Local perception of risk to livelihoods in the semi-arid landscape of Southern Africa

Land

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 225-251

  Bunting, Erin ^a   Steele, Jessica ^a   Keys, Eric ^a   Muyengwa, Shylock ^a   Child, Brian ^a   Southworth, Jane ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Livelihoods; Perception; Risk; Southern Africa; Vulnerability

Indexed keywords

EID: 85014178409     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2073445X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/land2020225     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Baird, T.D.; Leslie, P.W.; McCabe, J.T. The effect of wildlife conservation on local perceptions of risk and behavioral response. Hum. Ecol. 2009, 37, 463-474
2. Sallu, S.M.; Twyman, C.; Stringer, L. Resilient or vulnerable livelihoods? Assessing livelihood dynamics and trajectories in rural botswana. Ecol. Soc. 2010, 15, 3
3. Scoones, I. Hazards and Opportunities. Farming Livelihoods in Dryland Africa: Lessons from Zimbabwe; Zed Books: London, UK; 1996
4. Twyman, C. Natural resource use and livelihoods in Botswana's wildlife management areas. Appl. Geogr. 2001, 21, 45-68
5. Sporton, D.; Thomas, D.S.G. Sustainable Livelihoods in Kalahari Environmental-A Contribution to Global Debates; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2002
6. Sallu, S.M.C.; Twyman, C.; Thomas, D.S.G. The multidimensional nature of biodiversity and social dynamics and implications for contemporary rural livelihoods in remote kalahari settlements, Botswana. J. Ecol. 2009, 47, 1-9
7. Carney, D. Implementing the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Approach. In Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make?; Department for International Development: London, UK, 1998
8. Walker, B.; Anderies, J.; Kinzig, A.; Ryan, P. Exploring resilience in socio-ecological system through comparative studies and theory development. Ecol. Soc. 2006, 11, 12
9. Leach, M.; Scoones, I.; Stirling, A. Pathways to Sustainability: An Overview of the STEPS Centre Approach; STEPS Centre: Brighton, UK, 2007
10. Misselhorn, A.A. What drives food insecurity in Southern Africa? A meta-analysis of household economy studies. Glob. Environ. Change 2005, 15, 33-43
11. O'Brien, K.; Leichenk, R.; Kelkar, U.; Venema, H.; Aandahl, G.; Tompkinsa, H.; Javedc, A.; SuruchiBhadwal, S. Mapping vulnerability to multiple stressors. Glob. Environ. Change 2004, 14, 303-313
12. O'Brien, K.; Sygna, L.; Haugen, J.E. Vulnerable or resilient? A multi-scale assessment of climate impacts and vulnerability in Norway. Clim. Change 2004, 64, 193-225
13. Ellis, F. Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2000
14. Wisner, B.; Blakie, P.; Cannon, T.; Savis, I. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters, 2nd ed.; Routledge: London, UK, 2004
15. O'Brien, K.; Syna, L.; Naess, L.O.; Kingamkono, R.; Hochobeb, B. Is Information Enough? User Responses to Climate Forecasts in Southern Africa; Report to the World Band; AFTE1-ENVGC; Center for International Climate and Environmental Research: Blindern, Norway, 2000
16. Reid, P.; Vogel, C. Living and responding to multiple stressors in South Africa-Glimpses from KwaZulu-Natal. Glob. Environ. Change 2006, 16, 195-206
17. Eakin, H. Smallholder maize production and climatic risk: A case study from Mexico. Clim. Change 2000, 45, 19-36
18. Eakin, H.; Luers, A.L. Assessing the vulnerability of social-environmental systems. Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2006, 31, 365-394
19. Adger, N.W. Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastal Vietnam. World Dev. 1999, 27, 249-269
20. Turner, B.L.; Kasperson, R.E.; Matson, P.A.; McCarthy, J.J.; Corell, R.W.; Christensen, L.; Eckley, N.; Kasperson, J.X.; Luers, A.; Martello, M.L.; et al. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 8074-8079
21. Kates, R.W.; Kasperson, J.X. Comparative risk analysis of technological hazards (a review). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1983, 80, 7027-7038
22. McLeod, R. The Impact of Regulations and Procedures on the Livelihoods and Assets Base of the Urban Poor-A Financial Perspective. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Regulatory Guidelines for Urban Upgrading, Warwickshire, UK, 17-18 May 2001
23. Walker, R.; Perz, S.; Caldas, M.; Silva, L.G.T. Land use and land cover change in forest frontiers: The role of household life cycles. Int. Reg. Sci. Rev. 2002, 25, 169-199
24. Brockington, D. Fortress Conservation: The Preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania; Indiana University Press: Bloomington, IN, USA, 2002
25. Campbell, D.J. Response to drought among farmers and herders in Southern Kajiado District, Kenya: A comparison of 1972-1976 and 1994-1995. Hum. Ecol. 1999, 27, 377-416
26. Smith, K.; Barrett, C.B.; Box, P.W. Participatory risk mapping for targeting research and assistance: With an example from East African Pastoralists. World Dev. 2000, 28, 1945-1959
27. Quinn, C.H.; Huby, M.; Kiwasila, H.; Lovett, J.C. Local perceptions of risk to livelihood in semi-arid Tanzania. J. Environ. Manag. 2003, 68, 111-119
28. Alessa, L.; Kliskey, A.A.; Williams, P.; Barton, M. Perception of change in freshwater in remote resource-dependent arctic communities. Glob. Environ. Change 2008, 18, 153-164
29. Berkes, F.; Jolly, D. Adapting to climate change: Social-Ecological resilience in a canadian western arctic community. Conserv. Ecol. 2001, 5, 18
30. Lybbert, T.J.; Barrett, C.B.; McPeak, J.G.; Luseno, W.K. Bayesian herders: Updating of rainfall beliefs in response to external forecasts. World Dev. 2007, 35, 480-497
31. Gunderson, L.H.; Holling, C.S. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2002
32. Cernea, M.M.; Schmidt-Soltau, K. Poverty risks and national parks: Policy issues in conservation and resettlement. World Dev. 2006, 34, 1808-1830
33. Huntley, B.J.; Walker, B.H. Introduction in Ecology of Tropical Savannas. In Ecology of Tropical Savannas; Springer: London, UK, 1982; pp. 1-20
34. Scholes, R.J.; Walker, B.H. An African Savanna: Synthesis of the Nylsvley Study; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1993
35. Scholes, R.J.; Dowty, P.R.; Caylor, K.; Parsons, D.A.B.; Frost, P.G.H.; Shugart, H.H.; et al. Trends in savanna structure and composition along an aridity gradient in the kalahari. J. Veg. Sci. 2002, 13, 419-428
36. Sankaran, M.; Hanan, N.P.; Scholes, R.J.; Ratnam, J.; Augustine, D.J.; Cade, B.S.; Gignoux, J.; Higgins, S.I.; Le Roux, X.; Ludwig, F.; et al. Determinants of woody cover in African Savannas. Nature 2005, 438, 846-849
37. Noy-Meir, I. Stability of grazing system: An application of predator-prey graphs. J. Ecol. 1975, 63, 459-481
38. Walker, B.H.; Noy-Meir, I. Aspects of Stability and Resilience of Savanna Ecosystems. In Ecology of Tropical Savannas; Springer Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1982; pp. 556-590
39. Lamprey, H. Pastoralism Yesterday and Today: The Overgrazing Problem. In Tropical Savannas; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherland, 1983; pp. 643-666
40. Dublin, H.T.; Sinclair, A.R.; McGlade, J. Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the serengeti-mara woodlands. J. Anim. Ecol. 1990, 59, 1147-1164
41. Wolski, P.; Savenije, H. Dynamics of surface and groundwater interactions in the floodplain system of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. J. Hydrol. 2006, 320, 283-301
42. Mwalyosi, R.B.B. Land-Use changes and resource degradation in South-West Masailand, Tanzania. Environ. Conserv. 1992, 19, 145-152
43. Gibbes, C.; Keys, E. The illusion of equity: An examination of community based natural resource management inequality in Africa. Geogr. Compass 2010, 4, 1324-1338
44. Ostrom, E. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1990
45. Bromley, D.W. The commons, common property, and environmental policy. Environ. Resour. Econom. 1992, 2, 1-17
46. Murphee, M.W. Communities as Resource Management Institution; International Institute for Environment and Development: Maputo, Mozambique, 1993
47. Tschakert, P. Views from the vulnerable: Understanding climatic and other stressors in the Sahel. Glob. Environ. Change 2007, 17, 381-396
48. Hahn, M.B.; Riederer, A.M.; Foster, S.O. The livelihood vulnerability index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change-A case study in Mozambique. Glob. Environ. Change 2009, 19, 74-88
49. Arntzen, J. Livelihood and Biodiversity in the Okavango Delta, Botswana; Report Prepared for the PDF-B Stage of the GEF Project; Gaberone, Botswana, 2005
50. Hara, S.; Mantua, N. Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Progr. Oceanogr. 2000, 47, 103-145
51. Mason, S.J.; Goodard, L. Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 2001, 82, 619-638
52. Chavez, F.P.; Ryan, J.; Lluch-Cota, S.E.; Niquen, M. From anchovies to sardines and back: Multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean. Science 2003, 299, 217-221
53. Shi, G.; Ribbe, J.; Cai, W.; Cowan, T. Multidecadal variability in the transmission of ENSO signals to the Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34, L09706
54. Parry, M.L.; Canziani, O.F.; Palutikof, J.P.; van der Linden, P.J.; Hanson, C.E. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability-Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007; p. 976
55. Roques, K.G.; O'Connor, T.G.; Watkinson, A.R. Dynamics of shrub encroachment in an African savanna: Relative influences of fire, herbivory, rainfall and density dependence. J. Appl. Ecol. 2001, 38, 268-280
56. Jeltsch, F.; Milton, S.J.; Dean, W.R.J.; van Rooyen, N. Analyzing shrub encroachment in the Southern Kalahari: A grid-based modeling approach. J. Appl. Ecol. 1997, 34, 1497-1508
57. Skarpe, C. Structure of the woody vegetation in disturbed and undisturbed Arid Savanna, Botswana. Vegetation 1990, 87, 11-18
58. Tarhule, A.; Lam, P.J. Climate research and seasonal forecasting for West Africans. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2003, 84, 1741-1759
59. Holm, J.; Morgan, R. Coping with drought in Botswana: An African success. J. Modern Afr. Stud. 1985, 23, 463-482
60. Teklu, T. The prevention and mitigation of famine: Policy lessons from Botswana and Sudan. Disasters 1994, 18, 35-47
61. Wikan, G. Cash, Crops, and Cattle: A Study of Rural Livelihoods in Botswana. Available online: http://www.fulltekst.bibsys.no/hihm/rapport/2001/07/rapp07_2001.pdf (accessed on 1 May 2012)
62. Datta, K. Rural homes and urban dwellings? Gender, migration and the importance of tenure in Gaberone, Botswana. Int. J. Popul. Geogr. 1995, 1, 183-195
63. Cassidy, L. Anthropogenic Burning in the Okavango Panhandle of Botswana: Livelihoods and Spatial Dimensions. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2003
64. Shackleton, C.M.; Shackleton, S.E.; Cousins, B. The role of land-based strategies in Rural Livelihoods: The contribution of arable production, animal husbandry and natural resource harvesting in communal areas in South Africa. Dev. S. Afr. 2001, 18, 581-604
65. Oladele, O.; Monkhei, M. Gender Ownership Patterns of Livestock in Botswana; 2008. Available online: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/10/olad20156.htm (accessed on 1 May 2012)
66. Narayan, D.; Chambers, R.; Shah, K.; Petesch, P. Chapter 6. Gender Relations in Troubled Transition. In Voices of the Poor: Crying out for Change; Oxford University Press for the World Bank: New York, NY, USA, 2000; pp. 45-70
67. Narayan, D.; Schafft, K.; Patel, R.; Rademacher, A.; Koch-Schulte, S. Chapter 8. Anxiety, Fear, and Insecurities. In Voices of the Poor. Can Anyone Hear US? Voices from 46 Countries; The World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2000
68. Soussan, J. Water/Irrigation and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods. In Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make? Department for International Development: London, UK, 1998; pp. 191-196
69. Tourton, C. Enhancing Livelihoods through Participatory Watershed Development in India; ODI Working Papers Series 131; Overseas Developmental Institute: London, UK, 2000
70. Adams, M.; Sibanda, S.; Turner, S. Land Tenure Reform and Rural Livelihoods in Southern Africa; In Evolving Land Rights, Policy and Tenure in Africa; Toulmin, C., Quan, J., Eds.; Overseas Development Institute: London, UK, 1999; Volume 39
71. Van Hoof, P.J.M.; Kirkels, M.; Riezebos, H. Ngamiland District CSDA (Western Part)-Socio-Economic Baseline Survey and Land Suitability Analysis; University of Utrecht: Utrecht, the Netherlands, 1991; p. 114
72. Van Hoof, P.J.M.; Kirkels, M.; Riezebos, H. Ngamiland District CSDA (Eastern Part)-Socio-Economic Baseline Survey and Land Suitability Analysis; University of Utrecht: Utrecht, the Netherlands, 1993; p. 195
73. Mertz, O.; Mbow, C.; Reenberg, A.; Diouf, A. Farmers' perceptions of climate change and agricultural adaptation strategies in Rural Sahel. Environ. Manag. 2009, 43, 804-816