A psychological earthquake in the Israeli-Jewish society: Changing opinions following the camp David Summit and the Al-Aqsa intifada

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: From Conflict Resolution to Conflict Management

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 169-202

  Bar Tal, Daniel ^a   Sharvit, Keren ^b  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b University’s Walter Lebach Research Institute ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85014298870     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230603110_7     Document Type: Chapter

References (141)

1. Arens, M. 2002. What guides Europe? Haaretz (April 30) (Hebrew).
2. Arian, A. 1995. Security threatened. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Arian, A. 1999. Security threatened: Israeli public opinion on peace and war. Tel Aviv: Papyrus (Hebrew).
4. Arian, A. 2002. Israeli public opinion on national security 2002 (Memorandum No. 61, July), Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies.
5. Arian, A. 2003. Israeli public opinion on national security 2003 (Memorandum No. 67, October), Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies.
6. Arian, A. 2004-2005. Opinion shift among Israeli Jews 1987-2004. Palestine Israel Journal 11(3-4): 81-87
7. Arian, A. and M. Shamir. 2000. Candidates, parties and blocs: Evidence from the 1999 elections (Discussion Paper No. 1), Tel Aviv: The Pinhas Sapir Center for Development, Tel Aviv University.
8. Bar-Tal, D. 1989. Delegitimization: The extreme case of stereotyping and prejudice. In D. Bar-Tal, C. Graumann, A.W., Kruglanski, and W. Stroebe (eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions (pp. 169-188). New York: Springer-Verlag.
9. Bar-Tal, D. 1998. Societal beliefs in times of intractable conflict: The Israeli case. International Journal of Conflict Management 9: 22-50.
10. Bar-Tal, D. 2000. Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
11. Bar-Tal, D. 2001. Why does fear override hope in societies engulfed by intractable conflict, as it does in the Israeli society? Political Psychology 22: 601-627.
12. Bar-Tal, D. and D. Antebi. 1992. Siege mentality in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 16: 251-275.
13. Bar-Tal, D. and N. Oren. 2000. Ethos as an expression of identity: Its changes in transition from conflict to peace in the Israeli case (Discussion Paper no. 83), Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
14. Bar-Tal, D. and N. Oren. 2004. The detrimental dynamics of delegitimization in intractable conflicts: The Israeli-Palestinian case. Manuscript submitted for publication.
15. Bar-Tal, D. and G. Salomon. (in press). Israeli-Jewish narratives of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Evolvement, contents, functions and consequences. In R. Rotberg (ed.), History’s double helix: The intertwined narratives of Israel and Palestine. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
16. Bar-Tal, D. and Y. Teichman. 2005. Stereotypes and prejudice in conflict: Representation of Arabs in Israeli Jewish society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Bar-Tal, D., D. Jacobson, and A. Klieman (eds.). 1998. Security concerns: Insights from the Israeli experience. Stamford, CT: JAI.
18. Barzilai, A. and V. Levy-Barzilai. 2002. Love of Arik. Haaretz Magazine (November 29) (Hebrew).
19. Baskin, G. 2002. Proposals for walls and fences and their consequences. Palestine-Israel Journal 9(3): 7-18.
20. Benn, A. 2001. Sharon: Arafat is like the Taliban. Haaretz (October 19, A3) (Hebrew).
21. Benn, A. 2002. The army dictates and the political level accepts. Haaretz (August 8, B1) (Hebrew).
22. Bennet, J. 2004. Sharon’s wars. New York Times (August 15).
23. Ben Simon, D. 2004. The year when optimism was lost. Haaretz (September 15) (Hebrew).
24. Benziman, U. 2002. Playing with the volume. Haaretz (August 11, B1) (Hebrew).
25. Bigelow, R. 1969. The dawn warriors: Man’s evolution towards peace. Boston: Little Brown.
26. Blanchard, R.J. and D.C. Blanchard. 1984. Affect and aggression: An animal model applied to human behavior. In R.J. Blanchard and D.C. Blanchard (eds.), Advances in the study of aggression (vol. 1, pp. 1-62). New York: Academic Press.
27. Burton, J. (ed.). 1990. Conflict: Human needs theory. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
28. Cacioppo, J.T. and G.G. Berntson. 1994. Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin 115: 401-423.
29. Campbell, D.T. 1972. On the genetics of altruism and the counter-hedonic components in human race. Journal of Social Issues 28: 21-37.
30. Canetti-Nisim, D., E. Zaidise, and A. Pedahzur. (in press). Exploring the "military" option: Militant attitudes among Israelis throughout the Al-Aqsa Intifada. Palestine Israel Journal.
31. Caspit, B. 2002. The intifada two years on. Maariv (September 6) (Hebrew).
32. Christianson, S.A. 1992. Remembering emotional events: Potential mechanisms. In S.A. Christianson (ed.), The handbook of emotion and memory (pp. 307-340). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
33. Clore, G.L., N. Schwarz, and M. Conway. 1994. Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In R.S. Wyer, Jr. and T.K. Srul (eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed.) (vol. 1, pp. 323-417). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
34. Cohen, C.E. 1981. Person categories and social perception: Testing some boundaries of the processing effects of prior knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40: 441-452.
35. Crandall, J.E. and R.E. Lehman. 1977. Relationship of stressful life events to social interest, locus of control and psychological adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 45: 1208.
36. Darley, J.M. and P.H. Gross. 1983. A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44: 20-33.
37. Davies, J.C. 1963. Human nature in politics. New York: Wiley.
38. Davies, J.C. 1973. Aggression, violence, revolution, and war. In J.N. Knutson (ed.), Handbook of political psychology (pp. 234-260). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
39. Dayan, A. 2002. Suddenly even a member of the Zionist Labor movement might be perceived as a traitor. Haaretz (April 30) (Hebrew).
40. Deutsch, K.W. and R.L. Merritt. 1965. Effects of events on national and international images. In H.C. Kelman (ed.), International behavior: A socialpsychological analysis (pp. 132-187). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
41. Dor, D. 2001. Newspapers under the influence. Tel Aviv: Babel (Hebrew).
42. Dor, D. 2004. Intifada hits the headlines: How the Israeli press misreported the outbreak of the second Palestinian uprising. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.
43. Doty, R.M., B.E. Peterson, and D.G. Winter. 1991. Threat and authoritarianism in the United States, 1978-1987. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 629-640.
44. Drucker, R. 2002. Ehud Barak: The failure. Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books (Hebrew).
45. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1977. Evolution of destructive aggression. Aggressive Behavior 3: 27-144.
46. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1979. The biology of peace and war. New York: Viking.
47. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. and C. Sutterlin. 1990. Fear, defence and aggression in animals and man: Some ethological perspectives. In P.F. Brain, S. Parmigiani, R.J. Blanchard, and D. Mainardi (eds.), Fear and defense (pp. 381-408). London: Harwood.
48. Elon, A. 1971. The Israelis. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
49. Enderlin, C. 2003. Shattered dreams: The failure of the peace process in the Middle East, 1995-2002. New York: Other Press.
50. Feldman, S. 2002. Managing the conflict with the Palestinians: Israel’s strategic options. Strategic Assessment 5: 1-10.
51. Fox, R. 1992. Prejudice and the unfinished mind: A new look at an old failing. Psychological Inquiry 3: 137-152.
52. Galili, L. 2002. Unilateral separation from a social perspective. Haaretz, April, 5 (Hebrew).
53. Gamson, W.A. 1988. Political discourse and collective action. International Social Movement Research 1: 219-244.
54. Gerner, D.J. 1991. One land, two peoples: The conflict over Palestine. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
55. Gordon, C. and A. Arian. 2001. Threat and decision making. Journal of Conflict Resolution 45: 196-215.
56. Gray, J.A. 1989. The psychology of fear and stress (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Globes (November 15, 2001).
58. Globes (April 25, 2002).
59. Greenberg Research. 1999. People on war: Country report-Israel, the occupied territories and the autonomous territories. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross.
60. Greenberg, J., S. Solomon, and T. Pyszczynski. 1997. Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessment and conceptual refinements. In M. Zanna (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 30, pp. 61-139). San Diego: Academic Press.
61. Haaretz (September 10, 2003).
62. Haaretz (September 23, 2003).
63. Haaretz (September 30, 2003).
64. International Herald Tribune (March 1, 2001).
65. Hobfoll, S.E. 1998. Stress, culture and community: The psychology and philosophy of stress. New York: Plenum.
66. Hobfoll, S.E. 2003. Been down so long, it looks like up: Cognitive recalibration of groups in response to sustained conflict. Palestine Israel Journal 10(4): 17-23.
67. Hobfoll, S.E. and M.W. de Vries (eds.). 1995. Extreme stress and communities: Impact and intervention. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
68. Isen, A.M. 1990. The influence of positive and negative affect on cognitive organization: Some implications for development. In N.L. Stein, B. Leventhal, and T. Trabasso (eds.), Psychological and biological approaches to emotion (pp. 75-94). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
69. Ito, T.A., J.T. Larsen, N.K. Smith, and J.T. Cacioppo. 1998. Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75: 887-900.
70. Iyengar, S. and V. Ottati. 1994. Cognitive perspective in political psychology. In R.S. Wyer, Jr. and T.K. Srull (eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed.) (vol. 2, pp. 143-187). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
71. Jacoby, R. and G. Keinan (eds.). 2003. Between hope and stress: From diseasecentered to a health-centered perspective. Westport, CT: Praeger.
72. Jarymowicz, M. and D. Bar-Tal. 2006. The dominance of fear over hope in the lives of individuals and collectives. European Journal of Social Psychology.
73. Johnson, J.H. and I.G. Sarason. 1978. Life stress, depression and anxiety: Internalexternal control as a moderator variable. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 22: 205-208.
74. Kanouse, D.E. and L.R. Hanson. 1971. Negativity in evaluation. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
75. Kelman, H.C. 1990. Applying a human needs perspective to the practice of conflict resolution: The Israeli-Palestinian case. In J. Burton (ed.), Conflict: Human needs theory. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
76. Klar, Y., D. Zakay, and K. Sharvit. 2002. "If I Don’t Get Blown Up…": Realism in face of terrorism in an Israeli nationwide sample. Risk, Decision and Policy 7: 203-219.
77. Kruglanski, A., A. Raviv, D. Bar-Tal, A. Raviv, K. Sharvit, S. Ellis, R. Bar, A. Pierro, and L. Mannetti. 2005. Says who? Epistemic authority effects in social judgment. In M.P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 37, pp. 345-392). New York: Academic Press.
78. Kull, S. 2003. Potential for a non-violent Intifada. Palestine Israel Journal 10(1): 116-121.
79. Lau, R.R. 1982. Negativity in political perception. Political Behavior 4: 353-377.
80. Lau, R.R. and D.O. Sears (eds.). 1986. Political cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
81. Lazarus, R.S. 1991. Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
82. Lazarus, R.S. 1999. Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. London: Free Association Books.
83. Lazarus, R.S. and S. Folkman. 1984. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
84. LeDoux, J.E. 1996. The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Touchstone.
85. Lederer, K. (ed.). 1980. Human needs. Cambridge, MA: Oelgeshager, Gunn & Hain.
86. Liebman, C. 1978. Myth, tradition and values in Israeli society. Midstream 24: 44-53.
87. Lord, C.G., L. Ross, and M.R. Lepper. 1979. Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37: 2098-2109.
88. Lori, A. 2002. To return home safefully. Haaretz Magazine (May 16), pp. 36-41 (Hebrew).
89. Maariv (April, 13, 2001).
90. Maariv (June 8, 2001).
91. Maariv (December 7, 2001).
92. Maariv (April 26, 2002).
93. Maariv (May 10, 2002).
94. Matz, D. 2003. Trying to understand Taba talks. Palestine Israel Journal 10(3): 96-105.
95. Miller, P.M., J.G. Ingham, and S. Davidson. 1976. Life events, symptoms and social support. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 20: 515-522.
96. Monnier, J., R.P. Cameron, S.E. Hobfoll, and R.J. Gribble. 2002. The impact of resource loss and critical incidents on psychological functioning in fireemergency workers: A pilot study. International Journal of Stress Management 9: 11-29.
97. Mueller, D.P., D.W. Edwards, and R.M. Yarvis. 1977. Stressful life events and psychiatric symptomatology: Change or desirability? Journal of Health and Social Behavior 18: 307-317.
98. Nadler, A. 2002. Separation, integration and conciliation: Preliminary thoughts. Palestine-Israel Journal 9(3): 51-56.
99. Ohman, A. 1993. Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In M. Lewis and J.M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 511-536). New York: Guilford.
100. Oren, N. 2004. Changing of ethos of conflict via major events. Paper presented at the twenty-seventh annual meeting of the International Society for Political Psychology in Lund, Sweden.
101. Paykel, E.S. 1974. Life stress and psychiatric disorder: Application of the clinical approach. In B.S. Dohrenwend and B.P. Dohrenwend (eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature and effects (pp. 135-149). New York: Wiley.
102. Peace Index project, conducted by the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research at Tel Aviv University. The data appear on the center’s Web site at www.tau.ac.il/peace.
103. Peeters, G. and J. Czapinski. 1990. Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. European Review of Social Psychology 1: 33-60.
104. Pettigrew, T.F. (in press). People under threat: Americans, Arabs and Israelis. Journal of Social Issues.
105. Plutchik, R. 1980. Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper and Row.
106. Pratto, F. and O.P. John. 1991. Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 380-391.
107. Pressman, J. 2003. Visions in collision-What happened at Camp David and Taba? International Security 28: 5-43.
108. Pyszczynski, T., J. Greenberg, and S. Solomon. 1997. Why do we need what we need? A terror management perspective on the roots of human motivation. Psychological Inquiry 8: 1-20.
109. Rabinowitz, D. 2002. Borderline collective consciousness: Israeli identity, "Arabness," and the green line. Palestine-Israel Journal 9(1): 38-49.
110. Rachman, S.J. 1978. Fear and courage. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
111. Reporters Without Borders (ed.). 2003. Israel/Palestine: The black book. London: Pluto Press.
112. Reynolds, V., V.S.E. Falger, and E. Vine (eds.). (1987). The sociobiology of ethnocentrism. London: Croom Helm.
113. Ross, C.E. and J. Mirowsky, II. 1979. A comparison of life-event-weighing schemes: Change, undesirability, and effect-proportional indices. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 20: 166-177.
114. Ross, M.H. 1991. The role of evolution in ethnocentric conflict and its management. Journal of Social Issues 47: 167-185.
115. Ross, M.H. 1993. The culture of conflict: Interests, interpretations and disputing in comparative perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press.
116. Rothbart, M.M., M. Evans, and S. Fulero. 1979. Recall for confirming events: Memory processes and the maintenance of social stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 15: 343-355.
117. Search for Common Ground. 2002. The potential for nonviolent Intifada. www.sfcg.org/documents/SFCGPoll.pdf, December 10.
118. Sears, D.O. 2002. Long-term psychological consequences of political events. In K.R. Monroe (ed.), Political psychology (pp. 249-269). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
119. Segev, T. 1991. The seventh million: The Israelis and the Holocaust. Jerusalem: Keter (Hebrew).
120. Sher, G. 2001. Just beyond reach: The Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations 1999-2001. Tel Aviv: Miskal-Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books (Hebrew).
121. Shragai, N. 2001. Immediate trial, inquiry commission or early retirement. Haaretz (December, 9) (Hebrew).
122. Silverstein, B. and C. Flamenbaum. 1989. Biases in the perception and cognition of the action of enemies. Journal of Social Issues 45: 51-72.
123. Snyder, M., E.D. Tanke, and E. Berscheid. 1977. Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35: 656-666.
124. Sofer, S. (ed.). 2001. Peacemaking in a divided society. London: Frank Cass.
125. Solomon, S., J. Greenberg, and T. Pyszczynski. 1991. Terror management theory of selfesteem. In C.R. Snyder and D. Forsyth (eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology (pp. 171-180). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
126. Staub, E. 1989. The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
127. Staub, E. 1996. Cultural-societal roots of violence: The examples of genocidal violence and of contemporary youth violence in the United States. American Psychologis 51: 117-132.
128. Staub, E. 2003. The psychology of good and evil: the roots of benefiting and harming others. New York: Cambridge University Press.
129. Staub, E. and D. Bar-Tal. 2003. Genocide, mass killing and intractable conflict: Roots, evolution, prevention and reconciliation. In D.O. Sears, L. Huddy, and R. Jervis (eds.), Handbook of political psychology (pp. 710-751). New York: Oxford University Press.
130. Stein, H.F. 1978. Judaism and the group-fantasy of martyrdom: The psychodynamic paradox of survival through persecution. Journal of Psychohistory 6: 151-210.
131. Swisher, C.E. 2004. The truth about Camp David: The untold story about the collapse of the Middle East peace process. New York: Nation Books.
132. Taylor, S.E. 1983. Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist 38: 1161-1173.
133. Tessler, M. 1994. A history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
134. Vinokur, A. and M.L. Selzer. 1975. Desirable versus undesirable life events: Their relationship to stress and mental distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 329-337.
135. Volkan, V. 1997. Blood lines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
136. Wagenaar, W.A. and J. Groeneweg. 1990. The memory of concentration camp survivors. Applied Cognitive Psychology 4: 77-88.
137. Wolfsfeld, G. 2004. Media and the path to peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
138. Wolfsfeld, G. and M. Dajani. 2003. Media images of the other in Israel and the Palestinian Territories: Covering one another during the second Intifada. Research Report submitted to Adenauer Foundation.
139. van der Dennen, J. and V. Falger (eds.). 1990. Sociobiology and conflict: Evolutionary perspective on competition, cooperation, violence and warfare. London: Chapman and Hall.
140. Yedioth Ahronoth (March 30, 2001).
141. Zafran, A. and D. Bar-Tal. 2003. Holocaust memory and its implications for the peace process: The influence of fear and of self-image as a victim on Israeli security beliefs. In M Al-Haj and U. Ben-Eliezer (eds.), In the name of security: The sociology of peace and war in Israel in changing times (pp. 329-367). Haifa: Haifa University Press (Hebrew).