchangeable structure; p n junction; Parameter; Photocatalysis; Recombination; Sunlight; Surface plasmon resonance; Z scheme

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS; EFFLUENT TREATMENT; EFFLUENTS; ENERGY GAP; HETEROJUNCTIONS; LIGHT; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PHOTOCATALYSIS; PHOTOCATALYSTS; REACTION KINETICS; SOLAR ENERGY; THERMODYNAMICS; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY;

FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS; ION-EXCHANGEABLE STRUCTURE; ORGANIC EFFLUENTS; P-N JUNCTION; PARAMETER; RECOMBINATION; SOLAR LIGHT; SUNLIGHT; SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; Z-SCHEME;

SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE;

EID: 85017387593     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.130     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. [1] Tsao J, Solar FAQs, [Online]. Available: 〈http://www.sandia.gov/~jytsao/Solar%20FAQs.pdf〉 [accessed 05.01.15].
2. [2] Basics of Solar Energy, [Online]. Available: 〈http://zebu.uoregon.edu/disted/ph162/l4.html〉 [accessed 05.01.15].
3. [3] Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements, [Online]. Available: 〈http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/weather/photosynthetically-active-radiation/〉 [accessed 01.05.15].
4. [4] Babuponnusami, A., Muthukumar, K., A review on Fenton and improvements to the Fenton process for wastewater treatment. J Environ Chem Eng 2 (2014), 557–572.
5. [5] Gogate, P.A., Pandit, A.B., A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions. Adv Environ Res 8 (2004), 501–551.
6. [6] Gogate, P.R., Pandit, A.B., A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment II:hybrid methods. Adv Environ Res 8 (2004), 553–597.
7. [7] Andreozzi, R., Caprio, V., Insola, A., Marotta, R., Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery. Catal Today 53 (1999), 51–59.
8. [8] Fujishima, A., TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf Sci Rep 63 (2008), 515–582.
9. [9] Herrmann, J.-M., Heterogeneous photocatalysis: an emerging discipline involving multiphase systems. Catal Today 24:1–2 (1995), 157–164.
10. [10] Herrmann, J.-M., Fundamentals and misconceptions in photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 216 (2010), 85–93.
11. [11] Herrmann, J.-M., Photocatalysis fundamentals revisited to avoid several misconceptions. Appl Catal B: Environ 99:3–4 (2010), 461–468.
12. [12] Pelaez, M., Nolan, N.T., Pillai, S.C., Seery, M.K., Falaras, P., Kontos, A.G., et al. A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications. Appl Catal B: Environ 125 (2012), 331–349.
13. [13] Gaya, U.I., Abdullah, A.H., Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: a review of fundamentals, progress and problems. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 9 (2008), 1–12.
14. [14] McEvoy, J.G., Zhang, Z., Antimicrobial and photocatalytic disinfection mechanisms in silver-modified photocatalysts under dark and light conditions. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 19 (2014), 62–75.
15. [15] Zhang, L., Mohamed, H.H., Dillert, R., Bahnemann, D., Kinetics and mechanisms of charge transfer processes in photocatalytic systems: a review. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 13 (2012), 263–276.
16. [16] Linsebigler, A.L., Lu, G., Yates, J.T. Jr, Photocatalysis on TiOn surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem Rev 95 (1995), 735–758.
17. [17] Hoffmann, N., Efficient photochemical electron transfer sensitization of homogeneous organic reactions. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 9 (2008), 43–60.
18. [18] Lazar, M.A., Varghese, S., Nair, S.S., Photocatalytic water treatment by titanium dioxide: recent updates. Catalysts 2 (2012), 572–601.
19. [19] Augugliaro, V., Litter, M., Palmisano, L., Soria, J., The combination of heterogeneous photocatalysis with chemical and physical operations: a tool for improving the photoprocess performance. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 7 (2006), 127–144.
20. [20] Ahmed, S., Rasul, M.G., Brown, R., Hashib, M.A., Influence of parameters on the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pesticides and phenolic contaminants in wastewater: a short review. J Environ Manag 92 (2011), 311–330.
21. [21] Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W., Bahnemann, D.W., Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95 (1995), 69–96.
22. [22] Ohtani, B., Photocatalysis A to Z—what we know and What we do not know in a scientific sense. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 11 (2010), 157–178.
23. [23] Malato, S., Ferna´ ndez-Iba´n˜ez, P., Maldonado, M.I., Blanco, J., Gernjak, W., Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: recent overview and trends. Catal Today 147 (2009), 1–59.
24. [24] Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E., Malato, S., Blanco, J., Large solar plant photocatalytic water decontamination: effect of operational parameters. Sol Energy 56:5 (1996), 421–428.
25. [25] Liu, W.-J., Qian, T.-T., Jiang, H., Bimetallic Fe nanoparticles: recent advances in synthesis and application in catalytic elimination of environmental pollutants. Chem Eng J 236 (2014), 448–463.
26. [26] Jiao Z, Chen T, Xiong J, Wang T, Lu G, Ye J, et al., Visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performances of Cr-doped SrTiO3/TiO2 heterostructured nanotube arrays. Sci Rep, vol. 3. p. 2720.
27. [27] Tian, L., Zhao, Y., He, S., Wei, M., Duan, X., Immobilized Cu–Cr layered double hydroxide films with visible-light responsive photocatalysis for organic pollutants. Chem Eng J 184 (2012), 261–267.
28. [28] Han, C., Ge, L., Chen, C., Li, Y., Xiao, X., Zhang, Y., et al. Novel visible light induced Co3O4-g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts for efficient degradation of methyl orange. Appl Catal B: Environ 147 (2014), 546–553.
29. [29] Ikeue, K., Shinmura, Y., Machida, M., Ag-doped Mn–Cd sulfide as a visible-light-driven photocatalyst for H2 evolution. Appl Catal B: Environ 123–124 (2012), 84–88.
30. [30] Liu, T., Li, B., Hao, Y., Yao, Z., MoO3-nanowire membrane and Bi2Mo3O12/MoO3 nano-heterostructural photocatalyst for wastewater treatment. Chem Eng J 244 (2014), 382–390.
31. [31] Wei, H., Yan, X., Li, X., He, S., Sun, C., The degradation of isophorone by catalytic wet air oxidation on Ru/TiZrO4. J Hazard Mater 244–245 (2013), 478–488.
32. [32] Taha, A.A., Hriez, A.A., Wu, Y.-n., Wang, H., Li, F., Direct synthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbon nanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost and highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 417 (2014), 199–205.
33. [33] Quisenberry, L.R., Loetscher, L.H., Boyd, J.E., Catalytic inactivation of bacteria using Pd-modified titania. Catal Commun 10 (2009), 1417–1422.
34. [34] Liqiang, J., Honggang, F., Baiqi, W., Dejun, W., Baifu, X., Shudan, L., et al. Effects of Sn dopant on the photoinduced charge property and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles. Appl Catal B 62 (2006), 282–291.
35. [35] Armelao, L., Barreca, D., Bottaro, G., Gasparotto, A., Maccato, C., Maragno, C., et al. Photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of TiO2 and Au/TiO2 nanosystems. Nanotechnology, 18, 2007, 375709.
36. [36] McEvoy, J.G., Zhang, Z., Antimicrobial and photocatalytic disinfection mechanisms in silver-modified photocatalysts under dark and light conditions. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 19 (2014), 62–75.
37. [37] Tian, C., Zhang, Q., Jiang, B., Tian, G., Fu, H., Glucose-mediated solution-solid route for easy synthesis of Ag/ZnO particles with superior photocatalytic activity and photostability. J Alloy Compd 509 (2011), 6935–6941.
38. [38] Herrmann, J.M., Disdier, J., Pichat, P., Effect of chromium doping on the electrical and catalytic properties of powder titania under UV and visible illumination. Chem Phys Lett, 108, 1984, 618.
39. [39] Asahi, R., Morikawa, T., Ohwaki, T., Aoki, K., Taga, Y., Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science, 293, 2001, 269.
40. [40] Sano, T., Puzenat, E., Guillard, C., Geantet, C., Matsuzawa, S., Degradation of C2H2 with modified-TiO2 photocatalysts under visible light irradiation. J Mol Catal A: Chem, 287, 2008, 127.
41. [41] Hernandez-Alonso, M.D., Fresno, F., Suarez, S., Coronado, J.M., Development of alternative photocatalysts to TiO2: challenges and opportunities. Energy Environ Sci 2 (2009), 1231–1257.
42. [42] Ohtani, B., Preparing articles on photocatalysis—beyond the illusions, misconceptions, and speculation. Chem Lett 37:3 (2008), 216–229.
43. [43] Wang, S., Li, D., Sun, C., Yang, S., Guan, Y., He, H., Highly efficient photocatalytic treatment of dye wastewater via visible-light-driven AgBr–Ag3PO4/MWCNTs. J Mol Catal A: Chem 383–384 (2014), 128–136.
44. [44] Jia, X., Cao, J., Lin, H., Chen, Y., Fu, W., Chen, S., One-pot synthesis of novel flower-like BiOBr0.9I0.1/BiOI heterojunction with largely enhanced electron-hole separation efficiency and photocatalytic performances. J Mol Catal A: Chem 409 (2015), 94–101.
45. [45] Li, H., Xia, Z., Chen, J., Lei, L., Xing, J., Constructing ternary CdS/reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 nanotube arrays hybrids for enhanced visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal B: Environ 168–169 (2015), 105–113.
46. [46] Shi, S., Gondal, M.A., Rashid, S.G., Qi, Q., Al-Saadi, A.A., Yamani, Z.H., et al. Synthesis of g-C3N4/BiOClxBr1−x hybrid photocatalysts and the photoactivity enhancement driven by visible light. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp 461 (2014), 202–211.
47. [47] Song, S., Chenga, B., Wu, N., Meng, A., Cao, S., Yu, J., Structure effect of graphene on the photocatalytic performance of plasmonic Ag/Ag2CO3-rGO for photocatalytic elimination of pollutants. Appl Catal B: Environ, 71–78, 2016, 181.
48. [48] Lu, W., Xu, T., Wang, Y., Hu, H., Li, N., Jiang, X., Synergistic photocatalytic properties and mechanism of g-C3N4 coupled with zinc phthalocyanine catalyst under visible light irradiation. Appl Catal B: Environ 180 (2016), 20–28.
49. [49] Chang, C.-J., Huang, K.-L., Chen, J.-K., Chu, K.-W., Hsu, M.-H., Improved photocatalytic hydrogen production of ZnO/ZnS based photocatalysts by Ce doping. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 55 (2015), 82–89.
50. [50] Cheng, L., Kang, Y., Bi5O7I/Bi2O3 composite photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Catal Commun, 2015.
51. [51] Chen, W., Duan, G.-R., Liu, T.-Y., Chen, S.-M., Liu, X.-H., Fabrication of Bi2MoO6 nanoplates hybridized with g-C3N4 nanosheets as highly efficient visible light responsive heterojunction photocatalysts for Rhodamine B degradation. Mater Sci Semicond Process 35 35 (2015), 45–54.
52. [52] Talebian, A., Entezari, M.H., Ghows, N., Complete mineralization of surfactant from aqueous solution by a novel sono-synthesized nanocomposite (TiO2–Cu2O) under sunlight irradiation. Chem Eng J 239 (2013), 304–312.
53. [53] Xu, D., Cheng, B., Cao, S., Yu, J., Enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability of Z-scheme Ag2CrO4-GO composite photocatalysts for organic pollutant degradation. Appl Catal B: Environ 164 (2015), 380–388.
54. [54] Zhang, J., Hu, Y., Jiang, X., Chen, S., Meng, S., Fu, X., Design of a direct Z-scheme photocatalyst: preparation and characterization of Bi2O3/g-C3N4 with high visible light activity. J Hazard Mater 280 (2014), 713–722.
55. [55] Song, G., Xin, F., Yin, X., Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide over ZnFe2O4/TiO2 nanobelts heterostructure in cyclohexanol. J Colloid Interface Sci 442 (2015), 60–66.
56. [56] Yang, Y., Guo, W., Guo, Y., Zhao, Y., Yuan, Z., Guo, Y., Fabrication of Z-scheme plasmonic photocatalyst Ag@AgBr/g-C3N4 with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. J Hazard Mater 271 (2014), 150–159.
57. [57] Jin, Z., Murakami, N., Tsubota, T., Ohno, T., Complete oxidation of acetaldehyde over a composite photocatalyst of graphitic carbon nitride and tungsten(VI) oxide under visible-light irradiation. Appl Catal B: Environ 150–151 (2014), 479–485.
58. [58] Kondo, K., Murakami, N., Ye, C., Tsubota, T., Ohno, T., Development of highly efficient sulfur-doped TiO2 photocatalysts hybridized with graphitic carbon nitride. Appl Catal B: Environ 142–143 (2013), 362–367.
59. [59] He, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, M., Wang, X., Walbridge, M.L., Nong, Q., et al. Z-scheme SnO2-x/g-C3N4 composite as an efficient photocatalyst for dye degradation and photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 137 (2015), 175–184.
60. [60] Zhu, Y., Chen, Z., Gao, T., Huang, Q., Niu, F., Qin, L., et al. Construction of hybrid Z-scheme Pt/CdS–TNTAs with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance. Appl Catal B: Environ 163 (2015), 16–22.
61. [61] Chen, D., Wang, Z., Du, Y., Yang, G., Ren, T., Ding, H., In situ ionic-liquid-assisted synthesis of plasmonic photocatalyst Ag/AgBr/g-C3N4 with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. Catal Today, 2015.
62. [62] Zhao, W., Li, J., Wei, Z. b., Wang, S., He, H., Sun, C., Fabrication of a ternary plasmonic photocatalyst of Ag/AgVO3/RGO and its excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal B: Environ 179 (2015), 9–20.
63. [63] Ueno, K., Misawa, H., Surface plasmon-enhanced photochemical reactions. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 15 (2013), 31–52.
64. [64] Smith, J.G., Faucheaux, J.A., Jain, P.A., Plasmon resonances for solar energy harvesting: a mechanistic outlook. Nano Today 10 (2015), 67–80.
65. [65] Kowalska, E., Yoshiiri, K., Wei, Z., Zheng, S., Kastl, E., Remita, H., et al. Hybrid photocatalysts composed of titania modified with plasmonic nanoparticles and ruthenium complexes for decomposition of organic compounds. Appl Catal B: Environ 178 (2015), 133–143.
66. [66] Gyawali, G., Adhikari, R., Joshi, B., Kim, T.H., Rodríguez-González, V., Lee, S.W., Sonochemical synthesis of solar-light-driven Ag◦-PbMoO4 photocatalyst. J Hazard Mater 263 (2013), 45–51.
67. [67] Gao, P., Ng, K., Sun, D.D., Sulfonated graphene oxide–ZnO–Ag photocatalyst for fast photodegradation and disinfection under visible light. J Hazard Mater 262 (2013), 826–835.
68. [68] Ghavami, M., Mohammadi, R., Koohi, M., Kassaee, M.Z., Visible light photocatalytic activity of reduced grapheme oxide synergistically enhanced by successive inclusion of γ-Fe2O3, TiO2, and Ag nanoparticles. Mater Sci Semicond Process 26 (2014), 69–78.
69. [69] Yao, X., Liu, X., One-pot synthesis of ternary Ag2CO3/Ag/AgCl photocatalyst in natural geothermal water with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 280 (2014), 260–268.
70. [70] Nouri, H., Habibi-Yangjeh, A., Azadi, M., Preparation of Ag/ZnMgO nanocomposites as novel highly efficient photocatalysts by one-pot method under microwave irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 281 (2014), 59–67.
71. [71] Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Cheng, J., Fan, H., Zhu, J., Wang, X., et al. Synthesis of Ag/AgCl/Zn-Cr LDHs composite with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance. J Mol Catal A: Chem 382 (2014), 146–153.
72. [72] Sinatra, L., LaGrow, A.P., Peng, W., Kirmani, A.R., Amassian, A., Idriss, H., et al. A Au/Cu2O–TiO2 system for photo-catalytic hydrogen production. A pn-junction effect or a simple case of in situ reduction?. J Catal 322 (2015), 109–117.
73. [73] Shifu, C., Wei, Z., Wei, L., Huaye, Z., Xiaoling, Y., Preparation, characterization and activity evaluation of p–n junction photocatalyst p-CaFe2O4/n-ZnO. Chem Eng J 155 (2009), 466–473.
74. [74] Shifu, C., Wei, Z., Wei, L., Huaye, Z., Xiaoling, Y., Yinghao, C., Preparation, characterization and activity evaluation of p–n junction photocatalyst p-CaFe2O4/n-Ag3VO4 under visible light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 172 (2009), 1415–1423.
75. [75] Chen, S., Zhao, W., Liu, W., Zhang, S., Preparation, characterization and activity evaluation of p–n junction photocatalyst p-ZnO/n-TiO2. Appl Surf Sci 255:5 (2008), 2478–2484.
76. [76] Chen, S., Zhang, S., Wei, L., Zhao, W., Preparation and activity evaluation of p–n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2. J Hazard Mater 155 (2008), 320–326.
77. [77] Cao, J., Li, X., Lin, H., Chen, S., Fu, X., In situ preparation of novel p-n junction photocatalyst BiOI/(bio)2CO3 with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. J Hazard Mater 239–240 (2012), 316–324.
78. [78] Xing, Z., Zong, X., Zhu, Y., Chen, Z., Bai, Y., Wang, L., A nanohybrid of CdTe@CdS nanocrystals and titania nanosheets with p–n nanojunctions for improved visible light-driven hydrogen production. Catal Today, 2015.
79. [79] Mohaghegh, N., Rahimi, E., Gholami, M.R., Ag3PO4/BiPO4 p–n heterojunction nanocomposite prepared in room-temperature ionic liquid medium with improved photocatalytic activity. Mater Sci Semicond Process 39 (2015), 506–514.
80. [80] Liu, Y., Li, G., Mi, R., Deng, C., Gao, P., An environment-benign method for the synthesis of p-NiO/n-ZnO heterostructure with excellent performance for gas sensing and photocatalysis. Sens Actuators B 191 (2014), 537–544.
81. [81] Yu, X., Zhang, J., Zhao, Z., Guo, W., Qiu, J., Mou, X., et al. NiO–TiO2 p–n heterostructured nanocables bridged by zero-bandgap rGO for highly efficient photocatalytic water splitting. Nano Energy 16 (2015), 207–217.
82. [82] Abdelkader, E., Nadjia, L., Ahmed, B., Preparation and characterization of novel CuBi2O4/SnO2 p–n heterojunction with enhanced CuBi2O4/SnO2 p–n heterojunction with enhanced irradiation. J King Saud Univ – Sci 27 (2015), 76–91.
83. [83] Elaziouti, A., Laouedj, N., Bekka, A., Vannier, R.-N. l., Preparation and characterization of p–n heterojunction CuBi2O4/CeO2 and its photocatalytic activities under UVA light irradiation. J King Saud Univ – Sci 27 (2015), 120–135.
84. [84] Zhang J, Wei F, Liang Y, Zhou J, Xi Y, Qian G, et al., A combined FTIR and infrared emission spectroscopy investigation of layered double hydroxide as an effective electron donor. Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol Biomol Spectrosc.
85. [85] Xia, S., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Shao, M., Pan, G., Ni, Z., Fabrication of highly dispersed Ti/ZnO–Cr2O3 composite as highly efficient photocatalyst for naphthalene degradation. Appl Catal B: Environ 176–177 (2015), 266–277.
86. [86] Sun, J., Fan, H., Nan, B., Ai, S., Anion-exchange precipitation synthesis of a-Ag2WO4/Zn–Cr layered double hydroxides composite with enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity. Sep Purif Technol 130 (2013), 134–140.
87. [87] Parida, K.M., Mohapatra, L., Carbonate intercalated Zn/Fe layered double hydroxide: a novel photocatalyst for the enhanced photo degradation of azo dyes. Chem Eng J 179 (2012), 131–139.
88. [88] Seftel, E.M., Puscasu, M.C., Mertens, M., Cool, P., Carja, G., Fabrication of CeO2/LDHs self-assemblies with enhanced photocatalytic performance: a case study on ZnSn-LDH matrix. Appl Catal B: Environ 164 164 (2015), 251–260.
89. [89] Lin, B., Sun, P., Zhou, Y., Jiang, S., Gao, B., Chen, Y., Interstratified nanohybrid assembled by alternating cationic layered double hydroxide nanosheets and anionic layered titanate nanosheets with superior photocatalytic activity. J Hazard Mater 280 (2014), 156–163.
90. [90] Morales-Mendoza, G., Tzompantzi, F., García-Mendoza, C., López, R., De la Luz, V., Lee, S.-W., et al. Mn-doped Zn/Al layered double hydroxides as photocatalysts for the 4-chlorophenol photodegradation. Appl Clay Sci 118 (2015), 38–47.
91. [91] Xia, S.-j., Zhou, X.-b., Shi, W., Pan, G.-x., Ni, Z.-m., Photocatalytic property and mechanism studies on acid red 14 by MxOy/ZnTi–layered double hydroxides (M=Fe, Sn, Ce). J Mol Catal A: Chem 392 (2014), 270–277.
92. [92] Zhou, Y., Shuai, L., Jiang, X., Jiao, F., Yu, J., Visible-light-driven photocatalytic properties of layered double hydroxide supported-Bi2O3 modified by Pd(II) for methylene blue. Adv Powder Technol 26 (2015), 439–447.
93. [93] Spasiano, D., Marotta, R., Malato, S., Fernandez-Iba˜nez, P., Solar photocatalysis: materials, reactors, some commercial, and pre-industrialized applications. A comprehensive approach. Appl Catal B: Environ Vols. 170–171 (2015), 90–123.
94. [94] Ahmed, S., Rasul, M.G., Martens, W.N., Brown, R., Hashib, M.A., Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of phenols in wastewater: a review on current status and developments. Desalination 261 (2010), 3–18.
95. [95] Sarasidis, V.C., Plakas, K.V., Patsios, S.I., Karabelas, A.J., Investigation of diclofenac degradation in a continuous photo-catalytic membrane reactor. Influence of operating parameters. Chem Eng J 239 (2014), 299–311.
96. [96] Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Xiao, L., Chen, F., Properties of carbon and iron modified TiO2 photocatalyst synthesized at low temperature and photodegradation of acid orange 7 under visible light. Appl Surf Sci 256:13 (2010), 4260–4268.
97. [97] Fu, P., Luan, Y., Dai, X., Preparation of TiO2 photocatalyst anchored on activated carbon fibers and its photodegradation of methylene blue. China Part 2:2 (2004), 76–80.
98. [98] Mohammadi, M., Sabbaghi, S., Photo-catalytic degradation of 2,4-DCP wastewater using MWCNT/TiO2 nano-composite activated by UV and solar light. Environ Nanotechnol, Monit Manag Vols. 1–2 (2014), 24–29.
99. [99] Cong, Y., Li, X., Qin, Y., Dong, Z., Yuan, G., Cui, Z., et al. Carbon-doped TiO2 coating on multiwalled carbon nanotubes with higher visible light photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal B: Environ 107:1–2 (2011), 128–134.
100. [100] Rong, X., Qiu, F., Zhang, C., Fu, L., Wang, Y., Yang, D., Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic application of TiO2–graphene photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Ceram Int 41:2 (2015), 2502–2511.
101. [101] MENG, Z., OH, W., Photodegradation of organic dye by CoS2 and carbon(C60, Graphene, CNT)/TiO2 composite sensitizer. Chin J Catal 33:9–10 (2012), 1495–1501.
102. [102] Collazzo, G.C., Foletto, E.L., Jahn, S.L., Villetti, M.A., Degradation of Direct Black 38 dye under visible light and sunlight irradiation by N-doped anatase TIO2 as photocatalyst. J Environ Manag 98 (2012), 107–111.
103. [103] Niu, Y., Xing, M., Zhang, J., Tian, B., Visible light activated sulfur and iron co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. Catal Today 201 (2013), 159–166.
104. [104] Li, L., Zhuang, H., Bu, D., Characterization and activity of visible-light-driven TiO2 photocatalyst codoped with lanthanum and iodine. Appl Surf Sci 257:21 (2011), 9221–9225.
105. [105] Hamid, S.B.A., Tan, T.L., Lai, C.W., Samsudin, E.M., Multiwalled carbon nanotube/TiO2 nanocomposite as a highly active photocatalyst for photodegradation of Reactive Black 5 dye. Chin J Catal 35 (2014), 2014–2019.
106. [106] Park, Y., Kim, W., Park, H., Tachikawa, T., Majima, T., Choi, W., Carbon-doped TiO2 photocatalyst synthesized without using an external carbon precursor and the visible light activity. Appl Catal B: Environ 91 (2009), 355–361.
107. [107] Sridharan, K., Jang, E., Park, T.J., Novel visible light active graphitic C3N4–TiO2 composite photocatalyst: synergistic synthesis, growth and photocatalytic treatment of hazardous pollutants. Appl Catal B: Environ 142–143 (2013), 718–728.
108. [108] Meng, Z.-D., Peng, M.-M., Zhu, L., Oh, W.-C., Zhang, F.-J., Fullerene modification CdS/TiO2 to enhancement surface area and modification of photocatalytic activity under visible light. Appl Catal B: Environ 113–114 (2012), 141–149.
109. [109] Sakthivel, S., Neppolian, B., Shankar, M.V., Arabindoo, B., Palanichamy, M., Murugesan, V., Solar photocatalytic degradation of azo dye:comparison of photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO and TiO2. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 77 (2003), 65–82.
110. [110] Watcharenwong, A., Chanmanee, W., Tacconi, N.R. d., Chenthamarakshan, C.R., Kajitvichyanukul, P., Rajeshwar, K., Anodic growth of nanoporous WO3 films: morphology, photoelectrochemical response and photocatalytic activity for methylene blue and hexavalent chrome conversion. J Electroanal Chem 612 (2008), 112–120.
111. [111] Wang, Y., Dai, H., Deng, J., Liu, Y., Zhao, Z., Li, X., et al. Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous InVO4: fabrication and excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance for methylene blue degradation. Chem Eng J 226 (2013), 87–94.
112. [112] Shang, M., Wang, W., Zhou, L., Sun, S., Yin, W., Nanosized BiVO4 with high visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity: ultrasonic-assisted synthesis and protective effect of surfactant. J Hazard Mater 172 (2009), 338–344.
113. [113] Chen, D., Ouyang, S., Ye, J., Photocatalytic degradation of isopropanol over PbSnO3 nanostructures under visible light irradiation. Nanoscale Res Lett 4:3 (2009), 274–280.
114. [114] Yan, T., Li, L., Li, G., Wang, Y., Hu, W., Guan, X., Porous SnIn4S8 microspheres in a new polymorph that promotes dyes degradation under visible light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 186 (2011), 272–279.
115. [115] Li, X., Ouyang, S., Kikugawa, N., Ye, J., Novel Ag2ZnGeO4 photocatalyst for dye degradation under visible light irradiation. Appl Catal A: Gen 334:1–2 (2008), 51–58.
116. [116] Blake, D.M., Webb, J., Turchi, C., Magrini, K., Kinetic and mechanistic overview of titania- photocatalyzed oxidation reactions in aqueous solution. Sol Energy Mater 24 (1991), 584–593.
117. [117] Dominguez, S., Ribao, P., Rivero, M.J., Ortiz, I., Influence of radiation and TiO2 concentration on the hydroxyl radicals generation in a photocatalytic LED reactor. Application to dodecylbenzenesulfonate degradation. Appl Catal B: Environ 178 (2015), 165–169.
118. [118] Lin, Y.-T., Weng, C.-H., Chen, F.-Y., Key operating parameters affecting photocatalytic activity of visible-light-induced C-doped TiO2 catalyst for ethylene oxidation. Chem Eng J 248 (2014), 175–183.
119. [119] Giraldo-Aguirrea, A.L., Erazo-Erazo, E.D., Flórez-Acosta, O.A., Serna-Galvisb, E.A., Torres-Palmab, R.A., TiO2 photocatalysis applied to the degradation and antimicrobial activity removal of oxacillin: evaluation of matrix components, experimental parameters, degradation pathways and identification of organics by-products. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 311 (2015), 95–103.
120. [120] Barndõk, H., Hermosilla, D., Han, C., Dionysiou, D.D., Negro, C., Blanco, Á., Degradation of 1,4-dioxane from industrial wastewater by solar photocatalysis using immobilized NF-TiO2 composite with monodisperse TiO2 nanoparticles. Appl Catal B: Environ 180 (2016), 44–52.
121. [121] Rajbongshi, B.M., Samdarshi, S.K., Cobalt-doped zincblende–wurtzite mixed-phase ZnO photocatalyst nanoparticles with high activity in visible spectrum. Appl Catal B: Environ 144 (2014), 435–441.
122. [122] Bagwasi, S., Tian, B., Zhang, J., Nasir, M., Synthesis, characterization and application of bismuth and boron Co-doped TiO2: a visible light active photocatalyst. Chem Eng J 217 (2013), 108–118.
123. [123] Liu, H., Su, Y., Jin, Z., Wang, Y., Bi7O9I3/reduced graphene oxide composite as an efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for degradation of organic contaminants. J Mol Catal A: Chem 391 (2014), 175–182.
124. [124] Xu, R., Li, J., Wang, J., Wang, X., Liu, B., Wang, B., et al. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes under solar light irradiation combined with Er3+:YAlO3/Fe- and Co-dopedTiO2 coated composites. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 94 (2010), 1157–1165.
125. [125] Mohapatra, L., Parida, K.M., Zn–Cr layered double hydroxide: visible light responsive photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Sep Purif Technol 91 (2012), 73–80.
126. [126] Nawawi, W.I., Nawi, M.A., Carbon coated nitrogen doped P25 for the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants under solar and low energy visible light irradiations. J Mol Catal A: Chem 383–384 (2014), 83–93.
127. [127] Kuzhalosai, V., Subash, B., Shanthi, M., A novel sunshine active cerium loaded zinc oxide photocatalyst for the effective degradation of AR 27 dye. Mater Sci Semicond Process 27 (2014), 924–933.
128. [128] Chun, H.-H., Jo, W.-K., Adsorption and photocatalysis of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol over graphene oxide–TiO2 hybrids post-treated under various thermal conditions. Appl Catal B: Environ 180 (2016), 740–750.
129. [129] Wang, X., Wu, X., Lu, Y., Huang, Z., Zhu, N., Lin, C., et al. NiZnAl layered double hydroxides as photocatalyst under solar radiation for photocatalytic degradation of orange G. Sep Purif Technol 132 (2014), 195–205.
130. [130] Lai, H.-F., Chen, C.-C., Chang, Y.-K., Lu, C.-S., Wua, R.-J., Efficient photocatalytic degradation of thiobencarb over BiVO4 driven by visible light: parameter and reaction pathway investigations. Sep Purif Technol 122 (2014), 78–86.
131. [131] Lu, Y.-C., Chen, C.-C., Lu, C.-S., Photocatalytic degradation of bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane by a visible light-driven BiVO4 photocatalyst. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45 (2014), 1015–1024.
132. [132] Bhosale, R., Pujari, S., Muley, G., Pagare, B., Gambhire, A., Visible-light-activated nanocomposite photocatalyst of Cr2O3/SnO2. J Nanostructure Chem, 3(46), 2013.
133. [133] Lu, W., Chen, J., Wu, Y., Duan, L., Ynag, Y., Ge, X., Graphene-enhanced visible-light photocatalysis of large-sized CdS particles for wastewater treatment. Nanoscale Res Lett, 9(148), 2014.
134. [134] Hashemzadeh, F., Gaffarinejad, A., Rahimi, R., Porous p-NiO/n-Nb2O5 nanocomposites prepared by an EISA route with enhanced photocatalytic activity in simultaneous Cr(VI) reduction and methyl orange decolorization under visible light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 286 (2015), 64–74.
135. [135] Mourão, H.A., Lopes, O.F., Ribeiro, C., Mastelaro, V.R., Rapid hydrothermal synthesis and pH-dependent photocatalysis of strontium titanate microspheres. Mater Sci Semicond Process 30 (2015), 651–657.
136. [136] Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A., Karimi-Shamsabadi, M., Decolorization of a binary azo dyes mixture using CuO incorporated nanozeolite-X as a heterogeneous catalyst and solar irradiation. Chem Eng J 228 (2013), 631–641.
137. [137] Pausˇová, S., Kry´ sa, J., Jirkovsky, J., Forano, C., Mailhot, G., Prevot, V., Insight into the photocatalytic activity of ZnCr–CO3 LDH and derived mixed oxides. Appl Catal B: Environ 170–171 (2015), 25–33.
138. [138] Jiang, H., Yan, P., Wang, Q., Zang, S., Li, J., Wang, Q., High-performance Yb, N, P-tridoped anatase-TiO2 nano-photocatalyst with visible light response by sol-solvothermal method. Chem Eng J 215–216 (2013), 348–357.
139. [139] Ling, Q., Sun, J., Zhou, Q., Preparation and characterization of visible-light-driven titania photocatalyst co-doped with boron and nitrogen. Appl Surf Sci 254:10 (2008), 3236–3241.
140. [140] Rodríguez-González, V., Kim, T.-H., Gyawali, G., Sekino, T., Cho, S.-H., Lee, S.-W., Synthesis of solar light responsive Fe, N co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst by sonochemical method. Catal Today 212 (2013), 75–80.
141. [141] Wang, S., Zhou, S., Photodegradation of methyl orange by photocatalyst of CNTs/P-TiO2 under UV and visible-light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 185 (2011), 77–85.
142. [142] Mittal, M., Sharma, M., Pandey, O.P., UV–visible light induced photocatalytic studies of Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method. Sol Energy 110 (2014), 386–397.
143. [143] Nakhate, G.G., Nikam, V.S., Kanade, K.G., Arbuj, S., Kale, B.B., Baeg, J.O., Hydrothermally derived nanosized Ni-doped TiO2: a visible light driven photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation. Mater Chem Phys 124:2–3 (2010), 976–981.
144. [144] Wu, C., Shen, L., Zhang, Y.-C., Huang, Q., Solvothermal synthesis of Cr-doped ZnO nanowires with visible light-driven photocatalytic activity. Mater Lett 65:12 (2011), 1794–1796.
145. [145] Chen, K., Li, J., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Su, H., The preparation of vanadium-doped TiO2–montmorillonite nanocomposites and the photodegradation of sulforhodamine B under visible light irradiation. Appl Surf Sci 257:16 (2011), 7276–7285.
146. [146] Thota, S., Tirukkovalluri, S.R., Bojja, S., Effective catalytic performance of manganese and phosphorus co-doped titania nanocatalyst for Orange-II dye degradation under visible light irradiation. J Environ Chem Eng 2 (2014), 1506–1513.
147. [147] Cheng, X., Yu, X., Xing, Z., Characterization and mechanism analysis of Mo–N-co-doped TiO2 nano-photocatalyst and its enhanced visible activity. J Colloid Interface Sci, 1–5, 2012, 372.
148. [148] Yoon, H., Joshi, B., Na, S.-H., Choi, J.-Y., Yoon, S.S., Photodegradation of methylene blue of niobium-doped zinc oxide thin films produced by electrostatic spray deposition. Ceram Int 40:5 (2014), 7567–7571.
149. [149] Li, Y., Zhou, X., Chen, W., Li, L., Zen, M., Qin, S., et al. Photodecolorization of Rhodamine B on tungsten-doped TiO2/activated carbon under visible-light irradiation. ournal Hazard Mater 227–228 (2012), 25–33.
150. [150] Khan, A.M., Han, H.D., Yang, B.O., Enhanced photoresponse towards visible light in Ru doped titania nanotube. Appl Surf Sci 255:6 (2009), 3687–3690.
151. [151] Daous, M., Iliev, V., Petrov, L., Gold-modified N-doped TiO2 and N-doped WO3/TiO2 semiconductors as photocatalysts for UV–visible light destruction of aqueous 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene solution. J Mol Catal A: Chem 392 (2014), 194–201.
152. [152] Josephine, S.G.A., Ramachandran, S., Sivasamy, A., Nanocrystalline ZnO doped lanthanide oxide: an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of malachite green dye under visible light irradiation. J Saudi Chem Soc, 2015.
153. [153] Cheng, X., Yu, X., Xing, Z., Characterization and mechanism analysis of Mo–N-co-doped TiO2 nano-photocatalyst and its enhanced visible activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 372 (2012), 1–5.
154. [154] Collazzo, G.C., Foletto, E.L., Jahn, S.L., Villetti, M.A., Degradation of Direct Black 38 dye under visible light and sunlight irradiation by N-doped anatase TIO2 as photocatalyst. J Environ Manag 98 (2012), 107–111.
155. [155] Xi, F., Mao, X., Fan, C., Wang, Y., Facile preparation of Sn-doped BiOCl photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity for benzoic acid and rhodamine B degradation. Mater Sci Semicond Process 27 (2014), 380–389.
156. [156] Menéndez-Flores, V.M., Ohno, T., High visible-light active Ir-doped-TiO2 brookite photocatalyst synthesized by hydrothermal microwave-assisted process. Catal Today 230 (2014), 214–220.
157. [157] Faisal, M., Ibrahim, A.A., Harraz, F.A., Bouzid, H., Al-Assiri, M.S., Ismail, A.A., SnO2 doped ZnO nanostructures for highly efficient photocatalyst. J Mol Catal A: Chem 397 (2015), 19–25.
158. [158] Khataee, A., Arefi-Oskoui, S., Fathinia, F., Esmaeili, A., Hanifehpour, Y., Joo, S.W., et al. Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties of Er-doped PbSe nanoparticles as a visible light activated photocatalyst. J Mol Catal A: Chem, 2014.
159. [159] Jo, W.K., Kang, H.J., Polyacrylonitrile-TiO2 fibers for control of gaseous aromatic compounds. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:12 (2013), 4475–4483.
160. [160] Eskandarloo, H., Badiei, A., Haug, C., Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of an azo textile dye by using TiO2/NiO coupled nanoparticles: optimization of synthesis and operational key factors. Mater Sci Semicond Process 27 (2014), 240–253.
161. [161] Zou, W., Zhanga, L., Liu, L., Wang, X., Sun, J., Wu, S., et al. Engineering the Cu2O–reduced graphene oxide interface to enhance photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under visible light. Appl Catal B: Environ 181 (2016), 495–503.
162. [162] Ma, J., Ding, J., Yu, L., Li, L., Kong, Y., Komarneni, S., Synthesis of Fe2O3–NiO–Cr2O3 composites from NiFe-layered double hydroxide for degrading methylene blue under visible light. Appl Clay Sci 107 (2015), 85–89.
163. [163] Braham, R.J., Harris, A.T., Review of major design and scale-up considerations for solar photocatalytic reactors. Ind Eng Chem Res 40:19 (2009), 8890–8905.
164. [164] Blanco, J., Malato, S., Ferna´ndez-Iban˜ez, P., Alarco´ n, D., Gernjak, W., Maldonado, M.I., Review of feasible solar energy applications to water processes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13:2009 (2009), 1437–1445.
165. [165] Tanveer, M., Guyer, G.T., Solar assisted photodegradation of wastewater by compound parabolic collectors: review of design and operational parameters. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 24 (2013), 534–543.
166. [166] Salgado-Tra´nsito, I., Jime´nez-Gonza´lez, A.E., Ramo´n-Garcı´a, M.L., Pineda-Arellano, C.A., Estrada-Gasca, C., Design of a novel CPC collector for the photodegradation of carbaryl pesticides as a function of the solar concentration ratio. Sol Energy 115 (2015), 537–551.