Poor but Warm, Rich but Cold (and Competent): Social Classes in the Stereotype Content Model

Journal of Social Issues

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 138-157

  Durante, Federica ^a   Tablante, Courtney Bearns ^b   Fiske, Susan T ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLASS; MODELING; PERCEPTION; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

EID: 85015414812     PISSN: 00224537     EISSN: 15404560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/josi.12208     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Batruch, A., Autin, F., & Butera, F. (2017). Re-establishing the social order: Restorative reactions against high-achieving low social class pupils. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 42–60.
2. Becker, J. C., Kraus, M. W., & Rheinschmidt-Same, M. L. (2017). Cultural expressions of social class and their implications for group-related beliefs and behaviors. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 158–174.
3. Bullock, H. E., Fraser Wyche, K., & Williams, W. R. (2001). Media images of the poor. Journal of Social Issues, 57(2), 229–246. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00210
4. Bullock, H. E., Lott, B., & Truong, S. V. (2011). SPSSI and poverty: Reflections at seventy-five. Journal of Social Issues, 67(1), 150–164. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01689.x
5. Bye, H. H., Herrebrøden, H., Hjetland, G. J., Røyset, G. Ø., & Westby, L. L. (2014). Stereotypes of Norwegian social groups. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55(5), 469–476. doi:10.1111/sjop.12141
6. Case, K. A., Iuzzini, J., & Hopkins, M. (2012), Systems of privilege: Intersections, awareness, and applications. Journal of Social Issues, 68(1), 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01732.x
7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2016). The world factbook. Retrieved July 2016 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html
8. Croizet, J.-C., & Claire, T. (1998). Extending the concept of stereotype and threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(6), 588–594. doi:10.1177/0146167298246003
9. Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631–648. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631
10. Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., Kwan, V. S. Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J.-P., Bond, M. H., Croizet, J.-C., Ellemers, N., Sleebos, E., Htun, T. T., Kim, H.-J., Maio, G., Perry, J., Petkova, K., Todorov, V., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., Morales, E., Moya, M., Palacios, M., Smith, V., Perez, R., Vala, J., & Ziegler, R. (2009). Is the stereotype content model culture-bound? A cross-cultural comparison reveals systematic similarities and differences. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(1), 1–33. doi:10.1348/014466608X314935
11. Darley, J. M., & Gross, P. H. (1983). A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.20
12. d'Hombres, B., Weber, A., & Elia, L. (2012). Literature review on income inequality and the effects on social outcomes. European Commission Joint Research Center Scientific and Policy Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC76149/lbna25574enn.pdf
13. Durante, F., Fiske, S. T., Gelfand, M., & Stillwell, A. (2014). Income inequality, conflict, and ambivalence in stereotype content. Paper presented at EASP/SPSSI Small Group Meeting, The Great Recession and Social Class Divides, Princeton University, September 4–6, 2014.
14. Durante, F., Fiske, S. T., Mähönen, T. A., & Jasinskaja, I. (2014). SCM investigation of Finnish societal stereotypes. Unpublished raw data.
15. Durante, F., Fiske, S. T., Kervyn, N., Cuddy, A. J. C., Akande, A., Adetoun, B. E., Adewuyi, M. F., Tserere, M. M., Al Ramiah, A., Mastor, K. A., Barlow, F. K., Bonn, G., Tafarodi, R. W., Bosak, J., Cairns, E., Doherty, C., Capozza, D., Chandran, A., Chryssochoou, X., Iatridis, T., Contreras, J. M., Costa-Lopes, R., González, R., Lewis, J. I., Tushabe, G., Leyens, J.-P., Mayorga, R., Rouhana, N. N., Castro, V. S., Perez, R., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., Moya, M., Morales Marente, E., Palacios Gálvez, M., Sibley, C. G., Asbrock, F., & Storari, C. C. (2013). Nations' income inequality predicts ambivalence in stereotype content: How societies mind the gap. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(4), 726–746. doi:10.1111/bjso.12005
16. Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 357–411). New York: McGraw-Hill.
17. Fiske, S. T. (2010). Interpersonal stratification: Status, power, and subordination. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 941–982). New York: Wiley.
18. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.878
19. Fiske, S. T., & Durante, F. (2016). Stereotype content across cultures: Variations on a few themes. In M. J. Gelfand, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in culture and psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 209–258). New York: Oxford University Press.
20. Fiske, S. T., & Markus, H. R. (Eds.) (2012). Facing social class: How societal rank influences interaction. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
21. International Labour Organization (2015). Global wage report 2014/15: Wages and income inequality. International Labour Office – Geneva. Retrivied from http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-wage-report/2014/lang-en/index.htm
22. Jetten, J., Mols, F., Healy, N., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (2017). Fear of falling: Economic instability enhances collective angst among societies’ wealthy. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 61–79.
23. Judd, C. M., James-Hawkins, L. J., Yzerbyt, V., & Kashima, Y. (2005). Fundamental dimensions of social judgment: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 899–913. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.899
24. Jury, M., Smeding, A., Stephens, N. M., Nelson, J. E., Aelenei, C., & Darnon, C. (2017). The experience of low-SES students in higher education: Psychological barriers to success and interventions to reduce social-class inequality. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 23–41.
25. Kay, A. C., Jost, J. T., Mandisodza, A. N., Sherman, S. J., Petrocelli, J. V., & Johnson, A. L. (2007). Panglossian ideology in the service of system justification: How complementary stereotypes help us to rationalize inequality. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 305–358. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(06)39006-5
26. Lott, B., & Bullock, H. E. (2001). Who are the poor? Journal of Social Issues, 57(2), 189–206. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00208
27. Loughnan, S., Kuppens, P., Allik, J., Balazs, K., de Lemus, S., Dumont, K., Gargurevich, R., Hidegkuti, I., Leidner, B., Matos, L., Park, J., Realo, A., Shi, J., Sojo, V. E., Tong, Y. Y., Vaes, J., Verduyn, P., Yeung, V. & Haslam, N. (2011). Economic inequality is linked to biased self-perception. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1254–1258. doi:10.1177/0956797611417003
28. Markus, H. R. (2017). In this together: Doing and undoing inequality and social class divides. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 211–221.
29. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2008). Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries. doi:10.1787/9789264044197-en.
30. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2011). Divided we stand: Why inequality keeps rising. doi:10.1787/9789264119536-en.
31. Ostrove, J. M., & Cole, E. R. (2003). Privileging class: Toward a critical psychology of social class in the context of education. Journal of Social Issues, 59(4), 677–692. doi:10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00084.x
32. Peugh, J. L. (2010). Practical guide to multilevel modeling. Journal of School Psychology, 48, 85–112. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2009.09.002
33. Rodriguez-Bailon, R., Bratanova, B., Willis, G. B., Lopez-Rodriguez, L., Sturrock, A., & Loughnan, S. (2017). Social class and ideologies of inequality: How they uphold unequal societies. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 99–116.
34. Russell, A. M., & Fiske, S. T. (2008). It's all relative: Social position and interpersonal perception. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38 (7), 1193–1201. doi:10.1002/ejsp.539
35. Sears, D. O. (1983). The person-positivity bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(2), 233–250.
36. Swencionis, J. K., Dupree, C. H., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). Warmth-competence tradeoffs in impression management across race and social class divides. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 175–191.
37. Volpato, C., Andrighetto, L., & Baldissarri, C. (2017). Perceptions of low-status workers and the maintenance of the social-class status quo. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 192–210.
38. Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. E. (2009). Income inequality and social dysfunction. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 493–511. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115926
39. Williams, J. C., Blair-Loy, M., & Berdahl, J. L. (2013). Cultural schemas, social class, and the flexibility stigma. Journal of Social Issues, 69(2), 209–234. doi:10.1111/josi.12012