Peer Influence on Ethnic-Racial Identity Development: A Multi-Site Investigation

Child Development

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 725-742

  Santos, Carlos E ^a   Kornienko, Olga ^a   Rivas Drake, Deborah ^b  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; HUMAN; IDENTITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PEER PRESSURE; SOCIAL NETWORK; ADOLESCENT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ASIAN AMERICAN; CAUCASIAN; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HISPANIC; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; ASIAN AMERICANS; CHILD; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES; PEER INFLUENCE; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES;

EID: 85017130667     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: 14678624     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12789     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Abrams, D., Van de Vyver, J., Pelletier, J., & Cameron, L. (2015). Children's prosocial behavioural intentions towards outgroup members. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33, 277–294. doi:10.1111/bjdp.12085
2. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
3. Brechwald, W. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Beyond homophily: A decade of advances in understanding peer influence processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 166–179. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00721.x
4. Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
5. Cairns, R., Xie, H., & Leung, M. C. (1998). The popularity of friendship and the neglect of social networks: Toward a new balance. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 81, 25–53. doi:10.1002/cd.23219988104
6. Carter, P. L. (2005). Keepin’ it real: School success beyond Black and White. New York, NY: Oxford.
7. Coll, C. G. (2015). Editorial: Continuity and change in Child Development. Child Development, 86, 7–9. doi:10.1111/cdev.12353
8. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York, NY: Scribner.
9. Cross, W. E. Jr (1991). Shades of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
10. Dishion, T. J., & Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412
11. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York, NY: Norton.
12. Fuligni, A. J., Witkow, M., & Garcia, C. (2005). Ethnic identity and the academic adjustment of adolescents from Mexican, Chinese, and European backgrounds. Developmental Psychology, 41, 799–811. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.5.799
13. Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Lane, D. J. (2003). A social reaction model of adolescent health risk. In J. M. Suls & K. Wallson (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of health and illness (pp. 107–136). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
14. Goodreau, S. M., Kitts, J. A., & Morris, M. (2009). Birds of a feather, or friend of a friend? Using exponential random graph models to investigate adolescent social networks. Demography, 46, 103–125. doi:10.1353/dem.0.0045
15. Hamm, J. V. (2000). Do birds of a feather flock together? The variable bases for African American, Asian American, and European American adolescents’ selection of similar friends. Developmental Psychology, 36, 209–219. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.209
16. Hughes, D., Way, N., & Rivas-Drake, D. (2011). Stability and change in private and public ethnic regard among African American, Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Chinese American early adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 861–870. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00744.x
17. Hughes, D., Witherspoon, D., Rivas-Drake, D., & West-Bey, N. (2009). Received ethnic/racial socialization messages and youths’ academic and behavioral outcomes: Examining the mediating role of ethnic identity and self-esteem. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15, 112–124. doi: 10.1037/a0015509
18. Huitsing, G., Snijders, T. A., Van Dujin, M. A. J., & Veenstra, R. (2014). Victims, bullies, and their defenders: A longitudinal study of the coevolution of positive and negative networks. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 645–659. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000297
19. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
20. Kiang, L., Peterson, J. L., & Thompson, T. L. (2009). Ethnic peer preferences among Asian American adolescents in emerging immigrant communities. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 754–761. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00750.x
21. Kiang, L., Witkow, M. R., Baldelomar, O. A., & Fuligni, A. J. (2010). Change in ethnic identity across the high school years among adolescents with Latin American, Asian, and European backgrounds. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 683–693. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9429-5
22. Kindermann, T. A. (2007). Effects of naturally existing peer groups on changes in academic engagement in a cohort of sixth graders. Child Development, 78, 1186–1203. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01060.x
23. Larson, R. W., & Richards, M. H. (1991). Daily companionship in late childhood and early adolescence: Changing developmental contexts. Child Development, 62, 284–300. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01531.x
24. Larson, R. W., & Verma, S. (1999). How children and adolescents spend time across the world: Work, play, and developmental opportunities. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 701–736. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.701
25. Lee, S. J. (1996). Unraveling the “model minority” stereotype: Listening to Asian American youth. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
26. Leszczensky, L., & Pink, S. (2015). Ethnic segregation of friendship networks in school: Testing a rational-choice argument of differences in ethnic homophily between classroom- and grade-level networks. Social Networks, 42, 18–26. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2015.02.002
27. Lospinoso, J. A., Schweinberger, M., Snijders, T. A. B., & Ripley, R. M. (2011). Assessing and accounting for time heterogeneity in stochastic actor oriented models. Advances in Data and Analysis Classification, 5, 147–176. doi: 10.1007/s11634-010-0076-1
28. Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302–318.
29. Martin, C. L., Kornienko, O., Schaefer, D. R., Hanish, L. D., Fabes, R. A., & Goble, P. (2013). The role of sex of peers and gender-typed activities in young children's peer affiliative networks: A longitudinal analysis of selection and influence. Child Development, 84, 921–937. doi:10.1111/cdev.12032
30. McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415–444. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
31. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self & society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
32. Mehta, C. M., & Strough, J. (2009). Sex segregation in friendships and normative contexts across the life span. Developmental Review, 29, 201–220. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.06.001
33. Parker, J. G., Rubin, K. H., Erath, S. A., Wojslawowicz, J. C., & Buskirk, A. A. (2006). Peer relationships, child development, and adjustment: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and methods (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 419–493). New York, NY: Wiley.
34. Pham, H., & Van, P. H. (2012). Measuring the climate for immigrants: A state-by-state analysis. In C. Hessick & G. J. Chin (Eds.), Strange Neighbors: The role of the states in immigration policy (pp. 21–39). New York, NY: New York University Press.
35. Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: A review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499–514. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
36. Phinney, J. S. (2000). Identity formation across cultures: The interaction of personal, societal, and historical change. Human Development, 43, 27–31. doi:10.1159/000022653
37. Phinney, J. S., Romero, I., Nava, M., & Huang, D. (2001). The role of language, parents, and peers in ethnic identity among adolescents in immigrant families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 135–153. doi:10.1023/A:1010389607319
38. Pollock, M. (2004). Colormute: Race talk dilemmas in an American school. Princeton, NJ: Princeton.
39. Prinstein, M. J., & Dodge, K. A. (Eds.) (2008). Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
40. Rambaran, J. A., Hopmeyer, A., Schwartz, D., Steglich, C., Badaly, D., & Veenstra, R. (2016). Academic functioning and peer influences: A short-term longitudinal study of network-behavior dynamics in middle adolescence. Child Development. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12611
41. Ripley, R. M., Snijders, T. A. B., & Preciado, P. (2016). Manual for RSiena. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, Department of Statistics; Nuffield College. Retrieved from http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/siena/RSiena_Manual.pdf
42. Rivas-Drake, D., Hughes, D., & Way, N. (2009). A preliminary analysis of associations among ethnic–racial socialization, ethnic discrimination, and ethnic identity among urban sixth graders. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 558–584. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00607.x
43. Rivas-Drake, D., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Schaefer, D. R., & Medina, M. (2017). Ethnic-racial identity and friendships in early adolescence. Child Development. Advance online publication.
44. Rivera, M. T., Soderstrom, S. B., & Uzzi, B. (2010). Dynamics of dyads in social networks: Assortative, relational, and proximity mechanisms. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 91–115. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134743
45. Roberts, R. E., Phinney, J. S., Masse, L. C., Chen, Y. R., Roberts, C. R., & Romero, A. (1999). The structure of ethnic identity of young adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 301–322. doi:10.1177/0272431699019003001
46. Ryan, A. M. (2001). The peer group as a context for the development of young adolescent motivation and achievement. Child Development, 72, 1135–1150. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00338
47. Schaefer, D. R., Kornienko, O., & Fox, A. M. (2011). Misery does not love company: Network selection mechanisms and depression homophily. American Sociological Review, 76, 764–785. doi:10.1177/0003122411420813
48. Scottham, K. M., Sellers, R. M., & Nguyên, H. X. (2008). A measure of racial identity in African American adolescents: The development of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity—Teen. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 297–306. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.297
49. Seaton, E., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). The prevalence of perceived discrimination among African American and Caribbean Black youth. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1288–1297. doi:10.1037/a0012747
50. Sellers, R. M., Rowley, S. A., Chavous, T. M., Shelton, J. N., & Smith, M. (1997). Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: Preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 805–815. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.805
51. Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 2, 18–39. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2
52. Sijtsema, J. J., Ojanen, T., Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Hawley, P. H., & Little, T. D. (2010). Forms and functions of aggression in adolescent friendship selection and influence: A longitudinal social network analysis. Social Development, 19, 515–534. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00566.x
53. Snijders, T. A. (2011). Statistical models for social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 37, 131–153. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102709
54. Snijders, T. A. B., Van de Bunt, G. G., & Steglich, C. E. G. (2010). Introduction to stochastic actor-based models for network dynamics. Social Networks, 32, 44–60. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2009.02.004
55. Steglich, C., Snijders, T. A. B., & Pearson, M. (2010). Dynamic networks and behavior: Separating selection from influence. Sociological Methodology, 40, 329–393. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9531.2010.01225.x
56. Sullivan, H. S. (1947). Conceptions of modern psychiatry. Washington, DC: William A. White Psychiatric Foundation.
57. Syed, M. (2012). College students’ storytelling of ethnicity-related events in the academic domain. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27, 203–230. doi:10.1177/0743558411432633
58. Syed, M., & Juan, M. J. (2012). Birds of an ethnic feather? Ethnic identity homophily among college-age friends. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1505–1514. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.012
59. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
60. Tatum, B. D. (2003). Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? And other conversations about race. New York, NY: Basic Books.
61. Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2004). Ethnic identity and self-esteem: Examining the role of social context. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 139–146. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.11.006
62. Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., Cross, W. E., Rivas-Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., … Seaton, E.; Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85, 21–39. doi:10.1111/cdev.12196
63. van Zalk, M. H. W., Kerr, M., Branje, S. J. T., Stattin, H., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). It takes three: Selection, influence, and de-selection processes of depression in adolescent friendship networks. Developmental Psychology, 46, 927–938. doi:10.1037/a0019661
64. van Zalk, M. H. W., Kerr, M., van Zalk, N., & Stattin, H. (2012). Xenophobia and tolerance toward immigrants in adolescence: Cross-influence processes within friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 627–639. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9694-8
65. Veenstra, R., Dijkstra, J. K., Steglich, C., & Van Zalk, M. H. W. (2013). Network-behavior dynamics. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23, 399–412. doi:10.1111/jora.12070
66. Veenstra, R., & Steglich, C. (2012). Actor-based model for network and behavior dynamics. In B. Laursen, T. D. Little, & N. A. Card (Eds.), Handbook of developmental research methods (pp. 598–618). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
67. Way, N., Santos, C., Niwa, E. Y., & Kim-Gervey, C. (2008). To be or not to be: An exploration of ethnic identity development in context. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 120, 61–79. doi:10.1002/cd.216
68. Yip, T. (2005). Sources of situtational variation in ethnic identity and psychological well-being: A Palm Pilot study of Chinese American students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1603–1616. doi: 10.1177/0146167205277094
69. Yip, T., Douglass, S., & Shelton, J. N. (2013). Daily intragroup contact in diverse settings: Implications for Asian adolescents’ ethnic identity. Child Development, 84, 1425–1441. doi:10.1111/cdev.12038