Bell's Palsy

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 447-466

  Reich, Stephen G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; CORTICOSTEROID; STEROID;

ANATOMICAL CONCEPTS; BELL PALSY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONVALESCENCE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FACIAL NERVE; FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; MANAGED CARE; MEDICAL HISTORY; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; REVIEW; ADULT; AGED; CASE REPORT; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; MALE;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ADULT; AGED; BELL PALSY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 85017166024     PISSN: 10802371     EISSN: 15386899     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000447     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Gilden DH. Clinical practice. Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2004;351(13):1323-1331. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp041120.
2. Sajadi MM, Sajadi MR, Tabatabaie SM. The history of facial palsy and spasm: Hippocrates to Razi. Neurology 2011;77(2):174-178. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182242d23.
3. Bell C. On the nerves: giving an account of some experiments on their structure and functions, which lead to a new arrangement of the system. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 1821;111:398-424.
4. Rose FC. A short history of neurology: the British contribution 1660-1910. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann 1999;42-46:122-128.
5. Sir Charles Bell. NNDB. nndb.com/people/ 118/000100815. Accessed January 30, 2017.
6. Van Gijn J. Charles Bell (1774-1842). J Neurol 2011;258(6):1189-1190. doi:10.1007/ s00415-011-5912-5.
7. Romberg MH. Chapter XXXV: paralysis of the facial nerve. In: Sieveking EH, ed. A manual of the nervous diseases of man. London, UK: Sydenham Society, 1853:267-286.
8. Eggenberger E. Eight-and-a-half syndrome: one-and-a-half syndrome plus cranial nerve VII palsy. J Neuroophthalmol 1998;18(2):114-116.
9. Blumenfeld H. Neuroanatomy through clinical cases. 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc, 2010.
10. Brazis PW, Masdeau JC, Biller J. Cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve). In: Localization in clinical neurology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001:289-397.
11. Adour KK. Current concepts in neurology: diagnosis and management of facial paralysis. N Engl J Med 1982;307(6):348-351.
12. Gilchrist JM. Seventh cranial neuropathy. Semin Neurol 2009;29(1):5-13. doi:10.1055/ s-0028-1124018.
13. Warren TA, Nagle CM, Bowman J, Panizza BJ. The natural history and treatment outcomes of perineural spread of malignancy within the head and neck. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2016;77(2):107-112. doi:10.1055/ s-0036-1579777.
14. Jenny AB, Saper CB. Organization of the facial nucleus and corticofacial projection in the monkey: a reconsideration of the upper motor neuron facial palsy. Neurology 1987;37(6):930-939. doi:10.1212/ WNL.37.6.930.
15. Morecraft RJ, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Rossing WR. The motor cortex and facial expression: new insights from neuroscience. Neurologist 2004;10(5):235-249.
16. Morecraft RJ, Louie JL, Herrick JL, Stilwell-Morecraft KS. Cortical innervation of the facial nucleus in the non-human primate: a new interpretation of the effects of stroke and related subtotal brain trauma on the muscles of facial expression. Brain 2001;124(pt 1): 176-208. doi:10.1093/brain/124.1.176.
17. Cattaneo L, Saccani E, De Giampaulis P, et al. Central facial palsy revisited: a clinical-radiological study. Ann Neurol 2010;68(3):404-408. doi:10.1002/ana.22069.
18. Hauser WA, Karnes WE, Annis J, Kurland LT. Incidence and prognosis of Bell's palsy in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 1971;46(4):258-264.
19. Katusic SK, Beard CM, Wiederholt WC, et al. Incidence, clinical features, and prognosis in Bell's palsy, Rochester, Minnesota 1968-1982. Ann Neurol 1986;20(5):622-627.
20. Adour KK, Wingerd J. Idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy): factors affecting severity and outcome in 446 patients. Neurology 1974;24(12):1112-1116.
21. Katz A, Sergienko R, Dior U, et al. Bell's palsy during pregnancy: is it associated with adverse perinatal outcome? Laryngoscope 2011;121(7):1395-1398. doi:10.1002/lary.21860.
22. Cawthorne T. The pathology and surgical treatment of Bell's palsy. Proc R Soc Med 1951;44(7):565-572.
23. Yetiser S, Kazkayas M, Altinok D, Karadeniz Y. Magnetic resonance imaging of the intratemporal facial nerve in idiopathic peripheral facial palsy. Clin Imaging 2003;27(2):77-81. doi:10.1016/ S0899-7071(02)00485-0.
24. Kung NH, Van Stavern GP. Isolated ocular motor nerve palsies. Semin Neurol 2015;35(05):539-548. doi:10.1055/ s-0035-1563568.
25. Murakami S, Mizobuchi M, Nakashiro Y, et al. Bell palsy and herpes simplex virus: identification of viral DNA in endoneurial fluid and muscle. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124(1 pt 1):27-30. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-124-1-Part-1-199601010-00005.
26. Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Chida E, et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with Bell's palsy. J Med Virol 1998;54(3):162-166.
27. Abiko Y, Ikeda M, Hondo R. Secretion and dynamics of herpes simplex virus in tears and saliva of patients with Bell's palsy. Otol Neurotol 2002:23(5):779-783.
28. Burgess RC, Michaels L, Bale JF Jr, Smith RJH. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of herpes simplex viral DNA from the geniculate ganglion of a patient with Bell's palsy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994;103(10):775-779. doi:10.1177/ 000348949410301006.
29. Takasu T, Furuta Y, Sato KC, et al. Detection of latent herpes simples virus DNA and RNA in human geniculate ganglia by the polymerase chain reaction. Acta Otolaryngol 1992;112(6):1004-1011.
30. Takahashi H, Hitsumoto Y, Honda N, et al. Mouse model of Bell's palsy induced by reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60(6):621-627. doi:10.1093/jnen/60.6.621.
31. Sugita T, Murakami S, Yanagihara N, et al. Facial nerve paralysis induced by herpes simplex virus in mice: an animal model of acute and transient facial paralysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995;104(7):574-581.
32. Tyler KL. PrednisoneVbut not antiviral drugsVimproves outcome in patients with Bell's palsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2009;5:74-75. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro1002.
33. Kennedy PG. Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Bell's palsyVa current assessment of the controversy. J Neurovirol 2010;16(1):1-5. doi:10.3109/13550280903552446.
34. Adour KK, Byl FM, Hilsinger RL Jr, et al. The true nature of Bell's palsy: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients. Laryngoscope 1978;88(5):787-801.
35. Benatar M, Edlow J. The spectrum of cranial neuropathy in patients with Bell's palsy. Arch Intern Med 2004;164(21):2383-2385. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.21.2383.
36. Hohman MH, Hadlock TA. Etiology diagnosis and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center. Laryngoscope 2014;125(7):E283YE293. doi:10.1002/lary.24542.
37. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy: the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2002;(549):4-30. doi:10.1080/000164802760370736.
38. Pitts DB, Adour KK, Hilsinger RL Jr. Recurrent Bell's palsy: analysis of 140 patients. Laryngoscope 1988;98(5):535-540.
39. Stern BJ, Krumholz A, Johns C, et al. Sarcoidosis and its neurologicalmanifestations. Arch Neurol 1985;42(9):909-917.
40. Bagnato F, Stern BJ. Neurosarcoidosis: diagnosis, therapy and biomarkers. Expert Rev Neurother 2015;15(5):533-548. doi:10.1586/ 14737175.2015.1037288.
41. LevensonMJ, IngermanM,GrimesC,AnandKV. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110(8):540-542.
42. Greene RM, Rogers RS 3rd. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: a review of 36 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21(6):1263-1270.
43. Baugh RF, Basura GJ, Ishii LE, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Bell's palsy executive summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;149(5):656-663. doi:10.1177/ 0194599813506835.
44. Sartoretti-Schefer S,WichmannW, Valavanis A. Idiopathic, herpetic, and HIV-associated facial nerve palsies: abnormal MR enhancement patterns. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994; 15(3):479-485.
45. Riancho J, Delgado-AlvaradoM, Valero C, et al. Clinical spectrum of peripheral facial paralysis in HIV-infected patients according to HIV status. Int J STD AIDS 2013;24(1):39-41. doi:10.1177/0956462412472308.
46. Serrano P, Hernández N, Arroyo JA, et al. Bilateral Bell palsy and acute HIV type 1 infection: report of 2 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(6):e57Ye61. doi:10.1086/511876.
47. Halperin JJ. Nervous system Lyme disease. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2015;17(1):445. doi:10.1007/s11908-014-0445-6.
48. Halperin JJ. Facial nerve palsy associated with Lyme disease. Muscle Nerve 2003;28(4):516-517. doi:10.1002/mus.10451.
49. Halperin JJ, Golightly M. Lyme borreliosis in Bell's palsy. Long Island Neuroborreliosis Collaborative Study Group. Neurology 1992;42(7):1268-1270.
50. Keane JR. Bilateral seventh nerve palsy: analysis of 43 cases and review of the literature. Neurology 1994;44(7):1198-1202.
51. Wakerley BR, Yuki N. Isolated facial diplegia in Guillian-Barré syndrome: bifacial weakness with paresthesias. Muscle Nerve 2015;52(6): 927-932. doi:10.1002/mus.24887.
52. Clark JR, Carlson RD, Sasaki CT, et al. Facial paralysis in Lyme disease. Laryngoscope 1985;95(11):1341-1345.
53. Halperin JJ, Shapiro ED, Logigian E, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence-based review). Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2007;69(1):91-102. doi:10.1212.01.wnl.0000265517.66976.28.
54. Sweeney CJ, Gilden DH. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 71(2):149-154. doi:10.1136/jnnp.71.2.149.
55. Grogan PM, Gronseth GS. Practice parameter: steroids, acyclovir, and surgery for Bell's palsy (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2001;56(7):830-836. 10.1212/ WNL.56.7.830.
56. Gronseth GS, Paduga R; American Academy of Neurology. Evidence-based guideline update: steroids and antivirals for Bell palsy: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2012;79(22): 2209-2213. doi:10.1212/ WNL.0b013e318275978c.
57. Sullivan FM, Swan IR, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2007;357(16): 1598-1607. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072006.
58. Engström M, Berg T, Stjernquist-Desatnik A, et al. Prednisolone and valaciclovir in Bell's palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 2008;7(11):993-1000. doi:10.1016/ S1474-4422(08)70221-7.
59. Tan ST, Staiano JJ, Itinteang T, et al. Gold weight implantation and lateral tarsorrhaphy for upper eyelid paralysis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013;41(3):e49Ye53. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2012.07.015.
60. Reich SG. Bell palsy: which side? Neurology 2007;68(2):E1. doi:10.1212/01.wnl. 0000250353.75532.29.
61. Yaltho TC, Jankovic J. The many faces of hemifacial spasm: differential diagnosis of unilateral facial spasms.Mov Disord 2011;26(9): 1582-1592. doi:10.1002/mds.23692.
62. Reich SG, Grill SE. Gustatory sweating: Frey syndrome. Neurology 2005;65(11):E24. doi:10.1212/01.wnl. 0000182298.85958.46.