The vivid present: Visualization abilities are associated with steep discounting of future rewards

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 8, Issue MAR, 2017, Pages

  Parthasarathi, Trishala ^a   McConnell, Mairead H ^b   Luery, Jeffrey ^a   Kable, Joseph W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b University of Arizona   (United States)

Author keywords

Delay discounting; Future thinking; Imagination; Intertemporal choice; Visualization

Indexed keywords

EID: 85016973287     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00289     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Audrain-McGovern, J., Rodriguez, D., Tercyak, K. P., Epstein, L. H., Goldman, P., and Wileyto, E. P. (2004). Applying a behavioral economic framework to understanding adolescent smoking. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 18, 64-73. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.64
2. Baker, F., Johnson, M. W., and Bickel, W. K. (2003). Delay discounting in current and never-before cigarette smokers: similarities and differences across commodity, sign, and magnitude. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 112, 382-392. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.382
3. Becker, A., Deckers, T., Dohmen, T., Falk, A., and Kosse, F. (2012). The relationship between economic preferences and psychological personality measures. Annu. Rev. Econ. 4, 453-478. doi: 10.1177/1088868313501745
4. Benoit, R. G., Gilbert, S. J., and Burgess, P. W. (2011). A neural mechanism mediating the impact of episodic prospection on farsighted decisions. J. Neurosci. 31, 6771-6779. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6559-10.2011
5. Campos, A. (2011). Internal consistency and construct validity of two versions of the Revised Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire. Percept. Mot. Skills 113, 454-460. doi: 10.2466/04.22.PMS.113.5.454-460
6. Chung, S. H., and Herrnstein, R. J. (1967). Choice and delay of reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 10, 67-74. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1967.10-67
7. Cooper, N., Kable, J. W., Kim, B. K., and Zauberman, G. (2013). Brain activity in valuation regions while thinking about the future predicts individual discount rates. J. Neurosci. 33, 13150-13156. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0400-13.2013
8. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 44, 113-126. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
9. Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., and Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 92, 1087-1101. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
10. Duckworth, A. L., and Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychol. Sci. 16, 939-944. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x
11. Ersner-Hershfield, H., Wimmer, G. E., and Knutson, B. (2008). Saving for the future self: neural measures of future self-continuity predict temporal discounting. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 4, 85-92. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsn042
12. Frederick, S. (2003). "Time preference and personal identity," in Time and Decision, eds G. Loewenstein, D. Read, and R. Baumeister (New York, NY: Russell Sage Press), 89-113
13. Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., and O'Donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: a critical review. J. Econ. Lit. 40, 1-51. doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0879-3
14. Gläscher, J., and Büchel, C. (2005). Formal learning theory dissociates brain regions with different temporal integration. Neuron 47, 295-306. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.008
15. Gollwitzer, P. M., and Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 38, 69-119. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1
16. Hirsh, J. B., Guindon, A., Morisano, D., and Peterson, J. B. (2010). Positive mood effects on delay discounting. Emotion 10, 717-721. doi: 10.1037/a0019466
17. Hirsh, J. B., Morisano, D., and Peterson, J. B. (2008). Delay discounting: interactions between personality and cognitive ability. J. Res. Pers. 42, 1646-1650. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.024
18. Hoch, S. J., and Loewenstein, G. F. (1991). Time-inconsistent preferences and consumer self-control. J. Consum. Res. 17, 492-507. doi: 10.1086/208573
19. Kable, J. W., and Glimcher, P. W. (2007). The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1625-1633. doi: 10.1038/nn2007
20. Kappes, A., Wendt, M., Reinelt, T., and Oettingen, G. (2013). Mental contrasting changes the meaning of reality. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 49, 797-810. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.010
21. Kim, B. K., and Zauberman, G. (2013). Can Victoria's Secret change the future? A subjective time perception account of sexual-cue effects on impatience. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 142, 328. doi: 10.1037/a0028954
22. Kirby, K. N. (2009). One-year temporal stability of delay-discount rates. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 16, 457-462. doi: 10.3758/PBR.16.3.457
23. Kirby, K. N., and Petry, N. M. (2004). Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls. Addiction 99, 461-471. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00669.x
24. Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., and Bickel, W. K. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. J. Exp. Psychol. 128, 78-87. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78
25. Kirby, K. N., Winston, G. C., and Santiesteban, M. (2005). Impatience and grades: delay-discount rates correlate negatively with college GPA. Learn. Individ. Differ. 15, 213-222. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2005.01.003
26. Kurth-Nelson, Z., Bickel, W., and Redish, A. D. (2012). A theoretical account of cognitive effects in delay discounting. Eur. J. Neurosci. 35, 1052-1064. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08058.x
27. Lempert, K. M., and Pizzagalli, D. A. (2010). Delay discounting and future-directed thinking in anhedonic individuals. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 41, 258-264. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.02.003
28. Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., and Weber, E. U. (2012). The financial costs of sadness. Psychol. Sci. 24, 72-79. doi: 10.1177/0956797612450302
29. Levy, I., Snell, J., Nelson, A. J., Rustichini, A., and Glimcher, P. W. (2009). Neural representation of subjective value under risk ambiguity. J. Neurophysiol. 103, 1036-1047. doi: 10.1152/jn.00853.2009
30. Lin, H., and Epstein, L. H. (2014). Living in the moment: effects of time perspective and emotional valence of episodic thinking on delay discounting. Behav. Neurosci. 128, 12-19. doi: 10.1037/a0035705
31. Liu, L., Feng, T., Chen, J., and Li, H. (2013). The value of emotion: How does episodic prospection modulate delay discounting? PLoS ONE 8:e81717. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081717
32. MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Few, L. R., Ray, L. A., Sweet, L. H., and Munafò, M. R. (2011). Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology 216, 305-321. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0
33. Madden, G. J., and Bickel, W. K. (2010). Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/12069-000
34. Malkoc, S. A., and Zauberman, G. (2006). Deferring versus expediting consumption: the effect of outcome concreteness on sensitivity to time horizon. J. Market. Res. 43, 618-627. doi: 10.1509/jmkr.43.4.618
35. Malkoc, S. A., Zauberman, G., and Bettman, J. R. (2010). Unstuck from the concrete: carryover effects of abstract mindsets in intertemporal preferences. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 113, 112-126. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.07.003
36. Manning, J., Hedden, T., Wickens, N., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Prelec, D., and Gabrieli, J. D. (2014). Personality influences temporal discounting preferences: behavioral and brain evidence. Neuroimage 98, 42-49. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.066
37. Marks, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery in the recall of pictures. Br. J. Psychol. 64, 17-24. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01322.x
38. Mayer, J. D., and Gaschke, Y. N. (1988). The experience and meta-experience of mood. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 55, 102-111. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.102
39. Mazur, J. E. (1984). Tests of an equivalence rule for fixed and variable reinforcer delays. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 10, 426-436. doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.10.4.426
40. McCullough, M. E. (2002). Savoring life, past and present: explaining what hope and gratitude share in common. Psychol. Inq. 13, 302-304
41. McDougall, S., and Pfeifer, G. (2012). Personality differences in mental imagery and the effects on verbal memory. Br. J. Psychol. 103, 556-573. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02094.x
42. McKelvie, S. J. (1995). The VVIQ as a psychometric test of individual differences in visual imagery vividness: a critical quantitative review and plea for direction. J. Ment. Imagery 19, 1-106
43. Meier, S., and Sprenger, C. D. (2012). Time discounting predicts creditworthiness. Psychol. Sci. 23, 56-58. doi: 10.1177/0956797611425931
44. Mischel, W., and Ebbesen, E. B. (1970). Attention in delay of gratification. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 16, 329-337. doi: 10.1037/h0029815
45. Mitchell, J. P. (2009). Inferences about mental states. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 364, 1309-1316. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0318
46. Oettingen, G. (2000). Expectancy effects on behavior depend on self-regulatory thought. Soc. Cogn. 18, 101-129. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2012.660154
47. Oettingen, G., Kappes, H. B., Guttenberg, K. B., and Gollwitzer, P. M. (2015). Self-regulation of time management: mental contrasting with implementation intentions. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 45, 218-229. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2090
48. Ohmura, Y., Takahashi, T., Kitamura, N., and Wehr, P. (2006). Three-month stability of delay and probability discounting measures. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 14, 318-328. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.14.3.318
49. Ostaszewski, P. (1996). The relation between temperament and rate of temporal discounting. Eur. J. Pers. 10, 161-172. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0984(199609)10:3<161::AID-PER259>3.0.CO;2-R
50. Otto, A. R., Gershman, S. J., Markman, A. B., and Daw, N. D. (2013). The curse of planning: dissecting multiple reinforcement-learning systems by taxing the central executive. Psychol. Sci. 24, 751-761. doi: 10.1177/0956797612463080
51. Peters, J., and Büchel, C. (2010). Episodic future thinking reduces reward delay discounting through an enhancement of prefrontal-mediotemporal interactions. Neuron 66, 138-148. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.026
52. Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., and Seligman, M. E. P. (1982). The attributional style questionnaire. Cogn. Ther. Res. 6, 287-300. doi: 10.1007/BF01173577
53. Petry, N. M. (2001). Pathological gamblers, with and without substance abuse disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 110, 482-487. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.482
54. Rachlin, H., and Raineri, A. (1992). "Irrationality, impulsiveness, and selfishness as discount reversal effects," in Choice Over Time, eds G. Loewenstein and J. Elster (New York, NY: The Russell Sage Foundation), 93-118
55. Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., and Cross, D. (1991). Subjective probability and delay. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 55, 233-244. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1991.55-233
56. Redish, A. D., and Kurth-Nelson, Z. (2010). "Neural models of temporal discounting," in Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting, eds G. Madden and W. Bickel (Washington, DC: APA books), 123-158
57. Reimers, S., Maylor, E. A., Stewart, N., and Chater, N. (2009). Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measure and age, income, education and real-world impulsive behavior. Pers. Individ. Dif. 47, 973-978. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.026
58. Richardson, A. (1994). Individual Differences in Imaging: Their Measurement, Origins, and Consequences. New York, NY: Baywood Publishing Company
59. Rick, S., and Loewenstein, G. (2008). Intangibility in intertemporal choice. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363, 3813-3824. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0150
60. Rossi, J. S. (1977). Reliability of a measure of visual imagery. Percept. Mot. Skills 45(3 Pt 1), 694. doi: 10.2466/pms.1977.45.3.694
61. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., and Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67, 1063-1078. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
62. Schwarzer, R., and Jerusalem, M. (1995). "Generalized self-efficacy scale," in Measures in Health Psychology: A User's Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs, eds J. Weinman, S. Wright, and M. Johnston (Windsor: Nfer-Nelson), 35-37
63. Senecal, N., Wang, T., Thompson, E., and Kable, J. W. (2012). Normative arguments from experts and peers reduce delay discounting. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 7, 568-589
64. Sozou, P. D. (1998). On hyperbolic discounting and uncertain hazard rates. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 265, 2015-2020. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0534
65. Tom, S. M., Fox, C. R., Trepel, C., and Poldrack, R. A. (2007). The neural basis of loss aversion in decision-making under risk. Science 315, 515-518. doi: 10.1126/science.1134239
66. Trope, Y., and Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychol. Rev. 110, 403-421. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403
67. Zimbardo, P. G., and Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 77, 1271-1288. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271