A Systematic Review of the Rates of Depression in Children and Adults With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder

Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 267-287

  Wigham, Sarah ^a   Barton, Stephen ^b   Parr, Jeremy R ^a   Rodgers, Jacqui ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b TYNE AND WEAR NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

adults; autism; autism spectrum disorders; children; Depression; systematic review

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015968594     PISSN: 19315864     EISSN: 19315872     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19315864.2017.1299267     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders:DSM-5. Washington, D.C:Author.
2. Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T., (2006). Prevalence of disorder of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames:The Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). The Lancet, 368(9531), 210–215. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7
3. Barnhill, G. P., & Myles, B. S., (2001). Attributional style and depression in adolescents with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 3(3), 175–182. doi:10.1177/109830070100300305
4. Beck, A., & Steer, R., (1996). Beck Depression Inventory [Manual, Swedish version]. Stockholm, Sweden:Psykologifo¨ rlaget.
5. Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. F., (2015). Differences in the prevalence, severity and symptom profiles of depression in boys and adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder versus normally developing controls. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 62(2), 158–167. doi:10.1080/1034912X.2014.998179
6. Brugha, T. S., McManus, S., Bankart, J., Scott, F., Purdon, S., Smith, J., … Meltzer, H., (2011). Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in adults in the community in England. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(5), 459–465. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.38
7. Cederlund, M., Hagberg, B., & Gillberg, C., (2010). Asperger syndrome in adolescent and young adult males:Interview, self- and parent assessment of social, emotional, and cognitive problems. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(2), 287–298. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.09.006
8. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2016). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States:Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 16-4984, NSDUH Series H-51). Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/
9. Cooper, S. A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., Williamson, A., & Allan, L., (2007). An epidemiological investigation of affective disorders with a population-based cohort of 1023 adults with intellectual disabilities. Psychological Medicine, 37(06), 873–882. doi:10.1017/S0033291707009968
10. Crane, L., Goddard, L., & Pring, L., (2011). Autobiographical memory in adults with autism spectrum disorder:The role of depressed mood, rumination, working memory and theory of mind. Autism, 17(2), 205–219. doi:10.1177/1362361311418690
11. De-la-Iglesia, M., & Olivar, J. S., (2015). Risk factors for depression in children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. The Scientific World Journal, Article ID 127853, 17 pages. doi:10.1155/2015/127853
12. Egger, H. L., & Angold, A., (2004). The Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA):A structured parent interview for diagnosing psychiatric disorders in preschool children. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins and A. Carter (Eds.), Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment (pp. 223–243). New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
13. Gadow, K., & Sprafkin, J., (2002). Child Symptom Inventory–4 screening and norms manual. Stony Brook, NY:Checkmate Plus.
14. Gadow, K., & Sprafkin, J., (2010). Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory 4R:Screening and norms manual. Stony Brook, NY:Checkmate Plus.
15. Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C., & Schneider, J., (2008). Predictors of psychiatric symptoms in children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(9), 1710–1720. doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0556-8
16. Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., Pomeroy, J., & Azizian, A., (2005). Comparison of DSM-IV symptoms in elementary school-age children with PDD versus clinic and community samples. Autism, 9(4), 392–415. doi:10.1177/1362361305056079
17. Geurts, H. M., Stek, M., & Comijs, H., (2016). Autism characteristics in older adults with depressive disorder. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(2), 161–169. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2015.08.003
18. Gillberg, C., & Billstedt, E., (2000). Autism and Asperger syndrome:Coexistence with other clinical disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102(5), 321–330. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102005321.x
19. Gillberg, I. C., Helles, A., Billstedt, E., & Gillberg, C., (2015). Boys with Asperger syndrome grow up:Psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorder 20 years after initial diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 46(1), 74–82. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2544-0
20. Gjevik, E., Sandstad, B., Andreassen, O. A., Myhre, A. M., & Sponheim, E., (2015). Exploring the agreement between questionnaire information and DSM-IV diagnoses of comorbid psychopathology in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 19(4), 433–442. doi:10.1177/1362361314526003
21. Gotham, K., Unruh, K., & Lord, C., (2014). Depression and its measurement in verbal adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 19(4), 491–504. doi:10.1177/1362361314536625
22. Green, J., Gilchrist, A., Burton, D., & Cox, A., (2000). Social and psychiatric functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome compared with conduct disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 30(4), 279–293. doi:10.1023/A:1005523232106
23. Happé, F., & Frith, U., (2006). The weak coherence account:Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 36(1), 5–25. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0
24. Hepburn, S. L., Stern, J. A., Blakeley-Smith, A., Kimel, L. K., & Reaven, J. A., (2014). Complex psychiatric comorbidity of treatment-seeking youth with autism spectrum disorder and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7(4), 359–378. doi:10.1080/19315864.2014.932476
25. Hermans, H., & Evenhuis, H. M., (2010). Characteristics of instruments screening for depression in adults with intellectual disabilities:Systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(6), 1109–1120. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.023
26. Hien, D., Matzner, F. J., First, M. B., Sptizer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W., (1994). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-child edition (version 1.0). New York, NY:Columbia University.
27. Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S., Eds. (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. London, UK: The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved from http://handbook.cochrane.org
28. Hill, E., Berthoz, S., & Frith, U., (2004). Brief report:Cognitive processing of own emotions in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and in their relatives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 34(2), 229–235. doi:10.1023/B:JADD.0000022613.41399.14
29. Hoy, D., Brooks, P., Woolf, A., Blyth, F., March, L., Bain, C., … Buchbinder, R., (2012). Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies:Modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 65(9), 934–939. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014
30. Jahoda, A., Melville, C. A., Pert, C., Cooper, S. A., Lynn, H., Williams, C., & Davidson, C., (2015). A feasibility study of behavioural activation for depressive symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(11), 1010–1021. doi:10.1111/jir.12175
31. Joanna Briggs Institute. (2014). The Joanna Briggs Institute reviewers’ manual 2014:The systematic review of prevalence and incidence data. Adelaide, Australia:JBI.
32. Johansson, R., Carlbring, P., Heedman, Å., Paxling, B., & Andersson, G., (2013). Depression, anxiety and their comorbidity in the Swedish general population:Point prevalence and the effect on health-related quality of life. PeerJ, 1(1), e98. doi:10.7717/peerj.98
33. Johnson, J. G., Harris, E. S., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B., (2002). The patient health questionnaire for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 196–204. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00333-0
34. Joshi, G., Wozniak, J., Petty, C., Martelon, M. K., Fried, R., Bolfek, A., … Caruso, J., (2013). Psychiatric comorbidity and functioning in a clinically referred population of adults with autism spectrum disorders:A comparative study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(6), 1314–1325. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1679-5
35. Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children–Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL):Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021
36. Kelly, A. B., Garnett, M. S., Attwood, T., & Peterson, C., (2008). Autism spectrum symptomatology in children:The impact of family and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(7), 1069–1081. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9234-8
37. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E., (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
38. Kovacs, M., (1992). Children’s depression inventory. New York, NY:Multi-Health Systems.
39. Lainhart, J. E., Leyfer, O. T., & Folstein, S. E., (2003). Autism Comorbidity Interview–Present and Lifetime version (ACI-PL). Salt Lake City, UT:University of Utah.
40. Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., … Lainhart, J. E., (2006). Comorbid psychiatric disorder in children with autism:Interview development and rates of disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 36(7), 849–861. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0
41. Magiati, I., Tay, X. W., & Howlin, P., (2014). Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders:A systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 73–86. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.11.002
42. Magnuson, K. M., & Constantino, J. N., (2011). Characterization of depression in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32(4), 332. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e318213f56c
43. Mannion, A., & Leader, G., (2013). Comorbidity in autism spectrum disorder:A literature review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 7(12), 1595–1616. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.006
44. Matson, J. L., & Nebel-Schwalm, M. S., (2007). Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children:An overview. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(4), 341–352. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.12.004
45. Mattila, M. L., Hurtig, T., Haapsamo, H., Jussila, K., Kuusikko-Gauffin, S., Kielinen, M., … Pauls, D. L., (2010). Comorbid psychiatric disorder associated with Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism:A community- and clinic-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 40(9), 1080–1093. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0958-2
46. Mazefsky, C. A., Kao, J., & Oswald, D. P., (2011). Preliminary evidence suggesting caution in the use of psychiatric self-report measures with adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 5(1), 164–174. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.03.006
47. Mazurek, M. O., & Kanne, S. M., (2010). Friendship and internalizing symptoms among children and adolescents with HF ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 40(12), 1512–1520. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1014-y
48. Mazzone, L., Ruta, L., & Reale, L., (2012). Psychiatric comorbidities in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism:Diagnostic challenges. Annals of General Psychiatry, 11(1), 1. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-11-16
49. Mukaddes, N. M., & Fateh, R., (2010). High rates of psychiatric co-morbidity in individuals with Asperger’s disorder. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11(22), 486–492. doi:10.3109/15622970902789130
50. Munn, Z., Moola, S., Riitano, D., & Lisy, K., (2014). The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews:Addressing questions of prevalence. International Journal of Health Policy & Management, 3(3), 123–128. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.71
51. NICE. (2009) Depression:The treatment and management of depression in adults (update). NICE clinical guideline 90. Retrieved from www.nice.org.uk/CG90 [NICE guideline].
52. Orinstein, A., Tyson, K. E., Suh, J., Troyb, E., Helt, M., Rosenthal, M., … Schultz, R. T., (2015). Psychiatric symptoms in youth with a history of autism and optimal outcome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 45(11), 3703–3714. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2520-8
53. Reijnders, J. S., Ehrt, U., Weber, W. E., Aarsland, D., & Leentjens, A. F., (2008). A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorder, 23(2), 183–189. doi:10.1002/mds.21803
54. Rosbrook, A., & Whittingham, K., (2010). Autistic traits in the general population:What mediates the link with depressive and anxious symptomatology? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 4(3), 415–424. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.012
55. Russell, A. J., Murphy, C. M., Wilson, E., Gillan, N., Brown, C., Robertson, D. M., … Murphy, D., (2015). The mental health of individuals referred for assessment of autism spectrum disorder in adulthood:A clinic report. Autism, 20(5), 623–627. doi:10.1177/1362361315604271
56. Salazar, F., Baird, G., Chandler, S., Tseng, E., O’Sullivan, T., Howlin, P., … Simonoff, E., (2015). Co-occurring psychiatric disorder in preschool and elementary school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 45(8), 2283–2294. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2361-5
57. Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., et al. (1998). The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.):The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(20), 22–33.
58. Shtayermman, O., (2008). Suicidal ideation and comorbid disorder in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome:A population at risk. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 18(3), 301–328. doi:10.1080/10911350802427548
59. Skokauskas, N., & Gallagher, L., (2009). Psychosis, affective disorder and anxiety in autistic spectrum disorder:Prevalence and nosological considerations. Psychopathology, 43(1), 8–16. doi:10.1159/000255958
60. Snaith, R. P., & Zigmond, A. S., (1993). Hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67(6), 361–370.
61. Spiers, N., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P., McManus, S., Jenkins, R., & Meltzer, H., (2012). Age and birth cohort differences in depression in repeated cross-sectional surveys in England:The National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys, 1993 to 2007. Psychological Medicine, 42(10), 2047–2055. doi:10.1017/S003329171200013X
62. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B., (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID):I:History, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(8), 624–629. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005
63. Sterling, L., Dawson, G., Estes, A., & Greenson, J., (2008). Characteristics associated with presence of depressive symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 38(6), 1011–1018. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0477-y
64. Stewart, M. E., Barnard, L., Pearson, J., Hasan, R., & O’Brien, G., (2006). Presentation of depression in autism and Asperger syndrome A review. Autism, 10(1), 103–116. doi:10.1177/1362361306062013
65. Tsai, L. Y., (2014). Prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, 6(6), 179–186. doi:10.1016/j.jecm.2014.10.005
66. Tsakanikos, E., Costello, H., Holt, G., Bouras, N., Sturmey, P., & Newton, T., (2006). Psychopathology in adults with autism and intellectual disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 1123–1129. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0149-3
67. van Steensel, F. J., Bögels, S. M., & de Bruin, E. I., (2013). Psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorder:A comparison with children with ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 368–376. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9587-z
68. Vickerstaff, S., Heriot, S., Wong, M., Lopes, A., & Dossetor, D., (2007). Intellectual ability, self-perceived social competence, and depressive symptomatology in children with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 37(9), 1647–1664. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0292-x
69. Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., Teare, M., & Fristad, M. A., (1999). Parent version children’s interview for psychiatric syndromes (P-ChIPS). Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Press.
70. Whitehouse, A. J., Durkin, K., Jaquet, E., & Ziatas, K., (2009). Friendship, loneliness and depression in adolescents with Asperger’s Syndrome. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 309–322. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.004
71. Williams, S. B., O’Connor, E. A., Eder, M., & Whitlock, E. P., (2009). Screening for child and adolescent depression in primary care settings:A systematic evidence review for the US preventive services task force. Pediatrics, 123(4), e716–35. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2415
72. Witwer, A. N., & Lecavalier, L., (2010). Validity of comorbid psychiatric disorder in youngsters with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 22(4), 367–380. doi:10.1007/s10882-010-9194-0
73. Witwer, A. N., Lecavalier, L., & Norris, M., (2012). Reliability and validity of the Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes–Parent Version in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1949–1958. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1442-y