The human-nature relationship and its impact on health: A critical review

Frontiers in Public Health

Volumn 4, Issue NOV, 2016, Pages

  Seymour, Valentine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Human health; Human nature relationship; Interdisciplinary; Natural environment

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015314959     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22962565     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/FPUBH.2016.00260     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Guiney MS, Oberhauser KS. Conservation volunteer's connection to nature. Ecoposychology (2009) 1(4):187-97. doi:10.1089/eco.2009.0030
2. Nisbet EK, Zelenski JM. The NR-6: a new brief measure of nature-relatedness. Front Psychol (2013) 4:813. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00813
3. Davis JL, Green JD, Reed A. Interdependence with the environment: commitment, interconnectedness, and environmental behaviour. J Environ Psychol (2009) 29:173-80. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.11.001
4. Kaplan R, Kaplan S. The Experience of Nature. Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press (1989).
5. Hardin G. The tragedy of the commons. Science (1968) 162(3859):1243-8. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
6. Foster JB. The Four Laws of Ecology and the Four Anti-Ecological Laws of Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press (2012).
7. Louv R. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Agonquin Books (2005).
8. Park BJ, Tsunetsugu Y, Kasetani T, Kagawa T, Miyazaki Y. The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan. Environ Health Prev Med (2010) 15:18-26. doi:10.1007/s12199-009-0086-9
9. Ryan CO, Browning WD, Clancy JO, Andrews SL, Kallianparkar NB. Biophilic design patterns: emerging nature-based parameters for health and wellbeing in the built environment. Int J Arch Res (2014) 8(2):62-76.
10. Thompson Coon KJ, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J, Depledge MH. Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environ Sci Technol (2011) 45(5):1761-2. doi:10.1021/es102947t
11. Blum HL. Planning for Health: Developmental Application of Social Change Theory. New York: Human Sciences Press (1974).
12. Hancock T, Perkins F. The Mandala of Health: a conceptual model and teaching tool. Health Educ (1985) 24:8-10.
13. Max-Neef MA. Human Scale Development: Conception, Application and Further Reflections. London: The Apex Press (1992).
14. Hancock T. Health, human development and the community ecosystem: three ecological models. Health Promot Int (1993) 8:41-6. doi:10.1093/heapro/8.1.41
15. Zinsstag J, Mackenzie JS, Jeggo M, Heymann DC, Patz JA, Daszak P. Mainstreaming One Health. Ecohealth (2012) 9:107-10. doi:10.1007/s10393-012-0772-8
16. Brofenbrenner U. Developmental ecology through space and time: a future perspective. In: Moen P, Elder GH, Luscher K, editors. Examining Lives in Context: Perspectives on the Ecology of Human Development. Washington, DC: American Psychology Association (1995). p. 619-47.
17. VanLeeuwen JA, Waltner-Toews D, Abernathy T, Smit B. Evolving models of human health toward and ecosystem context. Ecosyst Health (1999) 5(3):204-19. doi:10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09931.x
18. Wolf M. Is there really such a thing as "One Health"? Thinking about a more than human world from the perspective of cultural anthropology. Soc Sci Med (2014) 129:5-11. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.018
19. Min B, Allen-Scott LK, Buntain B. Transdisciplinary research for complex One Health issues: a scoping review of key concepts. Prev Vet Med (2013) 112:222-9. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.09.010
20. Darwin C. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: John Murray (1859).
21. Badyaev AV. Origin of the fittest: link between the emergent variation and biology evolutionary change as a critical question in evolutionary biology. Proc Soc Biol (2011) 278:1921-9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0548
22. Karrenberg S. Speciation genetics: limits and promises. Taxon (2010) 59(5):1404-12. doi:10.2307/20774037
23. Noble D. Physiology is rocking the foundations of evolutionary biology. Exp Physiol (2013) 98:1235-43. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2012.071134
24. Sharov AA. Evolutionary constraints or opportunities? Biosystems (2014) 123:9-18. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.06.004
25. Lumsden CJ, Wilson EO. Theory of gene-culture coevolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1980) 77:4382-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.7.4382
26. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1981).
27. Boyd R, Richerson PJ. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1988).
28. Cohen MN, Armelagos GJ. Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture. Florida: University Press of Florida (1984).
29. Laland KN, Odling-Smee J, Myles S. How culture shaped the human genome: bringing genetic and human sciences together. Nat Rev (2010) 11:137-45. doi:10.1038/nrg2734
30. Bloomfield SF, Stanwell-Smith R, Crevel RWR, Pickup J. Too clean, or not too clean: the hygiene hypothesis and home hygiene. Clin Exp Allergy (2006) 36:402-25. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02463.x
31. Gual MA, Norgaard RB. Bridging ecological and social systems coevolution: a review and proposal. Ecol Econ (2010) 69(4):707-17. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.07.020
32. Simon HA. The behavioral and social sciences. Sci Centennial Issue (1980) 209(4452):72-8.
33. Nelson RR. Evolutionary social science and universal Darwinism. J Evol Econ (2006) 16:491-510. doi:10.1007/s00191-006-0025-5
34. Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes-Villalba M, O'Keefe JH, Lindeberg S, Cordain L. The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Res Rep Clin Cardiol (2011) 2:15-33. doi:10.2147/RRCC.S16919
35. Powell R. The future of human evolution. Br J Philos Sci (2012) 63:145-75. doi:10.1093/bjps/axr027
36. Cosmides L, Tooby J. Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In: Barkow J, Cosmides L, Tooby J, editors. The Adapted Mind. New York: Oxford University Press (1992). p. 163-228.
37. Buss DW. How can evolutionary psychology successfully explain personality and individual differences? Perspect Psychol Sci (1995) 4(4):359-66. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01138.x
38. Ploeger A, van der Maas HLJ, Raijmakers EJ. Is evolutionary psychology a metatheory for psychology? A discussion of four major issues in psychology from an evolutionary developmental perspective. Psychol Inq (2008) 19:1-18. doi:10.1080/10478400701774006
39. Bolhuios JJ, Brown GR, Richardson RC, Laland KN. Darwin in mind: new opportunities for evolutionary psychology. PLoS Biol (2011) 9(7):e1001109. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001109
40. Naess A. The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement: a summary. Inquiry (1973) 16:95-100. doi:10.1080/00201747308601682
41. Pyle RM. The extinction of experience. Horticulture (1978) 56:64-7.
42. Schultz PW. Assessing the structure of environmental concern: concern for the self, other people, and the biosphere. J Environ Psychol (2001) 21:327-39. doi:10.1006/jevp.2001.0227
43. Mayer FS, Frantz CM. The connectedness to nature scale: a measure of individuals' feeling in community with nature. J Environ Psychol (2004) 24:503-15. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001
44. Wilson EO. Biophilia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1984).
45. Howell AJ, Dopko RL, Passmore HA, Buro K. Nature connectedness: associations with well-being and mindfulness. Pers Individ Dif (2011) 51:166-71. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.037
46. Ulrich RS. View from a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science (1984) 224(4647):420-1. doi:10.1126/science.6143402
47. Barton J, Pretty J. What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis. Environ Sci Technol (2010) 44:3947-55. doi:10.1021/es903183r
48. Gullone E. The Biophilia hypothesis and life in the 21st century: increasing mental health or increasing pathology? J Happiness Stud (2000) 1:293-321. doi:10.1023/A:1010043827986
49. Depledge MH, Stone RJ, Bird WJ. Can natural and virtual environments be used to promote improved human health and wellbeing? Environ Sci Technol (2011) 45:4660-5. doi:10.1021/es103907m
50. Joye Y, van den Berg A. Is love for green in our genes? A critical analysis of evolutionary assumptions in restorative environments research. Urban For Urban Green (2011) 10(4):261-8. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2011.07.004
51. Orr DW. Love it or lose it: the Biophilia revolution. In: Kellert SR, Wilson EO, editors. The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press (1993). p. 415-40.
52. Tuan Y-F. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. Columbia: Columbia University Press (1974).
53. Ashford R. Socio-economics: an overview. Coll Law Faculty Scholarship (2007) 14:1-6. doi:10.2139/ssrn.882751
54. Stedman RC. Is it really just a social construction? The contribution of the physical environment to Sense of lace. Soc Nat Resour (2003) 16:671-85. doi:10.1080/08941920309189
55. Relph EC. Place and Placelessness. California: Pion Limited (1976).
56. Hay R. Becoming ecosynchronous, part 1: the root causes of our unsustainable way of life. Sustain Dev (2005) 13:311-25. doi:10.1002/sd.256
57. Glacken CJ. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkley: University of California Press (1967).
58. O'Brien E. Human values and their role in the development of forestry policy in Britain. Forestry (2003) 76:3-17. doi:10.1093/forestry/76.1.3
59. Liu J, Dietz T, Carpenter SR, Alberti M, Folke C, Moran E, et al. Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science (2007) 317:1513-6. doi:10.1126/science.1144004
60. Buckeridge JS. The ongoing evolution of humanness: perspectives from Darwin to de Chardin. S Afr J Sci (2009) 105:427-31.
61. Small B, Jollands J. Technology and ecological economics: promethean technology, Pandorian potential. Ecol Econ (2006) 56:343-58. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.09.013
62. Hardin G. Extensions of "The tragedy of the commons". Science (1998) 280(5364):682-3. doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.682
63. Pellow DN. Environmental inequality formation: toward a theory of environmental injustice. Am Behav Sci (2000) 43:581-601. doi:10.1177/0002764200043004004
64. Brulle RJ, Pellow DN. Environmental injustice: human health and environmental inequalities. Annu Rev Public Health (2006) 27:3.1-3.22. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102124
65. Van Vugt M. Averting the tragedy of the commons: using social psychological science to protect the environment. Curr Dir Psychol Sci (2009) 18(3):169-73. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01630.x
66. Ostrom E. Coping with tragedies of the commons. Annu Rev Polit Sci (Palo Alto) (1999) 2:493-535. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.493
67. Slocombe DA. Environmentalism: a modern synthesis. Environmentalist (1980) 4:281-5. doi:10.1016/S0251-1088(84)92432-X
68. Mulihill PR. Endless paradox: environmentalism in transition. Futures (2009) 41:502-6. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2009.01.003
69. Radkau J. Nature and power: an intimate and ambiguous connection. Soc Sci Hist (2013) 37(3):325-45. doi:10.1215/01455532-2209402
70. Foucault M. The Order of Discourse. London: Picador (1981).
71. Richards JF. The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press (2003).
72. Bahn PG, Flenley JR. Easter Island, Earth Island. New York: Thames and Hudson (1991).
73. Diamond JM. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Viking (2005).
74. Hunt TL, Lipo CP. Late colonization of Easter Island. Science (2006) 311(5767):1603-6. doi:10.1126/science.1121879
75. Radkau J. Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment. New York: Cambridge University Press (2008).
76. Turner JC. Explaining the nature of power: a three-process theory. Eur J Soc Psychol (2005) 35:1-22. doi:10.1002/ejsp.244
77. Whited TL. Nature and power through multiple lenses. Soc Sci Hist (2013) 37(3):347-59. doi:10.1215/01455532-2209411
78. Lovelock JE. Gaia: as seen through the atmosphere. Atmos Environ (1972) 6:579. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5
79. World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1987).
80. Hodder K, Bullock J. Nature without nurture? Planet Earth (2005) Winter:30-1.
81. Tidball KG. Urgent Biophilia: human-nature interactions and biological attractions in disaster resilience. Ecol Soc (2012) 17(2):1-18. doi:10.5751/ES-04596-170205
82. Adger WN, Dessai S, Goulden M, Hulme M, Lorenzoni I, Nelson DR, et al. Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Climate Change (2009) 93:335-54. doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9520-z
83. Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green L, van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, et al. How should we define health? BMJ (2011) 343:d4163. doi:10.1136/bmj.d4163
84. Saracci R. The World Health Organisation needs to reconsider its definition. BMJ (1997) 314:1409-10. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7091.1409
85. Cameron E, Mathers J, Parry J. Health and well-being: questioning the use of health concepts in public health policy practice. Crit Public Health (2006) 16(4):347-54. doi:10.1080/09581590601128166
86. Kamberi A. Towards a new understanding of health. Alban Med J (2015) 3:114-8.
87. Fleuret S, Atkinson S. Wellbeing, health and geography: a critical review and research agenda. N Z Geog (2007) 63:106-18. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7939.2007.00093.x
88. Seligman MEP. Positive psychology: an introduction. Am Psychol (2000) 55(1):5-14. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
89. Linley PA, Joseph S, Harrington S, Wood AM. Positive psychology: past, present, and (possible) future. J Posit Psychol (2006) 1(1):3-16. doi:10.1080/17439760500372796
90. Seligman MEP. Positive health. Appl Psychol Int Rev (2008) 57:3-18. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00351.x
91. Donaldson SI, Dollwet M, Rao MA. Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning revisited: examining the peer-reviewed literature linked to positive psychology. J Posit Psychol (2015) 10(3):185-95. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.943801
92. Park N, Peterson C, Szvarca D, Vander Molen RJ, Kim ES, Collon K. Positive psychology and physical health: research and applications. Am J Lifestyle Med (2016) 10(3):200-6. doi:10.1177/1559827614550277
93. Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ, Sjöström M. Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. Int J Obes (Lond) (2008) 32:1-11. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774
94. Westerterp KR. Assessment of physical activity: a critical appraisal. Eur J Physiol (2009) 105:823-8. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1000-2
95. Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S, et al. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes (2007) 5(63):1-13. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
96. Nisbet EK, Zelenski JM, Murphy SA. Happiness is in our nature: exploring 954 nature relatedness as a contributor to subjective well-being. J Happiness Stud (2011) 12:303-22. doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9197-7
97. Ziersch AM, Baum FE, MacDougall C, Putland C. Neighbourhood life and social capital: the implications for health. Soc Sci Med (2005) 60:71-86. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.027
98. Miles L. Physical activity and health. Br Nutr Found Nutr Health Bull (2007) 32:314-63. doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2007.00668.x
99. Heerwagen J. Biophilia, health and well-being. In: Campbell L, Wiesen A, editors. Restorative Commons: Creating Health and Well-Being through Urban Landscapes. Washington, DC: USADA Forest Services (2009). p. 38-57.
100. Figueiro MG, Rea MS, Stevens RG, Rea AC. Daylight and productivity-a possible link to circadian regulation. Proceedings of Light and Human Health: EPRI/LRO 5th International Lighting Research Symposium, 2002 Nov 3-5; Palo Alto, CA. and Ostram Sylvania, Danvers, MA. California: EPRI (2004).
101. Boyce PR. The impact of light in buildings on human health. Indoor Built Environ (2010) 19(1):8-20. doi:10.1177/1420326X09358028
102. Chevalier G, Sinatra ST, Oschman JL, Sokal K, Sokal P. Earthing: health implications of reconnecting the human body to the earth's surface electrons. J Environ Public Health (2012) 2012:291541. doi:10.1155/2012/291541
103. White MP, Alcock I, Wheeler BW, Depledge MH. Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? A fixed effects analysis of panel data. Psychol Sci (2012) 24(6):920-8. doi:10.1177/0956797612464659
104. UK Department of Health. Evidence gaps and current/ongoing research. A Compendium of Factsheets: Wellbeing across the Life Course. London: UK Department of Health (2014).
105. Grinde B, Patil GG. Biophilia: does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being? Int J Environ Res Public Health (2009) 6:2332-43. doi:10.3390/ijerph6092332
106. Fisher JA. The value of natural sounds. J Aesthet Educ (1999) 33(3):26-42. doi:10.2307/3333700
107. Taylor AF, Kuo FE, Sullivan WC. Coping with ADD: the surprising connection to green play settings. Environ Behav (2001) 33(1):54-77. doi:10.1177/00139160121972864
108. Luniak M. Synurbization-adaptation of animal wildlife to urban development. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Urban Wildlife Conservation, 876 May 1-5, 1999, Tuscan, Arizona. Tuscan: University of Arizona (2004).
109. Burton P, Goodlad R, Croft J. How would we know what works? Context and complexity in the evaluation of community involvement. Evaluation (2006) 12(3):294-312. doi:10.1177/1356389006069136
110. Maas J, van Dillen SME, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP. Social contacts as a possible mechanism behind the relation between green space and health. Health Place (2009) 15(2):586-95. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.006
111. Coley RL, Sullivan WC, Kuo FE. Where does community grow? The social context created by nature in urban public housing. Environ Behav (1997) 29:468-94. doi:10.1177/001391659702900402
112. Sullivan WC, Kuo FE, DePooter SF. The fruit of urban nature: vital neighbourhood spaces. Environ Behav (2004) 36(5):678-700. doi:10.1177/0193841X04264945
113. Peters K, Elands B, Buijs A. Social interactions in urban parks: stimulating social cohesion? Urban For Urban Green (2010) 9:93-100. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2009.11.003
114. Jones L, Wells K. Strategies for academic and clinician engagement in community-participatory partnered research. JAMA (2007) 24/31:407-10. doi:10.1001/jama.297.4.407
115. Tulloch AIT, Possingham HP, Joseph LN, Szabo J, Martin TG. Realising the full potential of citizen science monitoring programs. Biol Conserv (2013) 165:128-38. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.025
116. Bird W. Our UK natural health service. Socialmedicinsk Tidskrift (2012) 89(3):296-304.
117. Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol (2013) 9(1):13-27. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.199
118. Sallis JF, Floyd MF, Rodríguez DA, Saelens BE. Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation (2012) 125:729-37. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022
119. Stuckler D. Population causes and consequences of leading chronic diseases: a comparative analysis of prevailing explanations. Milbank Q (2008) 86(2):273-326. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2008.00522.x
120. Premack D, Premack J. Increased eating in rats deprived of running. J Exp Anal Behav (1963) 6(2):209-12. doi:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-209
121. Frankham R, Loebel DA. Modelling problems in conservation genetics using captive Drosophila populations: rapid genetic adaptation to captivity. Zool Biol (1992) 11:333-42. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430110505
122. Bechard A, Lewis M. Modelling restricted repetitive behaviour in animals. Autism (2012) S1:006. doi:10.4172/2165-7890.S1-006
123. Depledge MH. Does the pharmaceutical industries need a new prescription? Sci Parliament (2011) 68(4):44-5.
124. Baum FE, Bégin M, Houweling TAJ, Taylor S. Changes not for the fainthearted: reorienting health care systems towards health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Am J Public Health (2009) 99(11):1967-74. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154856
125. Marmot M. Social determinants of health inequities. Lancet (2005) 365:1099-104. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74234-3
126. Navarro V. What we mean by social determinants of health. Int J Health Serv (2009) 39(3):423-41. doi:10.2190/HS.39.3.a
127. Marmot M, Allen J. Prioritizing health equity. In: Leppo K, Ollila E, Peña S, Wismar M, Cook S, editors. Health in All Policies: Seizing Opportunities, Implementing Policies. Finland: Ministry and Social Affairs and Health (2013). p. 63-80.
128. Wolch JR, Byrne J, Newell JP. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: the challenge of making cities 'just green enough'. Landscape Plan (2014) 125:234-44. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
129. Clark NE, Lovell R, Wheeler BW, Higgins S, Depledge MH, Norris K. Biodiversity, cultural pathways, and human health: a framework. Trends Ecol Evol (2014) 29:198-204. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2014.01.009
130. Guerry AD, Polasky S, Lubchenco J, Chaplin-Kramer R, Daily GC, Griffin R, et al. Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: from promise to practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2015) 112(24):7348-55. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503751112
131. Bennett EM, Cramer W, Begossi A, Cundill G, Díaz S, Egoh BN, et al. Linking biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being: three challenges for designing research for sustainability. Curr Opin Environ Sustain (2015) 14:76-85. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.03.007
132. Brofenbrenner U, Morris PA. The bioecological model of human development. In: Damon W, Lerner RM, editors. Handbook of Child Psychology: Theoretical Models of Human Development. London: John Wiley & Sons (2007). p. 793-828.
133. Prout A. The Future if Childhood. London: Routledge Falmer (2005).
134. Conn C. Autism and the Social World of Childhood: A Sociocultural Perspective on Theory and Practice. Oxon: Routledge (2014).
135. Hinchliffe S. More than one world, more than One Health: re-configuring interspecies health. Soc Sci Med (2014) 129:28-35. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.007
136. Baird M. Woman Jogging in the Grass Photograph [Online]. (2014). Available from: www.bairdphotos.com
137. Onwuegbuzie AJ, Leech NL. On becoming a pragmatic researcher: the importance of combining quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. Int J Soc Res Methodol (2005) 8(5):375-87. doi:10.1080/13645570500402447
138. Onwuegbuzie AJ, Johnson B. Mixed methods research: a research paradigm whose time has come. Educ Res (2006) 33(7):14-26.
139. Tashakkori A, Teddlie C. Validity issues in mixed methods research: calling for an integrative framework. Education Research in the Public Interest, April 7-11, San Francisco, CA. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association (2006).