A functional analysis of two transdiagnostic, emotion-focused interventions on nonsuicidal self-injury

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 85, Issue 6, 2017, Pages 632-646

  Bentley, Kate H ^a   Nock, Matthew K ^b   Sauer Zavala, Shannon ^a   Gorman, Bernard S ^c   Barlow, David H ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NASSAU COMMUNITY COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

ecological momentary assessment; nonsuicidal self injury; single case experimental design; transdiagnostic; treatment components

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; AUTOMUTILATION; AWARENESS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ECOLOGICAL MOMENTARY ASSESSMENT; EMOTION; EMOTION-FOCUSED THERAPY; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MALE; NONSUICIDAL SELF INJURY; YOUNG ADULT; ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY; COMPLICATION; DEPRESSION; PSYCHOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF REPORT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SELF REPORT; SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85017361632     PISSN: 0022006X     EISSN: 19392117     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000205     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Allen, K. J., & Hooley, J. M. (2015). Inhibitory control in people who self-injure: Evidence for impairment and enhancement. Psychiatry Research, 225, 631-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.033
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
3. Anderson, N. L., & Crowther, J. H. (2012). Using the experiential avoidance model of non-suicidal self-injury: Understanding who stops and who continues. Archives of Suicide Research, 16, 124-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2012.667329
4. Andover, M. S., & Morris, B. W. (2014). Expanding and clarifying the role of emotion regulation in nonsuicidal self-injury. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 59, 569-575.
5. Andover, M. S., Schatten, H. T., Morris, B. W., & Miller, I. W. (2015). Development of an intervention for nonsuicidal self-injury in young adults: An open pilot trial. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 22, 491-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.05.003
6. Andrews, T., Martin, G., Hasking, P., & Page, A. (2013). Predictors of continuation and cessation of nonsuicidal self-injury. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, 40-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.009
7. Au, T. M., Sauer-Zavala, S., King, M. W., Petrocchi, N., Barlow, D. H., & Litz, B. T. (in press). Compassion-based therapy for trauma-related shame and posttraumatic stress: Initial evaluation using a multiple baseline design. Behavior Therapy.
8. Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T. J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Boisseau, C. L., Allen, L. B., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2011). Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: Therapist guide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
9. Barlow, D. H., Nock, M. K., & Hersen, M. (2009). Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
10. Bates, M., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
11. Bentley, K. H., Gallagher, M. W., Carl, J. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale. Psychological Assessment, 26, 815-830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036216
12. Bishop, S., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N., Carmody, J.,⋯ Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
13. Boswell, J. F., Anderson, L. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). An idiographic analysis of change processes in the unified transdiagnostic treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 1060-1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037403
14. Briere, J., & Gil, E. (1998). Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: Prevalence, correlates, and functions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 609-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0080369
15. Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
16. Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 49-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.49
17. Bryan, C. J., Rudd, M. D., Wertenberger, E., Young-McCaughon, S., & Peterson, A. (2015). Nonsuicidal self-injury as a prospective predictor of suicide attempts in a clinical sample of military personnel. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 59, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.07.009
18. Campbell-Sills, L., Ellard, K. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2012). Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 542-559). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
19. Campbell-Sills, L., Norman, S. B., Craske, M. G., Sullivan, G., Lang, A. L., Chavira, D. A.,⋯ Stein, M. B. (2009). Validation of a brief measure of anxiety-related severity and impairment: The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS). Journal of Affective Disorders, 112, 92-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.014
20. Center for Collegiate Mental Health. (2016, January). 2015 Annual Report (Publication No. STA 15-108). University park, PA: Pennsylvania State University.
21. Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 451-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466508X314891
22. Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 371-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005
23. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Davidson, R. J., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2015). Conceptual and methodological issues in research on mindfulness and meditation. American Psychologist, 70, 581-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039512
25. Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2014). Self-injurious behaviors in posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of potential moderators. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 359-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.033
26. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders, (SCID-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
27. Franklin, J. C., Fox, K. R., Franklin, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Ribeiro, J. D., Jaroszewski, A. C.,⋯ Nock, M. K. (2016). A brief mobile app reduces nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury: Evidence from three randomized controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 544-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000093
28. Franklin, J. C., Hessel, E. T., Aaron, R. V., Arthur, M. S., Heilbron, M., & Prinstein, M. J. (2010). The functions of nonsuicidal self-injury: Support for cognitive-affective regulation and opponent processes from a novel psychophysiological paradigm. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 850-862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020896
29. Garland, E. L., Hanley, A., Farb, N. A., & Froeliger, B. E. (2015). State mindfulness during meditation predicts enhanced cognitive reappraisal. Mindfulness, 6, 234-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0250-6
30. Glenn, C. R., Franklin, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 1-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.945211
31. Gratz, K. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006). Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behavior Therapy, 37, 25-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.002
32. Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2011). Extending research on the utility of an adjunctive emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality pathology. Personality Disorders, 2, 316-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022144
33. Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., & Levy, R. (2014). Randomized controlled trial and uncontrolled 9-month follow-up of an adjunctive emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 44, 2099-2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002134
34. Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 387-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536164
35. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
36. Hayes-Skelton, S., & Graham, J. (2013). Decentering as a common link among mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal, and social anxiety. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 41, 317-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1352465812000902
37. Heath, N. L., Carsley, D., De Riggi, M. E., Mills, D., & Mettler, J. (2016). The relationship between mindfulness, depressive symptoms and non-suicidal self-injury amongst adolescents. Archives of Suicide Research, 20, 635-649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2016.1162243
38. Heron, K. E., & Smyth, J. M. (2010). Ecological momentary interventions: Incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 1-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/135910709X466063
39. Howe-Martin, L. S., Murrell, A. R., & Guarnaccia, C. A. (2012). Repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury as experiential avoidance among a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 809-829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21868
40. Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.12
41. Kliem, S., Kröger, C., & Kosfelder, J. (2010). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 936-951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021015
42. Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 226-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002
43. Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Self-injury: A research review for the practitioner. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 1045-1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20412
44. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
45. Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Murray, A. M., Brown, M. Z., Gallop, R. J., Heard, H. L.,⋯ Lindenboim, N. (2006). Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 757-766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/ archpsyc.63.7.757
46. Lynch, T. R., & Cozza, C. (2009). Behaviour therapy for nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment (pp. 211-250). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11875-012
47. Martinovich, Z., Saunders, S., & Howard, K. (1996). Some comments on "assessing clinical significance". Psychotherapy Research, 6, 124-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503309612331331648
48. McMain, S. F., Links, P. S., Gnam, W. H., Guimond, T., Cardish, R. J., Korman, L., & Streiner, D. L. (2009). A randomized trial of dialectical behavior therapy versus general psychiatric management for borderline personality disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1365-1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09010039
49. Meyer, D., Zeileis, A., & Hornik, K. (2015). vcd: visualizing categorical data (R package Version 1. 4-1) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vcd/vcd.pdf
50. Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 993-1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001
51. Najmi, S., Wegner, D. M., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Thought suppression and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1957-1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.014
52. Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 78-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x
53. Nock, M. K., Holmberg, E. B., Photos, V. I., & Michel, B. D. (2007). Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment, 19, 309-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309
54. Nock, M. K., Joiner, T. E., Jr., Gordon, K. H., Lloyd-Richardson, E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 144, 65-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010
55. Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 885-890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.885
56. Nock, M. K., Prinstein, M. J., & Sterba, S. K. (2009). Revealing the form and function of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: A real-time ecological assessment study among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 816-827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0016948
57. Norman, S. B., Allard, C. B., Trim, R. S., Thorp, S. R., Behrooznia, M., Masino, T. T., & Stein, M. B. (2013). Psychometrics of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) in a sample of women with and without trauma histories. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 16, 123-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-012-0325-8
58. Norman, S. B., Cissell, S. H., Means-Christensen, A. J., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Development and validation of an overall anxiety severity and impairment scale (OASIS). Depression and Anxiety, 23, 245-249. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20182
59. Pasieczny, N., & Connor, J. (2011). The effectiveness of dialectical behaviour therapy in routine public mental health settings: An Australian controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 4-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.09.006
60. Peris, T. S., Compton, S. N., Kendall, P. C., Birmaher, B., Sherrill, J., March, J.,⋯ Piacentini, J. (2015). Trajectories of change in youth anxiety during cognitive-behavior therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 239-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038402
61. Pistorello, J., Fruzzetti, A. E., Maclane, C., Gallop, R., & Iverson, K. M. (2012). Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) applied to college students: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 982-994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029096
62. R Core Team. (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/
63. Rizvi, S. L., & Nock, M. K. (2008). Single-case experimental designs for the evaluation of treatments for self-injurious and suicidal behaviors. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 498-510. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1521/suli.2008.38.5.498
64. Ryder, A. G., Costa, P. T., Jr., & Bagby, R. M. (2007). Evaluation of the SCID-II personality disorder traits for DSM-IV: Coherence, discrimination, relations with general personality traits, and functional impairment. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 626-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2007.21.6.626
65. Selby, E. A., Bender, T. W., Gordon, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2012). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder: A preliminary study. Personality Disorders, 3, 167-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0024405
66. Shadish, W. R. (2015). Software for meta-analysis of single-case design DHPS (Version March 7, 2015). Retrieved from http://faculty.ucmerced.edu/wshadish/software/software-meta-analysis-single-case-design/ dhps-version-march-7-2015
67. Shadish, W. R., Hedges, L. V., & Pustejovsky, J. E. (2014). Analysis and meta-analysis of single-case designs with a standardized mean difference statistic: A primer and applications. Journal of School Psychology, 52, 123-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.11.005
68. Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008). Ecological momentary assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 1-32. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415
69. Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St. John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 44, 273-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12070
70. Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., McDonald, S., Togher, L., Shad-ish, W.,⋯ Vohra, S. (2016). The Single-Case Reporting Guideline in Behavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016: Explanation and elaboration. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 4, 10-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ arc0000027
71. Tatnell, R., Kelada, L., Hasking, P., & Martin, G. (2014). Longitudinal analysis of adolescent NSSI: The role of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 885-896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9837-6
72. Turner, B. J., Austin, S. B., & Chapman, A. L. (2014). Treating nonsuicidal self-injury: A systematic review of psychological and pharmacological interventions. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 59, 576-585.
73. Voon, D., Hasking, P., & Martin, G. (2014a). Change in emotion regulation strategy use and its impact on adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: A three-year longitudinal analysis using latent growth modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 487-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0037024
74. Voon, D., Hasking, P., & Martin, G. (2014b). The roles of emotion regulation and ruminative thoughts in non-suicidal self-injury. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 95-113.
75. Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Dubicka, B., & Goodyer, I. (2011). Clinical and psychosocial predictors of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the Adolescent Depression Antidepressants and Psychotherapy Trial (ADAPT). The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 495-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050718
76. Wupperman, P., Fickling, M., Klemanski, D. H., Berking, M., & Whitman, J. B. (2013). Borderline personality features and harmful dysregulated behavior: The mediational effect of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 903-911.